SKOLL

LESSONS IN SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP FROM THE SKOLL WORLD FORUM

This post, from Reem Khouri, Manager of CEO Operations at Aramex, first featured on wamda.com. Last week, I attended the Skoll World Forum on Social Entrepreneurship in Oxford, a real celebration of change makers, of humanity, of development, of citizens and citizenship, of the power of empowerment, of the impact of action and purpose, of people and their planet. Imagine a room filled with more than 1000 people filled with passion for this world and for humanity! There were many lessons and inspiring stories, leaving one with a nagging feeling that no matter how much you do, so much more can be done, so many partnerships can be made, and it is fundamentally our responsibility to connect with people around us and reach out. Some of the key lessons that I learned included: - Solutions to big problems can be in the simplest yet most unexpected of places. - A comprehensive approach is the way to go. - Disruption. - Technology is a tool, but it is people that make it really happen. - Social enterprise does not mean not-for-profit. - Every corporation is a social enterprise.

ASHOKA
*ASHOKA CHANGE IN THE MAKING*
7 steps for starting a Social Enterprise : Starting a new venture isnt easy. You know that. But dont get discouraged! Were here to help.

Ashoka recently spoke with Fellow Sasha Chanoff, founder and executive director of RefugePoint, about what it takes to launch a successful organization or social enterprise. He shares seven tips for aspiring entrepreneurs below: 1) Articulate a problem and a solution 2) Surround yourself with experts in your field 3) Hire staff thats flexible and entrepreneurial 4) Shake a hand, raise a dollar 5) Make noise in the media 6) Choose your board wisely 7) Be able to measure your impact

*ASHOKA'S YOUTH VENTURE* CREATING AN "EVERYONE A CHANGEMAKER" WORLD

Vision
Youth Venture shares Ashoka vision of an Everyone A Changemaker world. A world that responds quickly and effectively to social challenges, and where each individual has the freedom, confidence and societal support to address any social problem and drive change.

Mission
Youth Ventures mission is to build a movement of young people being powerful now, changemakers now, by: Investing in young people to have the transformative experience of launching and leading their own lasting Ventures; Creating a critical mass of young people who collectively redefine the youth years as a time of positive contribution;

Spreading our message that investing in young people to become changemakers is the key factor for success in every part of society; and Connecting our Venturers to a global network of changemakers.

What We Believe
The clearest path to becoming a changemaker is to take initiative while youre young demonstrating to yourself and your community the capacity of youth to make a positive contribution. Everyone can be a changemaker regardless of race, color, national origin, age, disability, gender and sexual orientation, religion, or political beliefs. Individuals who are and perceive themselves to be changemakers are more likely to be successful in life. They are more likely to be better educated, to be economically independent, to have a fulfilling career, and to be positive contributors to society.

Communities e.g. schools, institutions, cities and even businesses that have a higher percentage of changemakers are likely to be more successful in a more complex world.

*ASHOKA INNOVATORS FOR THE PUBLIC*

History
Founded in 1980 by Bill Drayton in Washington, DC Named, created and pioneered the global field of social entrepreneurship Elected the first Ashoka Fellows in India in 1981 Started with an annual budget of $50,000, grown to over $30 million

Philosophy
Founded on the premise that the most effective way to promote positive social change is to invest in social entrepreneurs with innovative solutions that are sustainable and replicable, both nationally and globally.

Ashoka is represented by the oak tree. A strong, sturdy tree, the oak represents the power of Ashoka's commitment and contributions to building the profession of social entrepreneurship. A broad-spreading tree, it is symbolic of those dimensions of Ashoka's programs that select, launch and foster collaborations among social entrepreneurs around the world.

Origin of the Name

Named to honor Ashoka, the Indian leader who unified the Indian subcontinent in the 3rd century BC, renouncing violence and dedicating his life to social welfare and economic development. For his creativity, global mindedness and tolerance, Ashoka is renowned as the earliest example of a social innovator.

Around the World

Established programs in over 60 countries and supports the work of nearly 3000 Fellows. Employs 200 staff in over 25 regional offices throughout Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.

*ASHOKA GLOBALIZER* DISCOVER THE WORLD'S MOST EXCITING INNOVATION

Vision:
Great social innovations travel to improve people's lives around the globe and inspire more changemakers.

Mission:
Raise awareness among social entrepreneurs of the full market potential of their ideas. Recruit selected Fellows to co-create innovative strategies for globalizing their impact and serve as role models for the field.

