MAIN FEATURES Switching Power Supply for IBM

c i r c u i t r y s wi t c h i n g p o we r s u p p l e s i M AI N F EAT URES Swi t c h i n g Po we r Su p p l y Po we r s u p p l y f o r k o p y u t e r a

article is based on the book by B. Golovkovo and B. B Lyubitsky "POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM MODULE TYPE IBM PCXT/AT" PRINTING "LAD and H" Moscow 1995 downloaded in electronic form from the Internet

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MAIN FEATURES POWER SUPPLIES

Power supply units (PSU) for the system modules IBM PC XT / AT designed to convert line voltage AC input to DC output voltage that support the operation of all components and computer units. primary function of the power supply is given to ensure stable output voltage in a wide range of input I stress , output current and the operating temperature. The extent to which the power supply provides a stable output voltage at the above conditions is the main indicator of the quality of the source. PD system modules produce +5 V,-5V, +12 V,-12V, signal POWER GOOD (PG), and typically have an output capacity of 150 or 200 watts. Estimated distribution of power consumption between the individual components of the computer is as follows, W: The video adapter card controller drives 8 adapter parallel, serial and game ports in various combinations modem card tape drive controller card expansion card memory (2 MB) Motherboard "Winchester" 40 MB keyboard 5 4 4 15 20 35 15 2

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Most tokonagruzhennym channel output voltage is +5 V (maximum load current of approximately 15A 150-watt power supply and 20A for 200-watt power supply), then - channel output voltage +12 V (maximum load current at 5.5 A for 150-watt power supply 8A and for a 200-watt power supply), and then - making channels and-5V-12V (load currents - 0.5 A). PG signal is active low level from the moment the power supply and prevents the processor until the output voltage until PD does not reach the specified level, then PG signal becomes a high level, and the processor started. When turning off the power supply from the network PG becomes active low signal and initiates a system reset RESET, before you disappear +5 V digital portion of the system unit. This prevents malfunction of the digital portion of the system module, whose behavior at an undervalued food is unpredictable (false entry in memory, etc.). During the operation of the computer when the power supply operates at rated speed, PG has a high level and does not affect the processor. Many BP of less than 180 watts, designed for computers class XT, do not form a signal PG, and is therefore not compatible with computers class AT. Typically, the back of the PSU has a switch nominal supply voltage 230V/115V. Attention: it is necessary to monitor compliance with the provisions of this switch and voltage, otherwise the PSU fails! should be noted that in various countries as a standard adopted by the different values of voltage: 110V-Lebanon: 115V-in Taiwan, Cuba, Colombia, 120V, in the U.S., Canada, , Nicaragua, 127V, in Algeria, Italy, Spain, 220, in most of Europe, CIS 230, India, Norway, 240 - in the UK, and Australia. However, these differences are not significant for the UPS as are in its operating range of tolerances for voltage supply. supply voltage is indicated on the international circuit, for example, 220V AC. Reducing AC (Alternating Current) is used to refer to an AC voltage. Reducing DC (Direct Current) is used to refer to a DC voltage, for example, 5V DC. Output voltage of power supply fed to all nodes and blocks the computer using colored wires assembled into bundles. Number of output is always the same: four four-and two six-pin (sometimes these two six-pin connectors are combined into one dvenadtsatikontaktny connector). Six-pin connectors are connected to the system board, and four-terminal - on drives and floppy drives, hard disks. The color of the wires, you can determine how much voltage is applied with the help of the corresponding pin an output occasionally there are deviations from the standard color coding! All four-terminal connectors have the same pinout (Fig. 1), so that their connection is seamless. In reply, the parts for these connectors have a "key", so can not properly connect the connector. With the six-pin connector is different. Sami connectors are the same, but they have different pinouts. This is the only place may fail to connect. Unfortunately, the "key" to the mate to this connector allows you to set them on the contrary, that interchanged. In order to avoid such errors in some embodiments, two six-pin connector blocks are combined into one dvenadtsatikontaktny.

Fig. 1. FOUR standard output connector UPS (female) and its pinout. Fig. 2. Proper installation of six-UPS output sockets on the system board and pinout.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF PULSE BP

These characteristics are shown in the accompanying documentation on the BS. They are the most complete in the operating instructions (Operating Instruction Manual), for special support services for repair and maintenance. most important characteristics of, but on a much smaller scale, are given in brochures and instructions for the user, acquiring computer, complete with this type of block. This kind of documentation is known collectively as the "User's Guide" (Users Manual). Finally, the most important features can be specified in the form of colored labels (Labels), glued to the metal body of the block. They are the minimum required specifications to avoid mistakes when installing the PSU. Moreover, since the PSU to strict requirements relating to electromagnetic compatibility, the passport data, be sure there is a reference to the performance of BP in accordance with the special standard for this parameter. In this manual, the link is: the block is designed in accordance with national standards BS800, VDE0871, SEE15. separate item indicates the compatibility of the unit with the IBM PC AT. Besides these may be invoked, and other characteristics. For example, a brochure on the PSQ-1 BP-200 provides features such as acoustic noise (less than 38 dB), interference levels (54dB max frequency range 0,15-5 MHz and 48dB max in the range of 5-30 MHz) .

