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The female space; jumping

from the private to the


public

Authors: Jorge Morales,


Raymond Valenzuela,
Ignacio Cordova,
Felipe Sanzana.
The female space; jumping from the private to the public
Introduction.

This paper aims to track and analysis of the jump to the private audience of women
in their urban environment (empowerment) and the dilemmas of gender based on raids
you have done.
Our analysis will focus on the development and inclusion of women in politics, (in
addition to the importance of these activities and in social groupings), to appreciate how
this went from the margins of home representative to the plane occupied by men and
their patriarchal structures. Since this last point is where they show existing power
relations (even today) between the company and our prevailing social movement to
which we are giving our full attention to the development and scope of our
investigation.

At first we will focus on as it was revealing the long journey of women and the
genesis of their spectrum of inclusion. Because from this point we can see clearly the
problems which were encountered, especially power relations dominate the paternalism
of machista society (both inside and outside their margins private and public later).
Voting and the subsequent presence of these in the press also as its evolution (which at
first were not critical of the established order) are crucial for understanding when and
why we began the movement of women into the spectre of politics as public roads in
urban community.
In a first stage of the report we will focus on analysis and historical explanation of the
women's movement, referring to issues such as voting in which integrates women, the
press by them, the achievements in legislative matters, among others. To demonstrate its
evolution and in its organization and its demands.
Already taking a perspective of the movement we propose to continue to expose our
thesis, which is focused on the social impact that pushed the cohesion of women and
their organization, starting a long struggle marked by gender inequality, as also the
problem which until today is present; their subsequent integration, will be marked by
inequality.
So far, we have the clear focus of the first delivery of research work, then these
problems will deepen in alluding to the formation of a space of women in the arena of
public affairs, an area marked by inequity and inequality gender.
Previously we have raised the focus of our work and the objectives that we considered.
Now we will proceed with the contextualization and characterization of our theme to
investigate later in this aspect will present our argument for us to mark the way forward
to carry out a second time our theoretical framework.

Contextualization and characterization.

To understand the passage of the exclusion of women to their inclusion in society, it


is necessary to examine the context to be analysed, which was beginning to see affected
by various factors, both economic, political and social rights, which are vital to rise in
the territory a metamorphosis in their traditional structures, which will be collected and
used by women to take part in public circles. Taking as a last result, the transition from
the private to the public because of this metamorphosis. What you will see reflected in
the new spaces began to conquer, being relevant to our work the press, and feminist
movements of the period. These are the bodies that will enable us to identify the
evolution of women and their participation in public spheres in society.
However, is also of paramount importance along the contextualization, analyze and
characterize both the concept of private space and public space, two concepts that are
being used throughout the analysis of research.
Indeed, our research work, analyse the evolution that took women in society, thus
leading to its gradual inclusion in the political, social and economic factors behind the
country. Thus, the period will be analysed in the early twentieth century, and end in our
current era, where we bring to the fore the status of women in our country. Therefore,
the twentieth century, will see immersed in a transformation of their traditional
structures, both at the political, social and educational advancement, which will be vital
for the subsequent inclusion of women.

Characterization of key concepts.

Thus, taking into account the context of the period, and changes and processes that
lead to the inclusion of women in society, such as the modernization processes in the
field, economic, political, social, employment and educational , It is necessary to
characterize the concept of public space and private space.

Private space and public space female.

Clearly to discuss the specialty of women, we must define both the private spac 1 e as
public space feminine, in order to appreciate better the process of conquering women,
which marked the transition from the private to the public .
First to define female private space, we portray women as a secondary player, which
for the past-the-twentieth century, was in charge less dominant tasks, all this in the
context of a society where the man was the center of everything, or even better graphics,
where man is subject and object women 2 . Is this the limit of women; their own
environment, as he is known in this private space. This is one private space where
women should perform their daily tasks, namely the home environment or space that in
some cases is further reduced because there were certain places to which the woman did
not have free access.
The second type of female private space, is represented by the gatherings, or "circles
of tearooms," in which women - a profile of upper class and with some degree of
education, shared topics they cover. Thus defined these two types of female private
spaces, we can appreciate the rigid demarcation that existed because women did not
have access to such basic rights as their own freedom or full expression.

By contrast, the new orientation of the economies in crisis and the appearance,
overcrowding and high acceptance of feminism and its subsequent tendency to break
into politics as an option, worldwide in the first half of the twentieth century, will make

1
It is noteworthy that in the quest to define the private space of women, we find two types of this, the
first portrayed by the household, which was itself the profile of women in lower class, usually immersed
in rural areas. The second is represented by one's own home, plus certain types of relationships, typical
profile of upper-class women, who had moments where they shared with their peers.
2

