Bab

Chapter

Saling Bersandaran antara Organisma Hidup dengan Persekitaran

ISTILAH Komensalisme Commensalism Persaingan Competition Persenyawaan Fertilisation Ekologi Ecology Ekosistem Ecosystem Populasi Population Mangsa-pemangsa Prey-predator

Interdependence among Living Organisms and the Environment

WORD Commensalism Komensalisme Competition Persaingan Fertilisation Persenyawaan Ecology Ekologi Ecosystem Ekosistem Population Populasi Prey-predator Mangsa-pemangsa

Konsep

PENTING!

The

BIG Picture!

UP!

Interaksi antara organisma hidup

Soalan Tahun-tahun Lepas PMR

Tahun 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Kertas 1 S19, 33 S12, 18 S1719 S1517, 34 S1516 S3 Kertas 2 Bhg. A Bhg. B

PMR Past-year Questions

Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Paper 1 Q19, 33 Q12, 18 Q1719 Q1517, 34 Q1516 Q3 Paper 2 Sec. A Sec. B

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Objektif Pembelajaran

Learning Objective

Interdependence among Living Organisms and the Environment

Chapter 4

4.1

PERBINCANGAN

Aktiviti

4.1 Menganalisis saling bersandaran antara organisma hidup

Spesies, populasi, komuniti, dan ekosistem

Konstruktivisme

4.1

DISCUSSION
Activity

4.1 Analysing the interdependence among living organisms

Species, population, community and ecosystem

Constructivism

Interdependence among Living Organisms and the Environment

Chapter 4

Isi tempat kosong dengan istilah yang sesuai daripada senarai yang diberikan di bawah.
Habitat Ekosistem Populasi Komuniti Ekologi Spesies

Fill in the blanks with the correct terms from the list given below.
Habitat Ecosystem Population Community Ecology Species

Spesies
BAB

Species
CHAPTER

Habitat

Tempat tinggal semula jadi bagi haiwan dan tumbuhan.

Kumpulan organisma yang mempunyai morfologi (bentuk dan struktur) yang sama dan dapat saling membiak.

Habitat

Natural living place animals and plants.

for

Group of organisms with the same morphology (shape and structure) and can mutually reproduce.

Komuniti Populasi

MINDRobics

Sekumpulan spesies hidupan yang sama dan tinggal di suatu kawasan tertentu.

Beberapa jenis populasi organisma yang hidup bersama dan saling berinteraksi serta mempengaruhi antara satu sama lain.

Population

Community

A group of similar species living in a certain area.

Several populations of organisms living together interacting and influencing one another.

MINDRobics

Ekosistem Ecosystem

Beberapa komuniti yang saling bersandaran dan berinteraksi antara satu sama lain dan juga dengan persekitaran fizikalnya. Ekologi persekitaran. ialah kajian tentang cara organisma bersandaran antara satu sama lain dan dengan

Several communities interdependent on one another and with the physical environment.

Ecology

is the study on how organisms depend on one another and on the environment.

4.1 HP Menyatakan maksud spesies, populasi, dan komuniti Menyatakan maksud habitat dan ekosistem

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4.1 LO State what species, population and community are State what habitat and ecosystem are

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4.1

Analysing the interdependence among living organisms

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4.1

DISCUSSION
Activity

4 Several communities that interact with one another and with the physical environment form an 6/23/10 10:37:52 AM . (ecosystem) 5 State the study on the relationship among organisms and the relationship between organisms and the environment. (Ecology)

1 State the natural living place for plants and animals. (Habitat) 2 State a group of organisms of the same species that live together and reproduce in a habitat. (Population) 3 Several types of animal and plant populations live together and interact with one another in a habitat to . (community) form a

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Objektif Pembelajaran

Learning Objective

Interdependence among Living Organisms and the Environment

Chapter 4

4.2
TUJUAN LANGKAH

Eksperimen

4.2 Menilai interaksi antara organisma hidup

INKUIRI

Jenis interaksi antara hidupan

Kontekstual

4.2
AIM PROCEDURE

Experiment

INQUIRY

4.2 Evaluating the interaction between living organisms

Types of interaction between living things

Contextual

Interdependence among Living Organisms and the Environment

Chapter 4

2009 Bhg. A, S3

2009 Sec. A, Q3

Mengkaji interaksi antara organisma hidup 1 Kaji gambar rajah dalam jadual di bawah. 2 Bincang dengan rakan-rakan anda tentang jenis interaksi antara organisma hidup itu. 3 Kemudian, tulis dalam ruang yang disediakan.