Principles of construction of Switching Power Supplies

PSU for computers built transformerless circuit connection to the mains supply and are pulsed power supply, which are characterized by high efficiency (over 70%), low weight and small size. However, switching power supply is the source of impulse noise, which makes the scheme to its high requirements in terms of Electromagnetic compatibility with the rest of the computer circuit, as well as other consumer electronic devices. Additionally, the transformerless UPS is no galvanic isolation of the circuit from the mains, which require special security measures at its repair. The main functional parts of the UPS are: input noise filter; AC rectifier; smoothing capacitor filter; Start scheme; key voltage converter with pulse power transformer (power inverter); control circuit; chain generate output voltages are galvanically decoupled from the Mains; circuit for generating and transmitting a feedback signal to the control circuit. Depending on the purpose of the UPS may contain a variety of additional circuitry, such as: linear regulators in the integrated or discrete performance; interference suppression circuit; protection circuit over-current protection, and as the input and output over-and under-voltage. Additionally, the UPS circuit diagram can be included formation of special control signals, providing a consistent experience with UPS circuit fed from it. For DC voltages via UPS transformerless input there is a triple conversion voltage. An alternating voltage is rectified and smoothed. The resulting DC voltage is converted into a rectangular pulse voltage with a frequency several tens of kilohertz, which is transformed with an appropriate coefficient to the secondary side is rectified and smoothed. Determining a node of any UPS is a key voltage converter in the first place the power components (a powerful output stage). The output stages of all species of the UPS can be divided into two broad classes: singlestroke and two-stroke. Table 3. Specifications of the 5624 SMPS power supply (shown in the service documentation) Parameter AC input voltage (Input Voltage) The frequency of the input AC voltage (Input Frequency) The total maximum output power (Total Output Power) Standard output parameters (Standart Outputs) : Output 1 Output 2 Output 3 Output 4 Ability to adjust the output voltage (Voltage Adjustment) Control at the mains voltage (Line Regulation) Stabilization of load changes in the channel at the rated voltage (Load Regulation): output 1 outputs 2-4 The output voltage of +5 V channel is changed to 0.5% when the load of the channel from 25% to 100% and constant 25% load the remaining channels in the output voltage of each of these channels does not change by more than 0.1% change This channel load from 50% to 100% and at a constant 25% load in the channel +5 V Stabilization of load changes in other channels (Cross Regulation): output 1 outputs 2-4 Channel Output voltage +5 V, loaded 25%, varies by no more than 0.1% when the load in any of the other channels from 50 to 100% output voltage at any of these channels, which is loaded at 25% is not changed by more than 4 % load change in any of the other channels from 50 to 100% (wherein the channels in which the load does not change, loaded onto 25%) 1% of the nominal output voltage 20mV rms at a frequency of 30MHz at work in the loaded mode 0,02% / C for the channel +5 V, 0,05% / C for the remaining channels 75% Value 180-264V 47-53 Hz 200 W

+5 V, 20A max, min FOR; +12 V, 7Amax, 1A min; -5V, 1A max. OA min; -12V, 1Amax, OA min None (Fixed Output) If you change the voltage from 180V to 264V output voltage of all channels are changed to 0,5% at 50% load all channels

Ripple (Ripple Spikes) Temperature drift of the output voltage (Temperature Coefficient) Overall efficiency of the power supply unit (Efficiency)

Hold time after switching off the output voltage (after the last peak line voltage) (Hold Up Time) Operating Temperature Range (Operating Temperature) Inrush current (Switch On Surge) Insulation (Insulation)

20ms min 0-50 C 79A max More than 10 megohms when measured 500-volt megger between mains input and a secondary "land" when all outputs, shorted to "land" TTL-compatible; delay the appearance of PG enable signal when the high level - from 100 to 200 mS; anticipatory signal loss PG (go low) for at least 1 ms before the output voltage will be less than the lower threshold of stabilization Short-circuit in the load, significant current overload and overvoltage output channel +5 V (from +5.8 V to +7, OV); trips on the block is self-recovering; fuse: 4A to the network input The four and six-connectors

Signal parameters PG (Power Goodness)