Idea M. Angel Baeza, expressed in his book-The Other Half of Chile, which represents very well the
subordination of women to men, in times where the struggle for the cause of women was unthinkable.
women achieves set new limits of their small specialty, through its struggle for the
legitimate rights and active participation, they were blocked by centuries. It is the
conquest of public space, which will transform a woman in what should have always
been, a major player in society, namely an active subject and not a passive object
subject to man.
This new specialty conquered, is opening up new fields that were hitherto little or no
explored by women, among these are politics, media, education-both in schools and in
open university which were blocked for women, organizations of all kinds, and so on.
If we refer to the Chilean case, we appreciate as women gradually achieved the full
conquest of public space. This action begins in the early twentieth century, women
succeed in certain areas where together with other creates bonds, where express their
opinions, demands, etc.., So public. It is certainly the cultural sphere which says the first
women's organizations in public, then it will be the press-through the creation of
newspapers and magazine-female, and then continue in the political arena, where arise
Matches feminists, some transcendence, as women represent, as it says the book title of
M. Baeza-Angel; half of Chile.
Lastly, the passage of private space to public space, which would entail the
metamorphosis of women and their own space, is the continuing struggle to achieve
their ideals conquest of land always belonged, but it was vetoed; public space, an area in
which women are undoubtedly involved, but nevertheless it poses the great challenge of
achieving full gender equality, something which has not yet been fully achieved.

Historical Context.

The first two decades of the twentieth century, are characterized as being an era in
which lived the modernization process in Chile, with a time of economic changes,
political and social rather accelerated, which resulted in the metamorphosis of the
territory, and evolution and inclusion of women.
In the space that we are involved-as mentioned by the process of modernization by
developing, for example, urbanization, communications and education-according to
some authors, "women are participants of these changes as subjects and objects
modernization "(Amorós. C, 1990, p. 89). Therefore, to the author-that process is turned
on them disrupt many aspects that deal with lifestyles and activities that it offers
modernization. So many of the measures provided by the state Chileno significantly
impacted their lives. Being the major advances in education and work, then acted as a
bridge of access to new spaces within society "(ibid., p. 95). In turn, these same tools
enabled her potentiation as social subjects.
Secondly, the process of national modernization and growth was felt in the
workplace for women. For some "from 1900 were altered patterns of female
employment, observing a greater diversification of economic activities, and a boom in
educational reforms by the State" (Galvez, T. and Bravo, R, 1992, p. 123 ). Thus, the
nascent industries employed female workforce to develop manufacturing activities in
the area of communications and transport. Therefore, women were recruited for these
middle-class public services.
Thirdly, those economic and social changes were complemented by the
development of educational policies by the state, encouraging the creation of
educational centers, allowing greater literacy in the middle, giving initiate a process
important for women, as it was the mental development, and awareness by them.
Therefore, the Chilean State strengthened female education at different levels according
to social classes. It accepted women in some academic careers, were opened technical-
vocational schools and expanded the coverage of basic and secondary education. In this
way, "women who accessed the various educational institutions, found elements that
allowed them to break into the world public, disrupting the social scheme" (Lavrín, A,
2005, p. 230). Thus, the author-as-appeared several types of female social subjects, for
example, some women who are elite professionalized, created public spaces where
intellectual discussion questioned the cultural differences between males and females.
Alongside them are middle-class women, who were strengthened through the
professionalization and fought for civil and political rights. We can observe in creating
the Women's Civic Party in 1922.
Moreover, we found that women acquired a popular office through technical-
vocational education, which enabled them to publicly visibilizarse sector employees,
which opened spaces for their specific demands. Thus begins to visualize a change in
mentality and the old structures which were chained to women, creating a major public
space opinion, which was subsequently reflected in the creation of feminist groups and
occupy an important agent of disseminating information; press.
Therefore the beginning of the twentieth century, which came accompanied by
changes in the country, in both described above, will the inclusion of women in the
spaces and public spheres of society, transforming the structure of the private , To
become a public servant, which will see clearly reflected in the press, and in subsequent
feminist movements that began to create spaces of resistance, which struggles for
equality and immersion of women in a traditional society and macho.
Indeed, this period will be a key point for publications, since they diversify both the
social origin of those producing press himself as the objectives it pursues. Therefore, the
press found a public space that is complex to be involved in new social subjects, where
women accounted for its specificity in terms of sex and gender in addition to its
religious stance, which undermines the very beginning in his own speech .
In this context, the press allows us to explore space to note that women were created in
the public world, since newspapers, articles intended to move in different circuits of
view, we bring new perspectives on this same process, highlighting the involvement of
women in areas mainly political, social, and economic.
So these newspapers will be listed and analyzed, through our research work. To
show how it was occupied and endorse this new public space for women and the
characteristics and nature that they possessed.
On the other hand, was also very important the establishment of feminist movements in
the country, which began to fight for women's rights, and integrates its insertion into
society. In fact, feminism is considered one of the key players in the struggle for social
intervention, whose ideals will be reflected in Civic Women and MEMCH.

Thesis.
"Women who agreed to various educational institutions, found elements that allowed
them to break into the world public, disrupting the social scheme" (Lavrín, A, 2005, p.
230). This statement suggests we go to where our course to pursue in the investigation.