Build a community of practice around scaling social impact by enabling structured entrepreneur-to-entrepreneur encounters between these Fellows and a tight community of powerful supporters. Extract underlying patterns and disseminate these broadly, empowering all social entrepreneurs to develop more effective impact scaling strategies.

ACUMEN
*BUSINESS ACUMEN*
Business acumen is keenness and quickness in understanding and dealing with a business situation in a manner that is likely to lead to a good outcome. The term "business acumen" can be broken down literally as a composite of its two component words: Business literacy is defined in SHRM's Business Literacy Glossary as "the knowledge and understanding of the financial, accounting, marketing and operational functions of an organization." The Oxford English Dictionary defines acumen as "the ability to make good judgments and quick decisions". Given these textbook definitions, a strictly literal definition would be "keenness and quickness in understanding and dealing with a business situation." Additionally, business acumen has emerged as a vehicle for improving financial performance and leadership development. Consequently, several different types of strategies have developed around improving business acumen.

Toms Shoes
Toms (stylized as TOMS) is a for-profit company based in Santa Monica, California, that operates the non-profit subsidiary, Friends of Toms. The company was founded in 2006 by Blake Mycoskie, an entrepreneur from Arlington, Texas. The company designs and sells shoes based on the Argentine alpargata design as well as eyewear. When Toms sells a pair of shoes a pair of shoes is given to an impoverished child, and when Toms sells a pair of eyewear, part of the profit is used to save or restore the eyesight for people in developing countries.

EVER GREEN
Since its establishment by Dr Yung-Fa Chang on 1 September 1968, Evergreen Marine Corp (EMC) has secured its place in shipping history. Since those early days, it has not only survived, but positively thrived on hard-work and perseverance, until today it boasts a fleet of over 160 container vessels. Both in terms of the magnitude of its fleet and its cargo loading capacity, EMC ranks among the world's leading international shipping companies. But it was not built overnight. In 1975 when the energy crisis hit the world and the shipping industry slumped, EMC had innovative yet practical ideas about how to shape the future and it boldly launched its containership project. With a newly-built fleet of containerships, it started a full container service for the routes linking the Far East with the US West Coast. EMC's fleet of containerships was the first such fleet for Taiwan. In 1984, EMC made another pioneering move with the launch of the east-west full container service across the world. Its ships sailed throughout the continents of Asia, Europe and the Americas. This move established Evergreen as second to none in the provision of economical and convenient transportation services for global industries. With more than 240 service locations, EMC covers more than 80 countries with its shipping network. Evergreen's network includes several east-west routes linking southeast Asia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Mainland China, Korea and Japan with the east and west coasts of the US. It also provides services from Japan, Korea, Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Southeast Asia to Europe and the Mediterranean. EMC's containerships link Asia with South Africa and South America and Europe with the east coast of the US and are deployed on a range of intensive sailing routes throughout Asia. They travel to India, the Middle East and the Red Sea, as well as sailing on the north-south route linking Asia with Australia. Evergreen provides a full container service linking the east coast of the US with the east coast of South America and Panama with the west coast of South America. Besides the main routes, regular feeder services in the Caribbean and the Indian subcontinent are also provided, shortening delivery times and thereby benefiting cargo owners. To meet a growing demand for the global transportation of raw and fresh goods, Evergreen has employed brand-new micro computer-controlled reefer containers to ensure a professional transportation service that guarantees the safe delivery of perishables for cargo owners. This service, for the past 10 years, has gone far inland throughout Asia, the Americas, Europe, the Mediterranean, Africa and Australia and has established a strong reputation. In recent times, Evergreen Marine Corp has enthusiastically entered into strategic alliances with its shipping counterparts through slot charters, slot exchanges and joint services. These strategies work well for all parties involved, not only in that they offer a more extensive service network for cargo owners, but also because they improve