The presence of defenses (Protections)

Attach occurs (Termination)

Figure 3 - The general scheme of single-ended switching power supply. Consider the work of the generalized single-ended circuits UPS shown in Fig. 3. alternating voltage is rectified by a diode bridge and a smoothing capacitor of large capacity. As a result, the rectifier output appears constant positive voltage Uep = +310 V. This voltage for start-impregnated circuit that generates the supply voltage for the control circuit immediately after the UPS. The output control circuit generates a control voltage as a sequence of rectangular pulses with a frequency of about several tens of kilohertz. These pulses for controlling the status (open / closed) of a powerful high-frequency transistor key, which is a load of primary pulsed high-frequency transformer (ICT). As a result of switching transistor switch in the secondary windings of ICT induced emf of a rectangular pulse, which are then straightened and smoothed. single-cycle power part with transformerless inverter input can be done one of two ways. Therefore it is necessary to distinguish between flow-through (pryamohodovye) and the stop (flyback) converters. flow transmitters in storage tanks charging current in the secondary circuit (current through the rectifier diodes) occurs during the open state of the key transistor, a shut-off - during the closed state of the transistor. Type converter is determined by selecting a specific polarity of the rectifier diodes to the secondary winding of the pulse transformer and the design features of the pulse transformer. Schematic diagram of the forward converter (inverter and transmitting diode) is shown in Fig. 4 as well. Energy is transferred to the load circuit through a diode D1 during the transistor Q1. Simultaneously core inductor L1 accumulates magnetic energy (current through the inductor and the primary winding T1 grow linearly), which is then in the closed state of the load is issued Q1 through the diode D2. At the same inductor current decreases linearly. The magnetic energy stored in the core of the transformer T1 during the open state of Q1, returns to the source during the closed state of Q1. This return (recovery) is carried out by means of degaussing coil and the diode D3. Otherwise, the core of the transformer would be in a state of saturation, that the next time you open the transistor Q1 would lead to the conclusion it down with excess current of the primary winding T1, the inductance of which would be very small. Thus a forward converter transformer is used only for the transformation of energy. Based on this principle forward converter transformer should be carried out so that it is stored in the core of the magnetic energy in a time of the transistor would be minimal.

Risunok4. A transmitting transducer (s) and the locking (b) a diode (no control circuit and the matching stage). Schematic diagram of the flyback converter (transducer with a locking diode) is shown in Fig. 4.6. Transformer T1 while the transistor Q1 stores magnetic energy, since through the primary winding of T1 and outdoor Q1 flows rising current time. When the transistor Q1 transformer T1 sends the stored energy through diode D1 and a capacitor C1 to a load. During the transistor diode D1 is closed, and the load is supplied with energy only from the capacitor C1. On-ratnohodovoy converter is the only type inverter with only one inductive element in the form of a transformer T1, which is used for energy conversion and storage. Because the transformer T1 is a storage element, it becomes very important linearity of its core magnetization over a wide range of induction. However, magnetic materials are characterized by the presence of the saturation region where the change in current through the primary winding does not cause changes in the magnetic flux in the core. In order to avoid falling into the saturation region flyback converter transformer cores are usually carried out with a non-magnetic gap. This gap linearizes magnetization characteristic of the core, up to very large values of induction. to adjust the output voltage in pulsed power supply, in most cases the method of pulse width modulation (PWM), which is what varies the pulse duration and intervals between them at a constant frequency conversion . The ratio between the pulse duration and the pause depends on the level of output voltages and automatically changed in such a way as to maintain the output voltage to the nominal level. Output voltage flyback transformer for continuous current mode is determined by the formula: U O = (U input / n) (q / 1 - q) n - the transformation ratio, Uex - the input DC voltage, q - fill factor, q = Ti / T (Ti - the time of the transistor, and T - the period of the switching converter.) Note. Continuous current mode is called a mode of operation of the converter, the current flowing through the diode after the closing of the transistor does not have time to fall to zero by the time the next opening of the transistor. For forward converter in continuous current mode, voltage is determined by the formula: U O = (U input / n) ((q / (1 - n + q / n)) obazom Thus,

