Chapter 3.

6
Identities
Recall
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
,
1
sin csc , 0
1
cos sec , 0
tan , 0 cot , 0
P t x y
t y t y
y
t x t x
x
y x
t x t y
x y
=
= = =
= = =
= = = =
Fundamental Identities
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
sin cos
tan cot
cos sin
1 1
sec csc
cos sin
1
cot
tan
t t
t t
t t
t t
t t
t
t
= =
= =
=
Fundamental Identities
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
, 1
cos sin 1
cos sin 1
cos sin
1
cos cos cos
1 tan sec
P t x y x y
t t
t t
t t
t t t
t t
= + =
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
Fundamental Identities
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
cos sin 1
cos sin
1
sin sin sin
cot 1 csc
t t
t t
t t t
t t
+ =
+ =
+ =
Fundamental Identities
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
cos sin 1
1 tan sec
cot 1 csc
t t
t t
t t
+ =
+ =
+ =
Challenge!
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3
5
3
2
Identify the quadrant where lies.
1. sin 0 and cos 0
2. csc 0 and tan 0
3. sec 0 and sin 0
4. cot 0 and
5. Arcsin
6. Arccot 5
7. Arcsec
P
P QII
P QI
P QIII
t P QIV P QII
P QI
P QII
P II
u
u u u
u u u
u u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
> < e
> > e
< < e
< e e
= e
= e
= e
Example 4.5.1
( )
2 2 2
2
2 2
2
3
Given that cos and , find
5
the circular function values of .
1 5
sec
cos 3
9
cos sin 1 sin 1
25
3 16
sin 1 sin
5 25
9 4
sin 1 sin
25 5
P QIV u u
u
u
u
u u u
u u
u u
= e
= =
+ = =
| |
+ = =
|
\ .
+ = =
3 5 4
cos sec sin
5 3 5
1 5
csc
sin 4
4
sin 4
5
tan
3
cos 3
5
1 3
cot
tan 4
u u u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
= = =
= =

= = =
= =
Example 4.5.2
( )
2
2 2
2
2
Find the other circular function values of
2
if tan and cos 0.
3
1 3 13
cot sec
tan 2 9
13
sec
3
1 tan sec
2 1 3 3 13
1 sec cos
3 sec 13
13
P QIII
u
u u
u
u u
u
u
u u
u u
u
= <
e
= = =
=
+ =
| |
+ = = = =
|
\ .
2 3 13
tan cot sec
3 2 3
3
cos
13
sin
tan
cos
2 3 2
sin tan cos
3
13 13
1 13
csc
sin 2
u u u
u
u
u
u
u u u
u
u
= = =
=
=
| |
| |
= = =
| |
\ .
\ .
= =
Example 4.5.3
( )
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
Evaluate cos Arcsin .
3
2
Let Arcsin Find cos .
3
2
sin and
3
5
cos sin 1 cos
9
2 5
cos 1 cos
3 3
4 2 5
cos 1 cos Arcsin
9 3 3
P QI
u u
u u
u u u
u u
u
| |
| |
| |
\ .
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
= e
+ = =
| |
+ = =
|
\ .
| |
| |
= =
| |
\ .
\ .
Sum and Difference Identities
( )
( )
( )
sin sin cos cos sin
cos cos cos sin sin
tan tan
tan
1 tan tan
u v u v u v
u v u v u v
u v
u v
u v
=
=

=
Example 4.5.4
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
5
12
5 8 3 2
12 12 12 3 4
2 2 2
3 4 3 4 3 4
Find the exact value of cos .
cos cos cos
cos cos cos sin sin
1 2 3 2
2 2 2 2
2 6 6 2
4 4 4
t
t t t t t
t t t t t t
= =
= +
| | | || |
| |
= +
| | |
|
| | |
\ .
\ . \ .\ .