To study interaction between living organisms 1 Study the diagrams in the table below. 2 Discuss with your friends the types of interactions between the living organisms. 3 Then write in the space provided.

PEMERHATIAN
Penerangan ringkas 1 Organisma memburu dan menangkap organisma lain sebagai makanan. Jenis interaksi

OBSERVATION

Brief explanation 1 An organism hunts and catches another organism for food.

Type of interaction

CHAPTER

BAB

Mangsa-pemangsa

Prey-predator

4
2 Interaksi antara organisma untuk mendapat keperluan hidup yang sama.
Persaingan

2 Interaction between organisms to obtain the same necessities of life.

Competition

MINDRobics

MINDRobics

3 Interaksi antara organisma di mana satu organisma mendapat faedah manakala satu organisma lain tidak mengalami sebarang keuntungan atau kerugian.

paku pakis tanduk rusa

staghorn fern

Komensalisme

3 Interaction between two organisms where one organism gets some benefit while the other does not benefit or suffer from any loss.

Commensalism

4 Interaksi antara organisma di mana satu pihak mendapat faedah manakala satu pihak lain mengalami kerugian.
Rafflesia

Parasitisme

4 Interaction between two different organisms where one derives benefits while the other suffers some disadvantage. Rafflesia
4.2 LO Explain with examples the interactions between living organisms

Parasitism

4.2 HP Menerangkan dengan contoh jenis interaksi antara organisma hidup

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Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 2, 4.2 Interaksi antara hidupan, hlm. 81; Essential Science PMR, 11.2 Interaction among living organisms, hlm. 235

70

Refer to Essential Science Form 2, 4.2 Interaction among living things, p. 81; Essential Science PMR, 11.2 Interaction among living organisms, p. 235

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4.2

Evaluating the interaction between living organisms

. (predator) . (prey)

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4.2 Experiment 4.3 Activity

INQUIRY
LIBRARY

5 State the type of interaction between different organisms where one organism benets from the other 6/23/10 10:37:52 AM whereas the other organism is negatively affected. (Parasitism) 6 State the type of interaction between two different organisms that live together in which both organisms benet from each other. (Mutualism) 7 State the type of interaction that occurs when organisms compete for the same basic resources. (Competition) 8 State two examples of basic resources that are competed in a group of lions. (Food and living space/ water/mates)

&

1 An organism that kills and eats another organism is called a 2 An organism that is eaten by a predator is called a

RESEARCH

3 State the type of interaction between the different organisms that live together dependently. (Symbiosis) 4 State the type of interaction between different organisms where one organism benets from the other whereas the other organism is not adversely affected. (Commensalism)

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Penerangan ringkas 5 Interaksi antara dua organisma di mana kedua-dua pihak mendapat faedah.

Jenis interaksi

Brief explanation 5 Interaction between two different organisms where both benefit from it.

Type of interaction

Interdependence among Living Organisms and the Environment

Chapter 4

Interdependence among Living Organisms and the Environment

Chapter 4

Mutualisme
nodul akar tumbuhan kekacang (mengandungi bakteria yang mengikat nitrogen di udara) nodule of leguminous plants (contains bacteria which fix nitrogen in the air)

Mutualism

ANALISIS

1 Apakah yang diperoleh oleh pemangsa daripada mangsa? Makanan 2 Selain makanan, apakah yang disaingi organisma daripada spesies yang sama seperti harimau? Tempat tinggal/Pasangan
KBSB
Menjanakan idea

ANALYSIS

1 What is obtained by the predator from the prey? Food 2 Apart from food, what will the organisms of the same species (e.g. tiger) compete for? Living space/Mates
TSTS
Generating ideas