adjusting q, can regulate the output voltage. instance, in case of increasing the voltage increases the output voltage feedback (FB) applied to the control circuit (functional the control circuit part will be discussed in detail hereinafter.) As a result, decrease the duration of the rectangular control pulses at the output of the control circuit, thereby reducing the on-time period of the power key. That is, reducing the time during which a primary winding of a pulse transformer VPI proceeds linearly increasing current. therefore decrease the time during which to act EMF pulse on the secondary windings of the pulse transformer. therefore reduced levels of output DC voltage unit, which can be obtained as a result of straightening and smoothing EMF pulses from the secondary windings of ICT. Thus, the level of output stress is kept constant in a state of dynamic equilibrium. Reducing the output voltage of the UPS, for example due to an increase in tokopotreble of the load, the processes for adjusting the output voltage will be reversed. Simplified diagram in Fig. 3 illustrates the construction of a typical single-cycle unit. however UPS system modules commonly used push-pull half-bridge circuit, as a one-stroke scheme in the range of output powers greater than 150 W are ineffective because of the sharp increase in overall size and weight of the pulse transformer and the deterioration of the key transistor operation modes. As the power part of the vast majority of power supplies for today PCs built on the half-bridge push-pull, then this book discusses in detail these are the options for the UPS. Simplified block diagram of the UPS, the power of which is based on a pushpull half-bridge circuit shown in Fig. 5.

Figure 5. Generalized block diagram of a push-pull half-bridge switching power supply with a transformerless input. Consider the principle of such a scheme. Primary winding VPI included in diagonal electric bridge, one arm of which is formed by capacitors C1, C2, and the other - a powerful key transistors Q1, Q2. Capacitors big enough and the same capacity, C1, C2 form a capacitive divider, at the same time serving as a high-pass filter smoothing tanks. The rectified voltage is divided them in half. The transistors are controlled from the databases through the driving control circuit and the isolation transformer DT, so that they are alternately switch controlled by a pause zero. When the transistor Q1 reaches a saturation state and transistor Q2 is in the cutoff state, the primary winding of the transformer is connected to the charged capacitor C1 is large enough capacity. Therefore, through the primary winding VPI RT discharge current flows to the capacitor circuit (+) C1-to-e Q1 - primary RT - C4 (-) C1. Simultaneously with the discharge current of capacitor C1 flows through the winding from the power source and the charging current capacitor C2 through the chain: Uep - to e-Q1 - primary RT - C4 C2 - "common wire" the primary side. During the second half cycle when the transistor Q1 is closed, a Q2 is opened, the capacitors are interchanged, ie capacitor C2 is discharged and recharged C1. The current through the primary winding of the pulse transformer flows in the opposite direction to the previous case. The scheme shows that in the primary winding of the pulse transformer is applied only half the supply voltage. Therefore, current switching transistor in the circuit should be twice the current flowing through the transistor single-ended converter circuit for obtaining the same power in the load. However, in this scheme, the reverse voltage applied to the transistor closed is reduced more than doubled compared to single-ended converter circuit. The stability of the output voltage is maintained in the same manner as in the single-ended circuit. The feedback signal to the control circuit from the divider R1, R2 to the circuit bus voltage output unit. The control circuit, based on the principle PWM control changes the duration of pulses applied to the bases of power transistors Q1, Q2 so that the output voltage deviating return to the nominal value. In order to provide sufficient quantities for the power key base current output control circuit included matching stage. Diodes D1 and D2 are called recuperative (recurrent). They create a path for current flow in the closing moments of the transistors Q1 and Q2. These currents flow under the influence of back EMF induced in the primary winding circuit of the pulse transformer PT with a sudden interruption of current therethrough as a result of closing these transistors. The emergence of the pulse power at the transistor due to the inevitable presence in the power of the pulse transformer parasitic leakage inductance, which for the time of the transistor is stored magnetic energy. Magnetic scattering phenomenon is that part of the magnetic flux is diverted from the main magnetic flux is closed through different paths, encompassing different groups of coils, a fact reflected by introducing the concept of the leakage inductance Ls. EMF is always polarity, tending to support the current direction of the former. Potential output 1 of the primary winding of the power transformer PT can be considered immutable. So at pin 2 of the primary winding of RT at the transistor Q1 appears negative potential. If otsustvoval diode D2, the collector potential of the transistor Q2 become gated would be negative relative to its emitter, i.e. Transistor Q2 would have been in inverse mode, and to the collector of transistor Q1 is turned to a voltage greater than the supply voltage. Therefore, this mode is undesirable. Diode D2 can avoid getting into this mode, because He opens and closes via a short-term recovery of current flowing through the circuit: 1RT-C2-C4 "common wire" - D2 - 2pm. This capacitor C2 is recharged, ie energy stored in the leakage inductance of the primary winding of the RT, partially refundable (recovered) to the source. When the transistor Q2 at pin 2 of the primary winding of RT there is a positive potential and then, if the diode D1 is absent in reverse video would have been the transistor Q1, and the collector Transistor Q2 was exposed to a pulse level higher than power. However, D1 opens and closes the circuit recovery: 2pm-D1 - Bus Uep - C1-C4 1RT. This recharges the capacitor C1, ie the excess energy comes back (recovered) to the source. Starting method performs the same function as in the scheme of the single-cycle of the converter.