operational performance. On top of that, Evergreen has invested and built container terminals to expand the functions of terminal utilization. The best examples of this include the 5th Container Center at Kaohsiung in Taiwan, Colon Container Terminal in Panama and Taranto container terminal in Italy. In doing this, the operational efficiency of vessels at terminals has increased, while the associated costs have reduced. To ensure the safe sailing of its vessels and to prevent casualties and pollution at sea, Evergreen established the Evergreen Seafarer Training Center in 1999. It is equipped with the world's largest Main Engine Quarter Scale Model, the world's third NORCONTROL Engine Room Simulator and a 360 degree Projection Theater Bridge Simulator. Apart from the brand-new, state-of-the-art hardware training facilities, the center also provides medical training and computer-aided instruction. It aims to train seafarers to take a professional approach to achieving the missions of sea-shipping transportation: human safety, vessel safety and cargo safety. In recognition of its efforts in this arena, Evergreen was awarded the Lloyd's List Maritime Excellence Award for Commitment to Training and Education in 2003. In the age of the new economy, which brings with it speed, efficiency and knowledge, the application of internet technology is the key to success. Evergreen works hard to stay at the forefront of technology trends and has developed comprehensive digital systems which give it a command of market situations. It has launched numerous e-business services by integrating the information systems of all service sites as well as those of its suppliers. Electronic sailing schedules allow customers to search for services by port or region and provide them with up-to-date information on departures and arrivals. Cargo tracking gives them detailed, real-time shipment information and they are able to upload their bill of lading online. In 2003, Evergreen was awarded the first annual award for E-commerce Excellence by LOG-NET which honors its outstanding E-commerce service.

Prof. Yunus GRAMEEN BANK

Muhammad Yunus (born 28 June 1940) is a Bangladeshi banker, economist and Nobel Peace Prize recipient. He previously was a professor of economics where he developed the concepts of microcredit and microfinance. These loans are given to entrepreneurs too poor to qualify for traditional bank loans. In 2006 Yunus and Grameen Bank received the Nobel Peace Prize "for their efforts through microcredit to create

economic and social development from below". Yunus himself has received several other national and international honours. In 2012, he was installed as Chancellor of Glasgow Caledonian University in Scotland, serving in this capacity as the university's titular head. He is also a member of advisory board at Shahjalal University of Science and Technology. Previously, he was a professor of economics at Chittagong University where he developed the concepts of microcredit and microfinance. These loans are given to entrepreneurs too poor to qualify for traditional bank loans. He is the author of Banker to the Poor and two books on Social Business Models, and a founding board member of Grameen America and Grameen Foundation. Grameen Intel is just one of hundreds of public and private partnerships now mediated Youth & Yunus. In early 2007 Yunus showed interest in launching a political party in Bangladesh named Nagorik Shakti (Citizen Power), but later discarded the plan. He is one of the founding members of Global Elders. Yunus also serves on the board of directors of the United Nations Foundation, a public charity created in 1998 with entrepreneur and philanthropist Ted Turners historic $1 billion gift to support UN causes. The UN Foundation builds and implements public-private partnerships to address the worlds most pressing problems, and broadens support for the UN. In March 2011, after months of government attack, the Bangladesh government controversially fired Yunus from his position at Grameen Bank, citing legal violations and an age limit on his position. Bangladesh's High Court affirmed the removal on 8 March. Yunus and Grameen Bank are appealing the decision, claiming Yunus' removal was politically motivated. Professor Yunus was chosen by Wharton School of Business for PBS documentary, as one of 'The 25 Most Influential Business Persons of the Past 25 Years'. In 2006, Time magazine listed him under "60 years of Asian Heroes" as one of the top 12 business leaders. In 2008, in an open online poll, Yunus was voted the 2nd topmost intellectual person in the world on the list of Top 100 Public Intellectuals by Prospect Magazine (UK) and Foreign Policy (United States).

JOHN MUIR
John Muir (21 April 1838 24 December 1914[1]) was a Scottish-born American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States. His

letters, essays, and books telling of his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, have been read by millions. His activism helped to preserve the Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park and other wilderness areas. The Sierra Club, which he founded, is now one of the most important conservation organizations in the United States. One of the most well-known hiking trails in the U.S., the 211-mile (340 km) John Muir Trail, was named in his honor. Other places named in his honor are Muir Woods National Monument, Muir Beach, John Muir College, Mount Muir, Camp Muir and Muir Glacier. In his later life, Muir devoted most of his time to the preservation of the Western forests. He petitioned the U.S. Congress for the National Park bill that was passed in 1890, establishing both Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks. Because of the spiritual quality and enthusiasm toward nature expressed in his writings, he was able to inspire readers, including presidents and congressmen, to take action to help preserve large nature areas. He is today referred to as the "Father of the National Parks," and the National Park Service produced a short documentary on his life. Muir's biographer, Steven J. Holmes, states that Muir has become "one of the patron saints of twentieth-century American environmental activity," both political and recreational. As a result, his writings are commonly discussed in books and journals, and he is often quoted in books by nature photographers such as Ansel Adams. "Muir has profoundly shaped the very categories through which Americans understand and envision their relationships with the natural world," writes Holmes. Muir was noted for being an ecological thinker, political spokesman, and religious prophet, whose writings became a personal guide into nature for countless individuals, making his name "almost ubiquitous" in the modern environmental consciousness. According to author William Anderson, Muir exemplified "the archetype of our oneness with the earth", while biographer Donald Worster says he believed his mission was "...saving the American soul from total surrender to materialism.

YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK

Yosemite National Park is a United States National Park spanning eastern portions of Tuolumne, Mariposa and Madera counties in the central eastern portion of California, United States. The park covers an area of 761,268 acres (3,080.74 km2) and reaches across the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountain chain. Over 3.7 million people visit Yosemite each year most spend their time in the seven square miles (18 km2) of Yosemite Valley. Designated a World Heritage Site in 1984, Yosemite is internationally recognized for its spectacular granite cliffs, waterfalls, clear streams, Giant Sequoia groves, and biological

diversity. Almost 95% of the park is designated wilderness. Although not the first designated national park, Yosemite was central to the development of the national park idea, largely owing to the work of people like Galen Clark and John Muir. Yosemite is one of the largest and least fragmented habitat blocks in the Sierra Nevada, and the park supports a diversity of plants and animals. The park has an elevation range from 2,127 to 13,114 feet (648 to 3,997 m) and contains five major vegetation zones: chaparral/oak woodland, lower montane forest, upper montane forest, subalpine zone, and alpine. Of California's 7,000 plant species, about 50% occur in the Sierra Nevada and more than 20% within Yosemite. There is suitable habitat or documentation for more than 160 rare plants in the park, with rare local geologic formations and unique soils characterizing the restricted ranges many of these plants occupy. The geology of the Yosemite area is characterized by granitic rocks and remnants of older rock. About 10 million years ago, the Sierra Nevada was uplifted and then tilted to form its relatively gentle western slopes and the more dramatic eastern slopes. The uplift increased the steepness of stream and river beds, resulting in formation of deep, narrow canyons. About 1 million years ago, snow and ice accumulated, forming glaciers at the higher alpine meadows that moved down the river valleys. Ice thickness in Yosemite Valley may have reached 4,000 feet (1,200 m) during the early glacial episode. The downslope movement of the ice masses cut and sculpted the U-shaped valley that attracts so many visitors to its scenic vistas today.

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Florence Nightingale, OM, RRC (12 May 1820 13 August 1910) was a celebrated English social reformer and statistician, and the founder of modern nursing. She came to prominence while serving as a nurse during the Crimean War, where she tended to wounded soldiers. She was dubbed "The Lady with the Lamp" after her habit of making rounds at night. Early 21st century commentators have asserted Nightingale's achievements in the Crimean War had been exaggerated by the media at the time, to satisfy the public's need for a hero. But her later achievements remain widely accepted. In 1860, Nightingale laid the foundation of professional nursing with the establishment of her nursing school at St Thomas' Hospital in London. It was the first secular nursing school in the world, now part of King's College London. The Nightingale Pledge taken by new nurses was named in her honour, and the annual International Nurses Day is celebrated around the world on her

birthday. Her social reforms include improving healthcare for all sections of British society; improving healthcare and advocating for better hunger relief in India; helping to abolish laws regulating prostitution that were overly harsh to women; and expanding the acceptable forms of female participation in the workforce. Nightingale was a prodigious and versatile writer. In her lifetime much of her published work was concerned with spreading medical knowledge. Some of her tracts were written in simple English so they could easily be understood by those with poor literary skills. She helped popularize the graphical presentation of statistical data. Much of her writing, including her extensive work on religion and mysticism, has only been published posthumously. Nightingale was born to a wealthy upper-class family, at a time when women of her class were expected to focus on marriage and child bearing. Unitarian religious inspiration led her to devote her life to serving others, both directly and as a reformer. Nightingale rejected proposals of marriage so as to be free to pursue her calling. Her father had progressive social views, providing his daughter with a well-rounded education that included mathematics and supported her desire to lead an active life. Nightingale's ability to effect reform rested on her exceptional analytic skills, her high reputation, and her network of influential friends. Starting in her mid thirties, she suffered from chronic poor health, but continued working almost until her death at the age of ninety.