Thus, our work aims to analyse the process of modernization in the country, which
was carried out during the early twentieth century, which was vital to lead the changes
to generate the metamorphosis of the territory captured through what Lefebvre called
"Practiced space; which refer to the ways in which we generate, use and perceive the
space (…). The other side of space these practices are closely linked with the
experiences of everyday life and the collective memories of different ways "(Ulrich. O.
1999. P. 5). In effect these changes in the social, economic, political, educational and
labor, began to transform these traditional structures, which at the beginning of the
century were limited in two respects, which separated the lives of men and women, the
public sphere and private.
Therefore, these new changes in the territory and in the fields mentioned above,
began to create new spaces within the territory, new places that are called
"representation spaces, spaces that are lived, and change occurring in over time. They
represent ways local knowledge and less formal, which are dynamic, symbolic, and
saturated with meanings. These spaces are articulated in the daily lives and constitute
what you Lefebvre called 'resistance' sites. These spaces are a variety of speeches
against `in the sense Foulcaut presented by actors who refuse to recognize and accept
the hegemonic power. Thus, daily life occurs within the dialectical relationship between
space and capitalism. "(Op. cit. P. 6). With regard to new speeches produced in logic
and dynamics of popular expression through newspapers and magazines also the
subsequent admission to education.
Thus, women begin to undergo major changes as to criticize and reflect on their society,
because due to the changes brought by modernization in Chile, will begin to learn new
roles within the country, which will result in the creation conscientious about their class,
so you can then analyze the problems afflicting their country, then think and criticize
them in a way informed and autonomous. This can be framed within a logic that regards
women were able to "Experience is overcome the dangers. The word comes from
experience the same Latin root (per.) experiment, expert and dangerous. For
experienciar in the active sense, it is necessary to venture into the unknown and
experience the illusory and uncertain. The become expert involves risk confronting the
dangers of the new or the unknown why someone is able to take risks? The individual is
driven to it "(Yi-Fu Tuan, 1977, p. 6), and well able to cope with a patriarchal society
dominated by machismo and sex discrimination.

Thus, women head the genesis important strategies for disseminating information,
and on the other hand, new forms of organization such as newspapers, and feminist
movements, which will be relevant at the time of fighting for equality and integrates its
insertion in their society.
Previously has been the pillar on which theoretical underpinning the social
movement in which we are working also Ulrich Oslender is of great support, as this
author shows us and focuses on the core of social movements, which are generating
spaces and identities. Also knew that this social movement fighting the logic of power,
towards obtaining merit claim through slogans of public and private space, which
pushed women to fight and appear to the fore of society. It is no longer as a housewife
subjected to power structures, but as a character and entity capable of displaying its
organizational capacity, as also to modify its space and social environment. There has
already mutated.

So far we have presented how to take the issue, we will be discussing all along this
report and its subsequent deliveries. This will focus on how women were affected by
their environment and power relations that prevail, that at first relegated to the margins
of the private, assuming a position of importance of social actor, as François Hainard
said that the woman was able empowerment of cities in a battle of strategies for social
change (François Hainard, 2004).
This has implications to the present day where we appreciate the intervention and a
reflection of the long struggle of women, who returns to smile again after so long with a
woman president, an event that is spread through the globe.

Theoretical framework.
At this stage of the report we propose to specify the theoretical proposal that will be
the mainstay of work. To achieve this it is necessary to identify the perpetrators who
will form the backbone and chart the way forward on the issue taken to the social
movement for women.

Social Movement:

• François Hainard and Cristine Verschuur, "Cities and empowerment of women;


struggles and strategies for social change", 2004.

Hainard and Verschuur, in his book relate primarily in the context of the area which
is part of the unfolding social movement of women, this is also identified as the "City"
and more specifically the "city and its relationship to the environment ". The study is in
the framework of MOST (Management of Social Transformations) of Unesco, which
put on show the crucial problems faced by women in environmental management and
its negotiations with those responsible technical and political. Apart from putting to the
fore the great importance that women entering making policy decisions, both in the
administration of cities as in policies to combat poverty and social segregation. Alluding
that feminists are more efficient than men to develop strategies and projects that reduce
these problems. For us and for our research is of importance this problem, and
determining the gender issues that exist in what is termed as "an initial expression of
power relations" (François Hainard, 2004, pp. 31) due to the subordination of women
appears in the domestic or community and society as a whole. In its residents and aid
organizations that at first were organized by women from political power secondary, as
in the case of "First Ladies (wives of presidents", but which were never regarded as
crucial to the Auditor solving problems of poverty in his background, measures were
only "patch or momentary."
These points allow us to appreciate that the emergence of women as a social actor,
was not a spontaneous occurrence, but that his organization and mobility at first step
unnoticed in the eyes of power structures, in a quest for social invisibility . And that
struggles with the dominant male power were detonated because they made, more
efficient, problems with the environment, such as health, hygiene, poverty, etc..
Understanding that they are faced daily with these problems. But calls us more attention
than the proposal of these authors is not the highlight of the women more than men.
Sino seeking gender equality, both of which, in a joint effort, will be able to achieve an
optimal development Urban and the end of segregation also as urban poverty.
From the viewpoint of "Cities and empowerment of women; struggles and strategies
for social change," is where we will start our investigation and analysis. Since
supplemented with context and characterization, which show women's groups and their
ways of expressing the struggles and fight for their demands, showing the struggles and
changes in their environment both socially and politically. Therefore we will raise the
issue of this problem the concept of "Topofilia" which is described as "every human
being's emotional ties with the material environment." In this sense, means that unique
experience that figure ties between the person and the place they live, whether the city,
the suburbs or the countryside "(Yi-Fu Tuan, 2007).