UPS design choice

Schematic diagram of the UPS is almost always located in a metal casing which is an electromagnetic shield. This design is one of the measures to reduce pomehoobrazovaniya. At the UPS are: three-prong standard input (plug) to a mains power supply using a standard three-wire cord with a three-prong outlet on a connected to the UPS and the end of the two-prong plug on the end on your network (plug having a third contact that enables a protective earth and neutral ); trehgnezdovoy standard connector (female) for the display power cable, attach occurs; 110/220V switch with visually determined by the position of the engine (marked); switch (in some embodiments, the computer shall be made the switch on the front panel, and then it is connected to the UPS special long cord), rear and front wall of the body are slotted or perforated slots for forced convection with the built-in fan in the UPS.

rear and front wall of the body are slotted or perforated slots for forced convection with the built-in fan in the UPS. CONSTRUCTION Housing units can be different, due to the development of each of them for a machine that has its own original design of the housing. However, one is that the UPS is generally composed of two parts, fastened by screws. Therefore, the need to open the unit removed "lid" and access to the card receive unit. Schematic diagram of the unit is usually located on the same board, but there are dvuhplatnoy options. For example, in the UPS KYP-150W circuit Education PG signal allocated to special a vertical board that connects to the main board with one-piece solder joint. The UPS PS-200B on a separate board are the elements of the input network pomehopodavlyayusche the first filter. Can meet other options to deploy elements of the scheme. Typically, the secondary "land" ("common wire") is structurally ("screw") is electrically connected to the metal cabinet UPS and the UPS is connected to the computer chassis separate wire (also screw ). However, there are options for PD, where secondary "land" has no galvanic contact with the metal housing and is connected to it via a capacitor (floating ground). More characteristic of such inclusion will be discussed in the section devoted to the fight against pomehoobrazovaniem. conductors through which the connector terminals on the UPS output voltage, combined into a bundle, which is passed through the hole in the hull. That when operating happened mechanical damage to the insulation of conductors on the sharp edge of the hole, it is a special lock-ring, covering all of the conductors. When disassembling the castle UPS must be rotated to release the clamping arc. Thus the terminal conductors easily released, and the board after loosening the fastening screws can be removed from the housing.

SCHEMATIC Circuit solution of the basic units of UPS BASED SCHEMES OF TYPE TL494
Attention: to successfully carry out repairs PSU can only be a specialist, well-mastered schematics used in the construction of the UPS! shemotehnicheskogo variants of UPS based on control chip TL494 differ slightly. In all these ups remain unchanged: a method for constructing the power stage (push-pull half-bridge circuit); control chip with some overhead circuits; matching stage with isolation and control transformer; method of producing output voltages and their stabilization. Important is the fact In all such UPS remains unchanged and the overall architecture of the circuit construction of the UPS in general. This basic principle is that a primary, not electrically isolated from the network side is just the power stage (a powerful half-bridge inverter circuit), and the rest of the circuit, including the control chip TL494, is on the secondary side, galvanically isolated from the network. The border runs through the junction isolation transformers: Managing DT (DRIVE TRANSFORMER); Pulse power PT (POWER TRANSFORMER); current CT (CURRENT TRANSFORMER); launcher ST (STARTING TRANSFORMER). The last two of these are available. Main diversity accounts for realization of the circuit implementation of the current protection circuits and signal formation PG. However, here are repetitive. In general we can say that the same circuit designs are used in various combinations in the development of various foreign companies. But there are also some original schematics. The variety of options occurring due to the natural tendency of each firm-developer to make something of themselves and act as the author claims. similarity of all the units of this family allows you to develop a systematic approach to the detection of faults in them. Methodology approach to repair will be provided in subsequent sections of this book.

INPUT CIRCUITS
This part of the scheme varies slightly for almost all types of UPS and includes the following key elements: input standard three-prong plug; power switch; trehgnezdovoy standard output connector to connect the power display; fuse; limiting thermistor; input suppression filter; mains voltage rectification circuit; smoothing capacitor filter. alternating voltage is supplied through the power switch, on the one hand - on the connector, which can be connected to display power cable, on the other hand - through a network fuse is 5.3 A thermistor with a negative temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) and a noise filter on the bridge rectifier circuit (Fig. 6). The rectified mains voltage smoothing capacitor C5, Sat The rectified voltage on the bus network so there is a constant tension in the +310 to common primary side.