= + =
Example 4.5.4
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 4
3 4 3 4 3 4
Find the exact value of sin 105 .
sin 105 sin 60 45 sin
sin sin cos cos sin
3 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
6 2 6 2
4 4 4
t t
t t t t t t
= + = +
+ = +
| || | | |
| |
= +
| | |
|
| | |
\ .
\ .\ . \ .
+
= + =
Example 4.5.5
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 1
3 3
2
3
1
3
Let sin and sin where and
terminates in .
1. Find sin
sin sin cos cos sin
sin
sin
u v u v
QI
u v
u v u v u v
u P u QI
v P v QI
= =
+
+ = +
= e
= e
( )
( )
( )
2
3
1
3
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
sin sin cos cos sin
sin
sin
cos sin 1 cos sin 1
2 1
cos 1 cos 1
3 3
4 1
cos 1 cos 1
9 9
5 8
cos cos
9 9
5 2 2
cos cos
3 3
u v u v u v
u P u QI
v P v QI
u u v v
u v
u v
u v
u v
+ = +
= e
= e
+ = + =
| | | |
+ = + =
| |
\ . \ .
= =
= =
= =
( )
( )
5
2
3 3
2 2
1
3 3
sin sin cos cos sin
sin cos
sin cos
2 2 2 5 1
sin
3 3 3 3
4 2 5
9 9
4 2 5
9
u v u v u v
u u
v v
u v
+ = +
= =
= =
| | | |
| | | |
+ = +
| |
| |
| |
\ . \ .
\ . \ .
= +
+
=
( )
( )
5
2
3 3
2 2
1
3 3
2. cos cos cos sin sin
sin cos
sin cos
5 2 2 2 1
cos
3 3 3 3
2 10 2
9 9
2 10 2
9
u v u v u v
u u
v v
u v
+ =
= =
= =
| || |
| || |
+ =
| |
| |
| |
\ .\ .
\ .\ .
=

=
( )
( )
( )
( )
3. Quadrant where lies.
4 2 5
sin 0
9
2 10 2
cos 0
9
P u v
u v
u v
P u v QI
+
+
+ = >

+ = >
+ e
Example 4.5.6
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
5 12
13 4
5 12
13 4
Evaluate cot Arctan Arcsec .
Let Arctan Arcsec
1 1 1 tan tan
cot
tan tan
tan tan tan
1 tan tan
12
tan
13
5
sec
4
u v
u v
u v
u v
u v u v
u v
u
v P v QI
+
= =

+ = = =
+
+ +

=
= e
( )
( )
2 2 2
2
2
2
1 tan tan
cot
tan tan
12
tan
13
5
sec
4
9
1 tan sec tan
16
5 3
1 tan tan
4 4
25
tan 1
16
u v
u v
u v
u
v P v QI
v v v
v v
v

+ =
+
=
= e
+ = =
| |
+ = =
|
\ .
=
( )
( )
1 tan tan
cot
tan tan
12 3
tan tan
13 4
12 3
36
1
16 1
16
13 4
52 52
cot
12 3 48 39 87
87
52
13 4 52 52
12 5 16
cot Arctan Arcsec
13 4 87
u v
u v
u v
u v
u v

+ =
+
= =
| || |

| |
\ .\ .
+ = = = =
+ +
| |
| | | |
+ =
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .
Double-Measure Identities
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
sin 2 sin
sin cos cos sin
sin cos sin cos
2sin cos
cos 2 cos
cos cos sin sin
cos sin
u u u
u u u u
u u u u
u u
u u u
u u u u
u u
= +
= +
= +
=
= +
=
=
Double-Measure Identities
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2
2
2
sin 2 2sin cos
cos 2 cos sin
2cos 1
1 2sin
2tan
tan 2
1 tan
u u u
u u u
u
u
u
u
u
=
=
=
=
=