• Ana Martinez Sabaté, "Women, Feminism and Geography", 1984.

Sabaté Ana Martinez in his work offers a critique about how, in the social sciences,
there has been a series of investigations that focus on women while geography has
remained outside this process. Further analyses the process of acquiring space for
women, marked by the emergence of numerous published research (and these
developments regarding the importance of progress in the journals that publish
geographical) among which showed deficiency women in positions at American
universities. Despite this geographical productions about women are locked by means
of difficult access, which not only confined to a small number of edits, but also a small
number of readers. This points clearly to the thesis of the author que se basa that the
woman has been postponed in this science, the main reason that geography has been
built by men and has been subjected to a position sexist [what is can add, "the concept
of space has been saturated with political and a complex network of relationships of
power / knowledge that are expressed in landscapes materials speeches of domination
and resistance. Here they have been forged on patriarchal structures "(Ulrich. O, 1999,
p.1)]. Despite participation in this science of women, there is (from the perspective of
the author) work on the area of women, nor shown any feminist approach, despite the
fact that incited modes of analysis more "sensitive and feminine" .
The text mentions that geography should worry about resolving the "social
inequalities and the problems of society, studying the distribution of power within it"
(Eyles, 1971), but does not consider, within this integration, removing Gender
inequalities, despite the assumption by Harvey: "Expel her discipline of racism,
ethnocentrism and condescending paternalism" (Harvey 1974). Following the issue of
discrimination to women can appreciate the contributions within this text authors to
postulate that "it must find a solution for a more just society" and although concerned
about "the apparent unconcern of geography to this point" (Peet, 1972, quotes gathered
by Capel, 1981, p.428). Pat Burnett (1971) also is present in this issue and mentioned
that despite the position of geography in terms of social discrimination of space, science
does not take this to women with regard to the latter. And merely framed within a global
thus eliminating the singularity, an element which could be key to characterize a
phenomenon or to assert any relevant geographic theory within the margins of society.

Geographic Area:

• Brunhes, Jean, "The character and the complexity of the facts of human geography"
(without background editorials).

Jean Brunhes in his book tells us about man's relationship with its environment, as it
is able to modify it according to their action with the medium. Among these were the
facts of conquest, land use and destructive economy. The latter is what will lead to
social problems, because this form disorderly and inefficient in the rational utilization of
the territory, will lead to the migration of those subject to places that provide optimal
benefits of subsidence. As the man, for their physiological needs, you need to stay in
touch with half render and fill all their shortages. This is reflected in each human group
that defines his place of residence focusing on the economy and resources of the
territory, which is bounded to fulfill this function depending on changing the group on
human conduct.
Specifically we are interested in the aspect in which the author refers to "men as
agents geography," as it refers to "an isolated event can be susceptible to contradictory
interpretations so that should not be considered in isolation, it must be re-positioned in
the flow of life that has created "(Jean Brunhes, pp. 255-257). What strikes us is how
this author explains the problems of unproductive land uses, because of a bad
organization State, and the problems that these triggers, which directly affect the social
group we are investigating.

• Oslender, Ulrich, "spatialization resistance: prospects' space 'and' place 'in


investigations of social movements"

Oslender, Ulrich in his book tells us about the concept of space, which provides
primarily as a politician, which trigger different junctures of the logic of power, in
which essentially the stand of domination and of resistance. These two points are
relevant to our work because we intend to clarify that this metamorphosis of space has a
clear and genesis is not an event that appeared overnight. This is how the women's
movement brand positioning in the logic of struggle, resistance, for bringing about
change or modification of pre-established structures of territory and space. This is
understood by the spaces of expression that organization and structure, which broaden
the spectrum of the fight to the public clearly in terms of the remoteness of
proclamations and actions no longer reduced margins neighborhood.
Oslender expressed as stated by Lefebvre that "Space is not an object separated from
ideology or politics, has always been political and strategic. If space is appearance of
neutrality and indifference its contents, and therefore seems purely formal (…) to what
continues: "(…) has already been the focus of past processes whose fingerprints are not
always evident in the landscape. The space has been formed and shaped by historical
and natural elements, but this has been a political process. Space is political and
ideological. It is a product full of literary ideologies. " (Oslender, Ulrich, pp. 4) then the
author continues, "… This conceptualization of space makes clear the presence of
conflicts in the use of space. These responses are often articulated by social movements
in the political and economic (Op. cit, p. 4).
These linkages being made by the author that we clarify the social movement for
women, in which we are focused for conducting its analysis, offers a resistance to a
state of logic "Patriarchal and gender discrimination," and then move on to form part of
this structure according to their achievements claim. This resistance struggle of women
must be covered under a logic that has been pushed by the social problems of their
environment nearby, caused by bad policies and wrong handling of the state. The which
will lead to overcrowding and a force of the movement that will see reflected in their
contacts with other movements counterparts in neighbouring countries such as Uruguay
and Argentina.