Figure 6. The input power supply circuit ipulsnogo KYP-150W (screw connection with a metal casing netokoveduschim UPS) NTC is used to limit the charging current cast through capacitors C5, C6 at the moment when the UPS. Since the cold thermal resistance of a few ohms resistor, the current through the bridge rectifier diodes is limited to a safe level for them. As a result of passing through the thermistor charging for C5, C6 current it heats up, its resistance is reduced to a fraction of an ohm and will not affect the operation of the scheme. This solution limits the throw of charging current by means of an element with a nonlinear current-voltage characteristic is used in the vast majority of cases, that k scheme this gives the most simple and cheap compared to other schemes. In addition, it provides minimal loss and high reliability, which causes its application in almost all the units of foreign production. not replace the faulty thermistor shorting jumper! This will lead to failure of the rectifier bridge! Limit thermistor, like any heating elements, has thermal inertia. This means that in order for it to restore its restrictive properties after UPS shutdown of the network will take some time (several minutes). Simply put, the thermistor to cool down. Then, following the inclusion of the UPS network will happen again with the restriction throw the charging current. However, in practice, sometimes there are situations when you need to shut down the UPS from the network and then turn it back on. Thermal resistance, as follows from the above, does not have time to cool, and seemingly throw the charging current limiting will occur. However, please note that the input capacitor ripple filter have a large enough capacity, and their discharge circuit is quite a high resistivity. Therefore, in a short period of time between switching off and on the UPS they do not have time to drain. Consequently, the re-inclusion of the UPS with an additional input filter capacitors charged and, therefore, the charge current is actually reloaded, and therefore has a much lower value than the initial charging current for a fully discharged input capacitors. This dozarya-ment current is completely safe for the diode rectifier bridge network. However, the

shutdown followed by a fast switching is still not recommended for other reasons. If the input and output capacitor filters, and containers of various auxiliary circuits (protection, soft start circuit PG, etc.) do not have time to fully discharge, ie come in the original before powering state, the operation of these schemes will be for them in the abnormal mode. Therefore, there are many possible faults and failures UPS, and even (in particularly unfavorable circumstances) the output of the UPS system when you turn on by a seemingly inexplicable reason. Based on the foregoing, after the shutdown of the UPS network is strongly recommended that you wait a minute or two before plugging the UPS into a network in order to allow the scheme to come to his original state. Mains fuse is designed to protect the supply from overload short circuits in the primary circuit UPS and practically protects the circuit from the UPS internal overload and short-circuit in the load. input noise filter has the property of biinterference, ie prevents high frequency impulse noise from the network (which may sometimes also be a significant amplitude) in the UPS, and vice versa - from the UPS to the network. The network noise filter will be discussed in detail below. Some UPS over the network input can be switched on yet another non-linear element - all in Ristori, such as a UPS ESAN ESP-1003R (Fig. 7a) or dynistor.

Figure 7. Protection against over-voltage and charging current limitation throw in a pulsed power supply to the grid. Varistor - non-linear element whose resistance depends on the applied voltage. So while the line voltage goes out of tolerance, the resistance of the varistor is large (tens of megohms), and it does not affect the operation of the scheme. Overvoltage in the network varistor dramatically reduces resistance, and the increased current through it burned fuse. UPS circuit elements in this case remain intact. However, the inclusion of such varistor protects the circuit, the UPS only when any one denomination network because the varistor has a specific value of breakdown voltage. From this lack of free another diagram in Figure 7b. This scheme uses two varistor connected in parallel to the filter capacitor and in series with each other. Since the voltage on the capacitor for each denomination network (110 or 220) is the same (155B), the circuit protected by the UPS is in both cases. However, in case the mains voltage cast in such a scheme could be disabled by diode rectifier bridge, as current breakdown varisto-ditch closed through them. Foreign firms developers UPS seek maximum flexibility of their products, using its in different regions of the world where different denominations supply (approximately 220V or 110V). Therefore, most UPS are able to work with both denominations network. To this end, most of the schemes are equipped with UPS mechanical dipswitch 220/110 V.