FRIEDRICH WILHEIM RAIFFESEN

Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen was born on 30 March 1818 at Hamm/Sieg (Westerwald). He was the seventh out of nine children. His father Gottfried Friedrich Raiffeisen was a farmer and also mayor of Hamm for a while. One can go back to his familys origin until the 16th century in the Swabian-Franconian area. The family of his mother, Amalie Christiane Susanna Maria, born Lantzendrffer, came from the Siegerland. Leaving school at the age of 14 he received three years of education from a local pastor before he entered the military at the age of 17. His career in the military led him to Cologne, Coblenz and Sayn. An eye disease forced him to resign from the military service in 1843 and he went into public service. He was mayor of several towns: from 1845 he was mayor of Weyerbusch/Westerwald; from 1848 he was mayor of Flammersfeld/Westerwald; and finally he was mayor of Heddesdorf from 1852 until late 1865, when, at the age of 47, his worsening health cut his career short; he had caught typhus in 1863 during an epidemic during which his wife had died.

Since his small pension was not sufficient to meet the living of Raiffeisens family he initially started a small cigar factory and later on a wine business. In 1867, he married the widow Maria Panseroth. She outlived him by 12 years and their marriage remained childless. He died on 11 March 1888 in Neuwied-Heddesdorf, shortly before his 70th birthday.

MARGARET SANGER
Margaret Higgins Sanger (September 14, 1879 September 6, 1966) was an American birth control activist, sex educator, and nurse. Sanger popularized the term birth control, opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and established Planned Parenthood. Sanger's efforts contributed to the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case which legalized contraception in the United States. Sanger is a frequent target of criticism by opponents of birth control and has also been criticized for supporting eugenics, but remains an iconic figure in the American reproductive rights movement. Sanger's early years were spent in New York City. In 1914, prompted by suffering she witnessed due to frequent pregnancies and self-induced abortions, she started a monthly newsletter, The Woman Rebel. Sanger's activism was influenced by the conditions of her youthher mother had 18 pregnancies in 22 years, and died at age 50 of tuberculosis and cervical cancer. In 1916, Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, which led to her arrest for distributing information on contraception. Her subsequent trial and appeal generated enormous support for her cause. Sanger felt that in order for women to have a more equal footing in society and to lead healthier lives, they needed to be able to determine when to bear children. She also wanted to prevent back-alley abortions, which were dangerous and usually illegal at that time. In 1921, Sanger founded the American Birth Control League, which later became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America. In New York, Sanger organized the first birth control clinic staffed by all-female doctors, as well as a clinic in Harlem with an entirely African-American staff. In 1929, she formed the National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control, which served as the focal point of her lobbying efforts to legalize contraception in the United States. From 1952 to 1959, Sanger served as president of the International Planned Parenthood Federation. She died in 1966, and is widely regarded as a founder of the modern birth control movement.

MARIA MONTESSORI
Maria Tecla Artemesia Montessori (August 31, 1870 May 6, 1952) was an Italian physician and educator, a noted humanitarian and devout Roman Catholic best known for the philosophy of education that bears her name, and her writing on scientific pedagogy. Her educational method is in use today in public and private schools throughout the world. Montessori was born in Chiaravalle, Italy. Her father, Alessandro Montessori, 33 years old at the time, was an official of the Ministry of Finance working in the local state-run tobacco factory. Her mother, Renilde Stoppani, 25 years old, was well educated for the times and was probably related to Italian geologist and paleontologist Antonio Stoppani. While she did not have any particular mentor, she was very close to her mother who readily encouraged her. She also had a loving relationship with her father, although he disagreed with her choice to continue her education.