• Yi Fu Tuan, "Space and place: the perspective of experience"

Yi-Fu Tuan mentions in his book, which rise as much space can not be defined
independently of one another. That From the security and stability of the place "we are
aware of the extent of freedom and the threat of space, and vice versa. Besides, if we
think about space as something that allows movement then place is pause, each pause in
the movement becomes possible when the location is transformed into place.
"Subsequently continues;" (…) In accordance with this approach, while human is
marked by stages, as well as the movement of man in space is marked by pauses. In the
same way as the weather can be represented by an arrow, circular orbit or a path of a
pendulum swinging, and also movements in space (…) ".

We have seen throughout this surrender as is the space where they have the power
relationships, while appreciating where approximates the women's movement. Also take
place as the holder of this high power, is also the place where he finds the existence of
any brands that have been surpassed and overlay over time. This also consists of
meaning and a legacy. Thus, for the social movement for women and their struggles
demands in the urban setting up of resentment toward the power structures, which have
shifted work to minors. Where are they who have the experience and understand the
true reality of the inhabitants of cities and their respective environmental conflicts. In
addition to the place and this environment, for women has been charged with an entity
in which these sentiments shared their hardships and social problems, joys and sorrows
pass done, it is also the place where they created a family and educated their children.
Also this environment became a place where the vehicle is overloaded with emotions
and memories which these are prepared to defend and improve.

Positioning Theoretical
The line of our work, we have chosen to be guided by the text of Ulrich Oslender:
"spatialization resistance: prospects for space and place in investigations of social
movements" in order to begin to explain our work with serious backs, and we found that
within this writing, the author proposes the appropriation of space as the primary engine
of the entire social movement resistance, and we believe that that was the strategy used
by women's movements studied. In addition, we need to look at this author in regard to
his vision of local and global in order to argue the importance and dimensions that I am
presenting the motion, we are also left with some of the foundations raised by Lefebvre
we used to settle even further development of this investigation.
A second author is Ana Martinez Sabaté, which in his words "Women, Feminism and
Geography", 1984, portrays unbeatable way of geography remains on the sidelines of a
new research topic: Women. We occupy Ana Sabaté, since this somehow gives us an
example of how the changeover will occur from the private to the public, as it is with
bringing women to geography, that the spatiality female achieved transformed into
theme investigative the same geography.
By moving forward with the development of theme is that we have decided to include
what has been done by Hainard and Verschuur, who in his text "" Cities and
empowerment of women; struggles and strategies for social change ", 2004, portrayed
as women -- in the context of social development in the urban environment, achieves
more accurately detect social problems afflicting the people of this area. This will serve
as a way to illustrate that the transition of women from the private to the public meant
progress, since women to access certain administrative positions in urban cities,
achieved quickly and provide better solutions to social problems .
Another author who helps us both the definition of private space, public space as
feminine, is M. Angel Baeza, which portrays a very good way in his book "The other
half of Chile." We need to define the space private and public space female, as is the
shift from the private to the public, which will set and mark a milestone in women's
lives. It is for this reason that in seeking to define the private and public space, we opted
for the correct definition of M. Angel Baeza, which becomes an unbeatable source, as is
its status as his wife which will provide great strength of its definition of spatiality of
women.

The author who helps us poorly, when power reaffirm our theme, is Jean Brunhes, who
in his text "The character and the complexity of the facts of human geography," gives us
little in the process of arguing and reaffirm what is stated in the issue that we
investigate.
There is no doubt that the first four authors reveal clear and interesting background and
views of the spatiality of women and is seen as being at the juncture that marked the
great shift from the private to the public, all this from the perspective how will be a
reconfiguration of the spatiality of women, due to the shift from private to public
sphere. We seek to achieve explicitly reaffirm that this step was a major step forward,
not backward, it is this new configuration of space performed by women, which opens
new areas for development, however, we caution that this development is not complete
because ,-Authors as M. Baeza Angel Martinez and Ana Sabaté, indicate that by
implication in their respective works-there are areas where little progress has been
made; speak specifically of gender equality, at least in the Western world shows little
glimmers of existence.

Analysis and Development.

The transition from the private to the public.