Figure 8. The principle of operation 110/220V switch: a) switch open - bridge rectifier (Scheme Hertz), b) - the switch is closed, rectifier circuit voltage doubler (Scheme Delon or Graynmahera). Switch 220/110 (or 230/115 V) must be open when the supply line voltage of 220V. This rectification is carried out in a bridge circuit, i.e. operating all four diode bridge diodes and two filter capacitor is recharged in the same half-periods of the mains voltage (the same current) (Fig. 8 a). If a primary network has a nominal 110V, 220/110V switch is closed, and rectification is carried out on the circuit with the voltage doubler, ie during rectification involves only two diodes D1 and D2. Smoothing capacitors with different half-lives can be recharged in the mains supply (different currents) (Fig. 8, b). Attention: sometimes there are ups, in which the switch is in the 230V/110 sham nature, ie switch connections to the circuit board has, as the circuit is designed to switch the UPS to the network voltage of only 110V or 220V only! necessarily switch positions marked on its engine so that a special window is visible on the body of the marking unit (110V or 220V). Despite this, it is also quite frequent cases turn on the UPS to the network when the position error. The case of a network connection 110V, when the switch is set to 220, is not dangerous, as in this case, the bus voltage will be rectified only 155B and UPS will not start. An emergency situation occurs when the UPS is connected to the 220V switch in position "110 V". Then the scheme starts to double the voltage on the bus and the rectified voltage appears 310B x 2 = 620V. This leads to a momentary power failure of the switching transistors that are not designed to work with the voltage and current, and as a consequence - to the possible failure of the diode rectifier bridge. In addition, the possible failure (explosion) of the input electrolytic capacitor snubber. This alarm process ends blown fuse. Therefore firms developers went to the complication of the circuit, and in some embodiments, the UPS has a scheme of automatic recognition of the nominal line voltage. If there is a mechanical switch 110/220V takoyskhemy missing, and the user does not need to follow the correct installation. Consider one of the embodiments of such a scheme, which is applied to the type of UPS ESSEX SS-200B (Fig.

Consider one of the embodiments of such a scheme, which is applied to the type of UPS ESSEX SS-200B (Fig. 9).

Figure 9. An automatic recognition of the nominal line voltage switching power supply SS-200B. The circuit operates as follows. In a UPS input threshold circuit consisting of a control circuit the transistors Q2, Q3 and the Zener D4, D3, and actuator bidirectional thyristor (triac) Q1. Q1 performs the same function as a mechanical switch 110/220V. To power the threshold circuit uses a separate odnopoluperiod-tion rectifier diode D2. C8 - smoothing filter capacity. D2 rectifies only the negative half-cycles of the mains voltage (for another turn on the plug - only positive). The charging current flows through C8 Chains 0V network (N) - 3-4 C8-T1-D2-C7 - 2-1 T1-F1 - phase network (L). Thus C7 performs damping function reactance (capacitance forms with C8 divisor). At C7 extinguished most of the mains voltage. However, the reactive element included in an alternating current circuit must be able to deliver stored energy back to the source. To this end, the circuit contains a diode D1, and through which the charge current flows C7 positive mains half cycles. The primary threshold element of the scheme is a zener diode D4. The scheme is designed so that the negative half cycle AC voltage applied to the zener diode via a single emitter junction of Q2 on the one hand and R9 and a diode rectifying bridge network one with another. Zener diode D4 is selected with a breakdown voltage of the nominal value, which when connected to UPS 110V, it remains closed. It will be closed and the transistors Q2, Q3 trigger circuit. Therefore the voltage applied to the auxiliary C8 zener diode D3 across the resistor R4 on the one hand and on the other through R8. The breakdown voltage of the zener diode D3 is chosen smaller than the voltage on C8. Therefore, D3 and breaks through and managing the transition triac Q1 current flows through the circuit: (+) C8 - Managing the transition Q1 - D3-R8-(-) C8. R8 serves as ballast for the zener diode D3. Triac with unlocked and connects the midpoint of the half-bridge capacitor rack power inverter to the neutral wire network. Therefore, rectification circuit runs in the mode doubling the equivalent circuit of the mechanical switch 110/220V. When connecting the UPS to the 220V on the first negative half cycle of the mains voltage breaks the primary diode D4. Through it and the emitter-base Q2 current flows through the circuit: 0V network (N) - 3-4 T 1 - E-6 Q2D4-R9-1 diode bridge - TR1 -2-1 T1 - F1 - phase network (L ). therefore trigger circuit breaks. Q2 and Q3 are open to saturation and short-circuited through its small resistance diode D3 (with almost all of the rectified voltage from the C8 stands on a ballast resistor R8). Therefore, the zener diode D3 actually applied voltage (cathode and anode potentials are approximately equal) and it is closed. Consequently, there is no path for current flow through the control passage triac Q1, and it remains in the closed state, which is equivalent to the open position a mechanical switch 110/220V. Rectifying circuit thus operates in full-wave rectifying bridge. parallel capacitors C5, C6 include high resistance R10, R11 ohms nominal 150-200 through which the C5, C6 are discharged off when the PSU. In addition these resistance line the voltage on C5, C6 (for the balancing of the circuit.) Note: the discharge C5, C6 is 15-20 s, and at break of resistance voltage at C5, C6 can be stored for a long time! Be careful when removing the power supply! Another option scheme of automatic recognition of the nominal network is shown in Fig. 10.