Example 4.5.7
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2
2
2
2
3
Given that tan and ,
4
1. Find sin 2
sin 2 2sin cos
3
tan
4
25
1 tan sec sec
16
3 5
1 sec sec
4 4
9
sec 1
16
u P u QII
u
u u u
u P u QII
u u u
u u
u
= e
=
= e
+ = =

| |
+ = =
|
\ .
= +
( )
( )
sin 2 2sin cos
3 5
tan sec
4 4
1 4
cos
sec 5
sin
tan
cos
3 4 3
sin tan cos
4 5 5
3 4 24
sin 2 2
5 5 25
u u u
u u
u
u
u
u
u
u u u
u
=
= =
= =
=
| || |
= = =
| |
\ .\ .
| || |
= =
| |
\ .\ .
( )
( )
2
2
2. Find cos 2 .
4
cos 2 2cos 1 cos
5
4
2 1
5
16
2 1
25
32
1
25
7
25
u
u u u = =
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
=
=
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2. Find tan 2 .
24
sin 2
24
25
tan 2
7
cos 2 7
25
2tan
verify using tan 2 .
1 tan
3. Find the quadrant where 2 lies.
7 24
cos 2 0 sin 2 0
25 25
2
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
P u
u u
P u QIV

= = =
=

= > = <
e
Example 4.5.8
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
2 2
2
2 2
3 5
2 4
2 5
9
4 2
Evaluate tan 2Arcsec .
Let Arcsec Find tan 2 .
2tan
tan 2
1 tan
sec and
1 tan sec
1 tan tan
tan 1 tan
u u
u
u
u
u P u QI
u u
u u
u u
=
=

= e
+ =
+ = =
= =
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
5
2
5
2
2
5
2
5
4
1
4
3
2
2tan
tan 2
1 tan
tan
2
tan 2
1
5
1
5
4 5
tan 2Arcsec 4 5
u
u
u
u
u
=

=
=

=
=
Half-Measure Identities
1 1 cos 1 1 cos
sin cos
2 2 2 2
1 1 cos sin 1 cos
tan
2 1 cos 1 cos sin
u u
u u
u u u
u
u u u
+
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .

| |
= = =
|
+ +
\ .
Example 4.8.9
5
Given that sin and terminates at , find
13
1
1. sin
2
1
2. cos
2
1
3. tan
2
t t QII
t
t
t
=
| |
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .
Example 4.8.10
( )
8
Find the exact value of csc .
t
Example 4.8.11
2 2
2 2 2 2
sin 2cos
Prove that tan 2cot
sin cos
Proof.
sin 2cos sin 2cos
sin cos sin cos sin cos
sin 2cos
cos sin
tan 2cot
t t
t t
t t
t t t t
t t t t t t
t t
t t
t t
+
+ =
+
= +
= +
= +
Example 4.8.12
2 2
sec
Prove that sin
cot tan
Proof.
1 1
sec
cos cos
cos sin
cos sin cot tan
sin cos
sin cos
1
1
cos
sin
1 1
sin cos sin
x
x
x x
x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x
x
x x x
=
+
= =
+ +
+
= = =
Example 4.8.14
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
1 cos 2
Prove that tan
sin 2
Proof.
1 1 2sin
1 cos 2
sin 2 2sin cos
2sin
2sin cos
sin
cos
tan
t
t
t
t
t
t t t
t
t t
t
t
t

=
=
=
=
Example 4.8.14
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
2
Prove that sin 3 4sin cos sin .
Proof.
sin 3 sin 2
sin 2 cos cos 2 sin
2sin cos cos 2cos 1 sin
2sin cos 2sin cos sin
4sin cos sin
u u u u
u u u
u u u u
u u u u u
u u u u u
u u u
=
= +
= +
= +
= +
=
Example 4.8.15
( )
( )( )
( )
4 4
4 4 2 2 2 2
2 2
Prove that cos 2 cos sin
Proof.
cos sin cos sin cos sin
cos sin
cos 2
x x x
x x x x x x
x x
x
=
= +
=
=