The transition from the private to the public undoubtedly represented an uphill
struggle as regards the process of our study, the voice of women presented a lengthy
process that mixed self-interest with the need to translate to other sectors of society, was
then The time for action and occupy spaces that so far were not for this genre. The steps
meant that such a process can link to the postulated by Ulrich Oslender the link that
provides in development of space endurance.
The process meant to establish a development of the deprived the public relates to
what was seen by the author in his writing because… "then it is important to recognize
that these structures have been created by the same human subjects, and although they
may present obstacles to social actors, can also train the human agency, be adjusted,
changed or even defeated by the same social actors. Oslender, Ulrich, Pp. 3). In other
words, with the above we can make it clear that the process or social movement first
female needed a solid foundation that enabled the obtaining of a real prominence as the
same ownership and awareness can generate changes that are themselves in process of
obtaining a result, without the foregoing, the social structures in the area had not been
touched by women.
Thus, taking into account the prominence of actors, it is important to add that this
process has not been embraced in such proportions if they had not been present the logic
of domination and subjugation. The first word we go back to patriarchal arguments that
were present in most of society, such a state of domination naturally generates subject
or relations between the dominant and dominated (submissive) making it even more
favorable maturity that any movement for social needs the appropriation of space
became even more quickly with this development process. In the space sector is
important to emphasize that we identify with the tenets of Ulrich as the creation of
space is a process that is not objective, since Lefebvre cited as "space is not an object of
separate scientific ideology or politics; has always been political and strategic "and later
noted" the space has been formed and shaped by historical and natural elements, but this
has been a political process "(Oslender, Ulrich, Pg. 4). With the earlier events we want
to unite the vision of women's movement with the participation they had in building a
space itself, since the demands and their voices are linked to buildings that are
demanding power and an area of consideration in society, historical elements in this
process, as well as the tools used are suitable for ownership of public space.
Understanding this initiative as a female space endurance, it is important to note that the
dynamic of space women manage to position itself as an issue of importance, the tools
used in this aspect are able to be a useful weapon for positioning in this area. It is also
important to note that the balance achieved in the space between the fields intellectuals
and bases more equity within the same movement.
In this way women will begin to transform and create new spaces, through the
amendment of the private sphere, to move into a public one. This process is of vital
importance for further integration into society. Because, as we raise at the beginning of
work, private space that was inserted at the very beginning women, had to charge less
dominant tasks, all this in a context of a society where man was the center of
everything, or better graficado even where the subject is man and woman object. The
second type of female private space, is represented by the gatherings, or "circles of
tearooms," in which women - a profile of upper class and with some degree of
education, shared topics they cover. Thus defined these two types of female private
spaces, we can appreciate the rigid demarcation that existed because women did not
have access to such basic rights as their own freedom or full expression. Indeed, the
shift to the public spheres will be the beginning of a new social class, which will mark a
before and after in the history of Chile
According to the foregoing, it is necessary to identify and analyze the sites and
strategies that began to win and to use women, in order to be inserted into society, due
to factors already raised earlier - modernization and metamorphosis of the area.
Therefore, such strategies and spaces, will press on the one hand, and on the other
feminist movements, which marks the resilience of women in their struggle for equality
and integration in the various public spheres of society.
In fact - as already mentioned-the beginning of the twentieth century is a key point for
publications because of the metamorphosis that takes place in the country, on the one
hand literacy and education of women, and its subsequent inclusion in universities, and
on the other, their inclusion in the economic aspects, namely in the workplace. These
processes will result in diversification of both the social origin of those producing press
himself as the objectives it pursues. In this way the press observes a public space that is
more complex to be involved in new social subjects, where women accounted for its
specificity in terms of their gender sex.
Thus, the development of education will allow increased demand for publishing
products: newspapers, magazines, folletines, novels, etc.. Also mentioned at the
beginning of the twentieth century, "the press is being developed as an industry, taking
advantage of new technologies that widespread styles and products, defined as
specialized public tastes and interests" (Ossandón. C, 2001, p. 78). Hence the intensity
of production journalistic became clear the emergence of public opinion, an area of
discussion where reason is the element validated as a means of expression. So despite
limited space feminine, public space was clearly spoken by women.
Women's participation in the Chilean press has as its first contribution to the history
of the country with various media articles and letters, both for women as elite and
middle class workers. However, newspapers run by women have since 1865 with "The
Ladies of the Eco de Santiago". Between 1900 and 1926, found 22 publications run by
women holding public objectives and ideological frameworks diversified aimed at the
public desmoralidad (alluding to Enrique Mac Iver-in his "Discourse on the moral crisis
of the Republic"). In so doing, we understand that the press of women from the early
twentieth century is within what is defined as "modern media" (ibid., p. 80).
Here is a diagram showing the various newspapers that came to light during the late
nineteenth century, and throughout the twentieth century, in Chile, which gives us an
overview on the level of coverage earned by women in public opinion And the new
space beginning to have within the society.

Periódicos editados por mujeres (1865-1926)*

Periódicos Año
El Eco de las Señoras de Santiago 1865
La Familia 1890-1891
La Mujer, Curico 1897
La Aurora Feminista 1904
La Alborada, Valparaíso 1907 – 1905
La Palanca 1908
El Eco de la Liga de las Damas Chilenas 1912 – 1915
La Sindicada Católica 1915 – 1918
La Cruzada 1915 – 1917
La Voz Femenina 1916
La obrera Sindicada 1917
Vida Femenina 1919
La Mujer 1921
La Sindicada 1922 – 1926
La Unión Femenina 1926 – 1927
Nosotras Principios de siglo XX s/d

Revistas editadas por mujeres (1900-1925)