Figure 10. An automatic recognition of the nominal line voltage UPS SP-200W. This circuit differs somewhat from that discussed above. Function and operation of the elements D40, D41, C41, C40 are the same as before, ie Capacitors C41 and C40 form a capacitive divider. The diode D41 is a halfwave rectifier. Therefore, the negative half-cycles of the mains voltage through D41 capacitor charging current flows through the circuit C41: 0-wire network - C41-D41 - the Arctic Ocean - live wire network. positive half-cycles to the mains voltage capacitor C40 gives the stored energy back to the grid through a heat recovery (return) diode D40. Voltage from the capacitor C41 as previously supplied bistable basic arrangement on transistors Q15, Q16. Controlling the state of the bistable circuit is made with a special chip IC3, which for simplicity can be called a Zener diode controlled. The principle of operation of this diode is that its voltage stabilization is not constant but depends on the potential at the control electrode R. This IC is produced by foreign firms. For example, the company Texas Instruments (USA) produces a plastic IC TL431C trivalent water body. In appearance resembles an ordinary chip low-power transistor (TO-92). mechanical switch 110/220V function performs, as before, Triac TRC1. Sensor nominal line voltage is the voltage across the capacitor C42, which is charged to the positive half-cycles of the mains voltage through the diode D42 on the circuit: a phase wire network - D42 - R60 - C42 - 0-wire network. resistor R60 forms a divider with a capacitor C42 and a large part supply voltage falls on this resistor. The voltage on the capacitor C42 gets turned according to the voltage across the capacitor C41. The total voltage of the two capacitors is applied to a resistive divider R61, R64 | | R65. Therefore, flows through the divider of the total discharge current source circuit for (+) A42 - R61 - R64 \ \ R65 - R67 - (-) C41. voltage drop from the lower shoulder divider R64, R65 fed to the control electrode circuit IC3. When connecting network 110V capacitor C42 is charged to a certain low level. Therefore, the voltage at the control electrode of IC3 is low (not to exceed the level of 2.5 V). State of the chip is equivalent to an open state key (zener closed). Therefore, the transistors Q15, Q16 bistable circuit closed. All voltage capacitor C41 is applied through resistors R68, R67 to the zener ZD3, which "breaks" and, therefore, triac gate opening his current flowing through the circuit: (+) C41 - Managing the transition TRC1 - ZD3-R67-(-) C41. Triac TRC1 opens and connects the 0-wire network to the mid-point capacitive half-bridge power rack, the equivalent of a closed mechanical switch 110/220V. When connected to the 220V voltage on the capacitor C42, and hence to the control electrode of IC3 increases doubled to more than 2.5 V. Therefore, the zener diode "breaks." This causes the transistor Q15 priotkryvaniyu bistable circuit because base divider R62, R63 of the transistor is connected to the "GND" across the internal resistance of chip IC3, and through the management transition Q15 current flows. Since the transistors are covered by a bistable circuit positive feedback, priotkryvanie Q15 is snowballing process of mutual opening of both

covered by a bistable circuit positive feedback, priotkryvanie Q15 is snowballing process of mutual opening of both transistors and their transition to a state of saturation. As a result, the zener diode ZD3 and managing the transition triac TRC1 are shunted by a low internal resistance transistors of the bistable circuit. Therefore zener ZD3 and triac TRC1 remain in the closed position, which is equivalent to the open state of the mechanical switch 110/220V. So: the first prerequisite of the PSU is to develop a DC voltage 310 V. The second prerequisite is the normal operation of the UPS start-up operation of the circuit, which allows you to start switching the control circuit. CONTENTS series of articles on Switching Power Supplies: The basic parameters of pulsed power supply, connector pinout is shown, the behavior of the voltage 110 and 220 volts, Detail painted chip TL494, wiring diagrams and use cases for the control of power switches switching power supplies. The basic methods of controlling the base circuits of the power transistors switching power supplies, rectifiers variants of secondary supply. Describes the options for the use of the error amplifier TL494 to stabilize output voltages, describes how the work of the throttle group stabilization. Describes several options for building protection systems Bolkiah pulse power overload The principles of formation of the soft-start and output voltage POWER GOOD Full description of the concept and its operation SMPS

MAIN FEATURES Sw itching Pow er Supply for IBM

MANAGEMENT pow er sw itches PULSE POWER SUPPLY WITH TL494

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MANAGEMENT pow er sw itches PULSE POWER SUPPLY WITH TL494

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Output voltage stabilization Sw itching Pow er Supply

CIRCUIT PROTECTION

SCHEME "slow start"

EXAMPLE OF A CONSTRUCTION OF Sw itching Pow er Supply

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