Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Proceedings, Moscow, Russia, August 1821, 2009 879

Fractal Electrodynamics: Analysis and Synthesis of Fractal Antenna Radiation Pattern

Aleksandr Nikolaevich Bogolyubov, Artem Aleksandrovich Koblikov, and Natalia Evgenievna Shapkina Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia

Abstract The problem of fractal antenna radiation pattern synthesis is considered. The
theory of the electromagnetic wave interaction with a fractal structure was developed recently and it is progressing rapidly. The term fractal electrodynamics is now embedded in literature. 1. INTRODUCTION

Unlike traditional methods, when smooth antenna radiation patterns are synthesized, the theory of fractal synthesis is based on the principle of scale invariance i.e., radiation characteristics with the replicated structure are scale-independent. Therefore, it makes possible to realize new modes in fractal electrodynamics and to nd new fundamental properties. For example, the fractal elements disposition on the object body may essentially change the indication. Fractal antennas may be used in telecommunication, nonlinear radiolocation, search systems, radar detection etc. Fractal radiation patterns are synthesized with the help of the Weierstrass function

f (x) =
n=1

(D2)n g ( n x)

(1)

where 1 < D < 2; > 1; g is a bounded periodic function. Here D is a modied fractal dimension D = log(N )/log(r), (2)

where N is a number of elements in one subarray; r = r1 /r2 ; r1 is an average distance between subarray (generator) elements; r2 is an average distance between elements of a random exciter. Technique of the synthesis of some types of radiation fractal characteristics for special symmetric antenna arrays are presented in [1]. Investigations were continued in [2] with analysis of Cantor concentric arrays with number of elements up to 754. The theory of the electromagnetic wave interaction was created recently and now it is developing rapidly. Fractal structures are self-similar in dierent scales and do not have a characteristic size. That is why fractal structures are wide-range in electromagnetic sense. First time these antennas were studied in 1996. The wide-range property permits us to use fractal antennas with one base station in moving media under the control of several telecommunication systems [4]. As mentioned above, the fractal radiation pattern is synthesized with the help of the Weierstrass function (1). The functions are continuous and non-dierential everywhere and fractal in all scales. With antenna array engineering, space distribution of radiators is the third variable when the current amplitude and phase are the rst two variables. Then it is possible to control the antenna radiation pattern with the help of these three variables. Let us consider the following symmetric antenna array as an example [7] (See Fig. 1). Here k = 2/ is a wave number, In , n are excitation current amplitude and phase; dn is a distance between two neighbor feeds. A normalized factor of the array is gN (u) = 1 (D2) 1 (D2)N
N

in cos(a n u + n ),
n=1

(3)

where the normalized amplitude of the current of excitation is in = (D2)(n1) . (4)

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PIERS Proceedings, Moscow, Russia, August 1821, 2009

Figure 1: Symmetric antenna array of 2N elements with presented distribution of the excitation current distribution.
0 0.8 0.6
gN(u)

0.8 0.6
gN(u)

0.5 1
D1 = 1.1

1.5 2

D2 = 1.3 D3 = 1.5 D4 = 1.7 D5 = 1.8 D6 = 1.95

0.4 0.2 0

0.4 0.2 0 2.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 3

0.5

0.5

10

u (a)

u (b)

n (c)

Figure 2: Normalized factor for Weierstrass array for dierent fractal dimensions D. ((a) D = 1; (b) D = 1, 5). In (c) normalized current distributions iN for radiation patterns with dierent fractal dimensions D are presented in dependence of N .
20
N1 = 2 N2 = 4

Point of observation

15
G1(D) G2(D) G3(D) 10 G4(D) G5(D)

N3 = 6 N4 = 8 N5 = 10
IN1 e
jaN 1 ja IN2 e N 2

INM e

jaNM

I2M e

ja2 M

I1M e

ja1M

I1M e I12 e
ja12

ja1M

I2M e
ja22

ja2 M

INM e
jaN 2

jaNM

ja22 I22 e

ja I12 e 12

I22 e
21

IN2 e
j N 1

I21 e

ja21

I11 e

j11

I11 e

ja11

I21 e ja

IN1 e

5
ja IN2 e N 2

IN1 e

jaN 1

I21 e
ja22

ja21

I11 e

ja11

I11e I12 e
ja12

ja11

I21 e

ja21

IN1 e
jaN 2

jaN 1

I22 e
21

I12 e ja12
11

ja I22 e 22

IN2 e
NM

0 1 1.2 1.4
D

INM e

jaNM

I21 e ja

I11 e j

I1M e ja

1M

I2M e

ja2 M

INM e j

1.6

1.8

Figure 3: Antenna gain G(u0 ) in dependence of D for dierent N .

Figure 4: Symmetric antenna array of 2N 2N elements with presented distribution of the excitation current distribution.

gN

gN

rgN

Figure 5: Normalized factor for Weierstrass array of 2N 2N elements for dierent fractal dimensions D = 1, 5.

Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Proceedings, Moscow, Russia, August 1821, 2009 881

Then the fractal dimension of the radiation pattern may be controlled by the array current distribution (See Fig. 2). Antenna gain of this array is G(u0 ) =
2 (u ) 2fN 0 1 2 (u)du fN N N

2 where fN (u) = 4 m=1n=1

(D2)(m+n) cos(a m u + m ) cos(a n u + n ). (5)

It is evident that when D decreases, the radiation pattern main lobe widens and the corresponding values G(u) become less. Using a similar method, we received the following results for the two-dimensional symmetric antenna array of 2N 2N elements (Fig. 4) that are presented in Fig. 5. Now let us analyze a long radiating system L with continuous current distribution I (z ) (Fig. 6). Let us consider the procedure of the radiation linear source synthesis for the generator general function g () = 1 |1 cos |, 0 , that is transformed into the triangle function. Let us analyze the following generator function: g () = sin2 , 0 . The rst 6 steps of fractal radiation pattern synthesis are obtained basing on Fourier-Weierstrass transform. The investigation shows that fractal antennas application permits us to develop new modes and nd new properties improving operating characteristics of the objects thus making such antennas to be widely used. At present time, the mathematical modeling is one of the main methods for these structures investigation as it allows to nd optimal parameters a priory.

Figure 6: Geometry of continuous linear radiation system of L length disposed along z axis.
2 1 1.5 0.8 0.6

F(u) 1
D = 1.3

i(w) 0.4
0.2

=2
N = 15

0.5

0 0.2

0.5

0.5

20

15

10

u
4 1 3 0.8 0.6

10

15

20

F(u) 2
D = 1.7

i(w) 0.4
0.2

=2
N = 30

0 0.2

0.5

0.5

20

15

10

10

15

20

Figure 7: Synthesized radiation patterns for specied D values and normalized current distributions i(s).

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4 3.5 3 F(u, 1) F(u, 2) 2.5 F(u, 3) F(u, 4) 2 F(u, 5) 1.5 F(u, 6) 1 0.5 0 1

PIERS Proceedings, Moscow, Russia, August 1821, 2009

0.5

0.5

Figure 8: The rst 6 steps of fractal radiation pattern synthesis (N = 16) for D = 1, 7 and = 2. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Project Nos. 06-01-00146.
REFERENCES

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