Revistas Año
Selecta 1909 – 1912
Revista Industrial Femenina 1912 – 1914
La Silueta o Silueta Magazine 1917 – 1918
Alma Femenina, San Felipe 1919
Acción Femenina 1922 – 1939
Cine y Magazzine Principios siglo XX Sin fecha
Pantalla y Bambalinas Principios siglo XX Sin fecha

Revistas sin editor específico donde participan mujeres. (1910-1928)


Revistas donde aportan Año
La Familia 1910-1928
La Revista Azul 1914 – 1918

Source: Article "Press Women 1900-1925: Opening spaces for interpretation," by


Carola Agliatti and Claudia Montero.
http://www2.cyberhumanitatis.uchile.cl/19/agliatimontero.html

Characteristics of the most important newspapers


According to the article, among the largest newspapers and their characteristics include:
The Alborada (1905-1907) was a regular working women and Women's Action
(1922-1939), both are "used as an organ of dissemination of Civic Women, who
represent clear examples of development of women of the press in early Twentieth
Century "(Salinas. C, 1987, p .46-47). Both publications have continuity and regularity,
and also allow a cross between the variables of ideology and social class.
These two newspapers, despite being generated in various social sectors, (and this is
what interests us to develop our research) realize that women write that they are
beginning to form social subjects such as female that is, as people involved in its social
space, with the potential to transform, and conform as parts of the courses from a
viewpoint active.
The Alborada,
This newspaper represents the expression of a wide variety of subjects female
workers. This publication, managed by workers of a sewing workshop in Valparaiso,
represented an area where workers were uniting all workers sensitive to the problems of
the time, hence, each contribution meant a unique position in this struggle and a
establish itself as a particular form of social subjects aware of their need for
transformation of material constraints and generic sex. In the following quotation, -
which draws the newspaper Alborada-heard one of the voices of women who call the
organization, and developing awareness of the true role that women must have:
Guided by sound principles, burdened by the weight of slavery, I strongly protest the
oppressors against the culprits that women vejete in ignorance. (…)
Women have as much right as men to enjoy complete freedom. (…)
Where is the equity that should prevail between man and wife?
Did not we strive for existence? (Zegers. P, 1998, Pág.198)
From another room, Women's Action for being the means of expression for women
who are in social subjects through a political party, we see a voice that brings together
women who write in it, elite women and educated middle class forming part of a
political party. For example "say they want not only equality before the law, respect of
man, but also wants to intervene in the discussion of the law, whose rule has to undergo
the same as men." (Ibid. p. 205).

The New Women


This publication in magazine format was produced by the "Movement of
Emancipation Pro Women" (MEMCH), in the years 1935 - 1941, whose function was to
publicize all the achievements and activities of the MEMCH, which stands out as
grouping achieving the approval of the entry of women to vote municipal Legislative
Decree number 320, which regulates the conditions for electoral registration to women
(although with some restrictions such as excessive aged 25 and over, and possess
property) and that might be candidates for Corregidor. Also important are other
achievements in this field as the decline in voting age to 21 years among others.
Therefore we see a kind of female subject defined by membership of the political
party that convenes, and displayed the conscience of the demand for female public
space from a specific place. Indeed compared with women who are questioning the
exclusion generic-sexual, are recognized as having the intellectual tools necessary to
take its rightful place.

Movements of Resistance: Feminism.

Undoubtedly, one of the most important aspects that reflect the integration of
women in public spheres, political and social relations in society, are so-called
resistance movements, which in the case of the country, were vital to such integration, It
was this organization, which began to create a class consciousness, and fight for
women's equality in a traditional society and macho. It is therefore important to analyse
feminism, to understand their ideologies, strategies to be followed, and the ultimate
goals to be achieved.
Feminism is the ideology that gives substance to the claims of women who propose
Civic Women, therefore, is also known that make women writers of Women's Action,
aimed at defining "the resolve what they call female problem, not is something else than
the recognition of civil and political rights for women "(Lavrin. A, 2005, p. 259).
An appointment that we can illustrate how complex the real goals and ideologies of
Latin American feminism, not knowing what gives one of the many women in favour of
this motion by saying:
"I consider myself Feminist because women who aspire to acquire an identity
intellectual who does not recognize today: because I want, whenever recognized this
capacity he was not excluded from the active part of society, because she must take part
in the government and all public spaces of society "(ibid. p. 270)
This appointment is inferred that the fight would begin to make women of the
twentieth century, to achieve equal political, social and economic order to benefit once
and for all that yearned public space, that queues at the same height in rights and duties
in society.
Therefore the strategy used to achieve this purpose, is to speak in public opinion that the
problem for women is considered within the political agenda of the country. For
example, as a strategy, Women's Action "publishes a survey every month, which aims
to provoke reflection in those taking readers / as on issues that are within the objectives
of the organization" (ibid. p. 275).
Some of the questions presented in these surveys include:
1 - What do you think you. on the skills of women to manage their property?
2 - What have you believe. on divorce?
3 - What do you think you. In general on justice that the civilized world's wife asks for
her greater intelligence on all activities of life? (Ibid. p .276)
With these questions we explicit the specific objectives of the organization, opinion
and raise awareness among women of the era. Thus the appeal of women from the dawn
of the newspaper and Women's Action, is to organize at the place where women face
and overcome, using the banner of feminism as a struggle.
Another important point to get an equal and open space for the deprived the public
is the state educational expand coverage, as the theme of education is the most
important need that will bring back the solution to the subjection of women. The writers
of the magazine believe that the inequality of women is explained by cultural
differences based on the differing conceptions education for men and women, therefore
it becomes necessary to create conditions so that women can appropriate to provide
them with adequate tools in their action the social space, whether as mothers, workers
or professionals.