JOHN WOOLMAN
John Woolman (October 19, 1720 - October 7, 1772) was a North American merchant, tailor, journalist and itinerant Quaker preacher, and an early abolitionist in the colonial era. Based in Mount Holly, New Jersey, near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he traveled through frontier areas of British North America to preach Quaker beliefs, and advocate against slavery and the slave trade, cruelty to animals, economic injustices and oppression, and conscription; from 1755 during the French and Indian War, he urged tax resistance to deny support to the military. In 1772, Woolman traveled to England, where he urged Quakers to support abolition of slavery. Woolman published numerous essays, especially against slavery. He kept a journal throughout his life; it was published posthumously, entitled The Journal of John Woolman (1774). Included in Volume I of the Harvard Classics since 1909, it is considered a prominent American spiritual work. The Journal has been continuously in print since 1774, published in numerous editions; the most recent scholarly edition was published in 1989. John Woolman was born in 1720 into a family belonging to the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). His father Samuel Woolman was a farmer. Their estate was between Burlington and Mount Holly Township in the New Jersey colony, near the Delaware River. John's paternal grandparents, John and Elizabeth (Borton) Woolman, were early settlers and married in Burlington County, New Jersey.

During his youth, he happened upon a robin's nest that held hatchlings. Woolman began throwing rocks at the mother robin to see if he could hit her. After killing the mother bird, he was filled with remorse, thinking of the baby birds who had no chance of survival without her. He got the nest down from the tree and quickly killed the hatchlings believing it to be the most merciful thing to do. This experience weighed on his heart. He was inspired to love and protect all living things from then on. Woolman married Sarah Ellis Abbott, a fellow Quaker. They had a daughter Mary. His choice to lead a "life of simplicity" meant sacrifices for his family, as did his frequent travels as an itinerant minister. As a young man, Woolman began work as a clerk for a merchant. When he was 23, his employer asked him to write a bill of sale for a slave. Though he told his employer that he thought that slaveholding was inconsistent with Christianity, he wrote the bill of sale. Filled with remorse, he found the slave who had been sold, and made monetary reparations sufficient to buy his freedom and sustain him in freedom for some years. By the age of 26, he had become an independent and successful tradesman. He refused to write the part of a will that included disposing of a slave and, in that case, convinced the client to set the slave free by manumission. Many Friends believed that slavery was bad even a sin but they did not universally condemn slaveholding, and the wealthiest members held slaves as domestic servants and for other uses. Some Friends bought slaves from other people in order to treat them humanely and educate them. Other Friends seemed to have no opinion against slavery.

IBRAHIM ABOULEISH
Ibrahim Abouleish (born 1937 in Egypt) began his chemistry and medicine studies at the age of 19 in Austria. He did his doctorate in 1969 in the field of pharmacology and then worked in leading positions within pharmaceutical research. During this time he was granted patents for a number of new medicines, especially for osteoporosis and arteriosclerosis. During a visit to Egypt in 1975 he was caught by the deplorable economic and social conditions of his country of origin. In 1977 he returned to Egypt and founded the comprehensive development initiative SEKEM. SEKEM developed as the first entity using biodynamic farming methods in Egypt. The organization has grown a lot from the beginning of the 1990s and is meanwhile the market leader for organic products and crop remedies.

The organizations' commitment regarding innovative development has led to a widespread use of biodynamic methods in pest control and to the improvement of yields. They were one of the first to establish organic and biodynamic methods for growing cotton. In 2003, Ibrahim Abouleish and SEKEM received the Right Livelihood Award for integrating the commercial success with promotion of the social and cultural development of society. He was selected as an "Outstanding Social Entrepreneur" by the Schwab Foundation in 2004. In 2006 he was appointed as a councillor at the World Future Council.

BILL DRAYTON
William "Bill" Drayton (born New York City, USA), is a social entrepreneur. Drayton was named by US News & World Report as one of America's 25 Best Leaders in 2005. He is responsible for the rise of the phrase "social entrepreneur", a concept first found in print in 1972. Drayton is the founder and current Chair of Ashoka: Innovators for the Public, a nonprofit organization dedicated to finding and fostering social entrepreneurs worldwide. Drayton also chairs the Community Greens, Youth Venture and Get America Working! organizations. Drayton's philosophy of social entrepreneurs are individuals with innovative solutions to society's most pressing social problems. To quote Drayton, "Social entrepreneurs are not content just to give a fish or teach how to fish. They will not rest until they have revolutionized the fishing industry. Drayton's mother emigrated to the US from Australia. His father was an American who became an explorer. Public service and strong values run through the history of both parents' families - including several of the earliest anti-slavery abolitionist and women's leaders in the U.S. Drayton was born in 1943 in New York City. Drayton attended high school at Andover and went on to Harvard where he received his BA in 1965. Drayton entered Balliol College, Oxford and received an MA in 1967, after which he went to Yale Law School where he received his JD in 1970.