The MEMCH
As for the MEMCH, let's say it was a grouping which channelled to the institutions
of women on the sidelines of a common purpose, alluding to have the same legal tenets
of emancipation, economic and biological. In this way, we can say that the press
Chilean women of the early twentieth century was an open space for the same women
who gave body.
Indeed through the practice of journalism could define themselves, intervening public
space, which presented their demands and took the right to interpret society.

But that is certainly the first half of the twentieth century is the era in which women
set a new specialty, succeeds in entering the public sphere, which was vetoed by
extensive time. However, showing our position with respect to the subject that brings us
together is that we affirm that women leave while being subject to men and thus to a
patriarchal society, warned that women are still not subject to a patriarchal society, but
the prevailing economic system at present, we speak of Capitalism, which somehow
tends to value more the work of man, that women's work. True fashioning a new
specialty of women brought great strides for feminists, however, is the decay of its
highest expression of freedom, regarding the subject of men, which lead to leave a
pending challenge for women . It is gender equality which will mark the pattern at
present, why this economic system conditional on the woman as well as did men in
earlier times? Certainly explain this from the large decline suffered by the movement
feminist in general, worldwide. We are clear in stating that gender equality is what must
be the great challenge facing women of the twenty-first century, not to call the struggle
against capitalism, but we want to awaken that spirit that led the woman to overcome
the subordination in this towards the man, this is clearly the only goal that must be
women, to achieve complete their fight. It is in the western world where we can see
progress in gender equality; presidencies headed by women, ministers, governors,
military authorities, etc., are the true reflection of that gender equality can be achieved
only lack union a half, how well-known as M. Angel Baeza-and the awakening of the
spirit of this half strong. It is only with this will be achieved one of the basic principles
shared by men and women; necessarily speak the perfect complement of these.

Concluding remarks
Undoubtedly, the figure of women in Chile suffered a vital process in the early
twentieth century, a process that would take place, through the metamorphosis
beginning to suffer from space, following the modernization that would take
macroeconomic out in traditional structures both economic, political, social and cultural
rights. Indeed, this is the vital process that will change that forever transformed the
social sphere in the country since it began to rise to a new class in the areas of the
country; women.
Therefore, economic, educational and political, will be responsible for promoting
social mobility, that is, begin to move from a private space for women, as we saw, was
clearly limited by men, a public space, which will be characterized by this employment,
and educational. Thus, the educational factor was of great importance for the integration
of women in public spheres, as it gradually began to literacy and to report on problems
both internal and international, encouraging the creation of a critical spirit, thoughtful
and analytical on those events. Therefore, women began to create new spaces for
organisation, such as the press and the resistance movements, which had a high social
value and therefore will be the main agents who sought its inclusion on an equal and
integrated. As I mentioned in one of his writings press, which say they want not only
equality before the law, respect of man, but also wants to intervene in the discussion of
the law, whose rule has to undergo the same as man. "Indeed, the metamorphosis that
took place during the first half of the twentieth century, was a vital process, which
create the insertion of new social actors to the context and the public spheres of society,
which was seized by women, to fight for an insert in an egalitarian country and
traditional macho.
Thus, the woman was and is a geographical object, since she is clearly a generation
of spaces, and beginning to develop and win, gradually new forms of organization, and
simultaneously take place the process of empowerment; ie was granted a power to a
collective disadvantaged in economic and social policy so that through self-
management, improve their living conditions, which in the case of women is reflected in
winning for itself through its actions participatory right to be incorporated into public
life of the country. This process was reflected in the large number of digital newspapers
and magazines beginning to move in the country, whose content is political, because it
will encourage women to the country to awaken their spirit of class, through the
dissemination of information , To generate discussion among his peers. However, it is
necessary to reflect on the current role of women in the twenty-first century in the
country, because as we saw earlier in a historical context, the woman reached with the
inclusion of large-scale political, social, economic and educational country, whose
progress through the constant struggles during the twentieth century, we see reflected in
today's world. Already we see a woman autonomous and independent in the various
fields, besides every day more women are entering the jobs that previously they were
blocked and limited only to men.
Thus, it is necessary to acknowledge the struggle that began last century, and so also
is relevant to analyse the chains and obstacles that women have today such as
capitalism. First and foremost, is to admire the long struggle that began women through
the last century, it had the courage and strength to pursue one of the largest movements
and relevant processing and generating spaces of the country's history, which resulted in
the current election to president of the nation's first woman in Chile, which will be
remembered as a success all along history.
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Internet sites:

1. http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=86199, Consultada el 01 de
mayo de 2008.
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