CHAPTER

BAB

3 Namakan jenis interaksi antara hidupan di mana dua spesies berlainan yang tinggal bersama dengan satu pihak mendapat faedah manakala satu pihak lain mungkin menerima faedah, mungkin mengalami kerugian, atau tidak mengalami sebarang perubahan. Simbiosis 4 Nyatakan tiga jenis interaksi antara hidupan secara simbiosis. Komensalisme, parasitisme, dan mutualisme 5 Nyatakan dua faedah paku pakis tanduk rusa dan Rafflesia dapat daripada interaksi ini.
Paku pakis tanduk rusa Untuk memperoleh cahaya matahari sokongan dan Rafflesia Untuk memperoleh dan garam mineral makanan

3 Name the type of interaction where two living things of different species live together in a manner in which one party benefits while the other may benefit or may not benefit in any way, or may even lose out. Symbiosis 4 State three types of symbiotic interactions between living things. Commensalism, parasitism and mutualism 5 State two benefits the staghorn fern and Rafflesia get from the interaction.
Staghorn fern sunlight To obtain support and Rafflesia food To obtain mineral salts and

MINDRobics

MINDRobics

KESIMPULAN

Pengelasan interaksi antara hidupan.

Interaksi antara hidupan

CONCLUSION

Classification of the interaction between living organisms.

Interaction between living organisms

Mangsa-pemangsa

Persaingan

Simbiosis

Prey-predator

Competition

Symbiosis

Contoh: Burung hantu dan tikus

Contoh: Harimau dan harimau

Komensalisme Contoh: Paku pakis tanduk rusa dan tumbuhan

Parasitisme Contoh: Rafflesia dan tumbuhan

Mutualisme Contoh: Bakteria pengikat nitrogen dan tumbuhan kekacang

Example: Owl and rat

Example: Tiger and tiger

Commensalism
Example: Staghorn fern and plant

Parasitism
Example: Rafflesia and plant

Mutualism
Example: Nitrogen fixing bacteria and leguminous plant

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9 Which of the following usually has a bigger body, a prey or predator? (A predator)
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RESEARCH

10 State the type of interaction between the living things below. (a) A kingsher and sh (Prey-predator) (b) Nitrogen-xing bacteria and leguminous plant (Mutualism) (c) Flowering plants and weeds (Competition) (d) Tree barnacles and trees (Parasitism) (e) Birds nest fern and tree (Commensalism)

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Activity 71 LIBRARY Ch 4.4 04(68-92).indd

11 Name the method in which a natural enemy is used to control the population of a pest in an area. 6/23/10 10:37:53 AM (Biological control) 12 State two advantages of controlling pests using biological control. (Safe to use and does not pollute the environment) 13 Give one pair of organisms as an example of biological control. (Owl and rat/Snake and rat)

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4.3

PENYELIDIKAN

Aktiviti PUSTAKA

Jenis interaksi antara hidupan

Konstruktivisme

4.3

RESEARCH

Activity LIBRARY

Types of interaction between living things

Constructivism

2009 Bhg. A, S3(b)(i)

2009 Sec. A, Q3(b)(i)

Nyatakan jenis interaksi antara hidupan seperti yang ditunjukkan di bawah.

Mangsa-pemangsa Persaingan Parasitisme Komensalisme Mutualisme

State the type of interaction between living things as shown below.

Prey-predator Competition Parasitism Commensalism Mutualism

Harimau dan rusa

BAB
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Pokok bunga dan rumpai

Pokok dan Rafflesia

CHAPTER

Tiger and deer

Flowering plant and weeds

Tree and Rafflesia

Mangsa-pemangsa

Persaingan

Parasitisme

Prey-predator

Competition

Parasitism

buran

sea anemone

umangumang

hermit crab

Rama-rama dan bunga

Buran dan umang-umang

Paku pakis langsuir dan pokok

Butterfly and flower

Sea anemone and hermit crab

Birds nest fern and tree

Mutualisme

Mutualisme

Komensalisme

Mutualism

Mutualism

Commensalism

ikan yu

shark

ikan remora

remora sh

Ikan yu dan ikan remora

Bakteria pengikat nitrogen dan tumbuhan kekacang

Pokok-pokok dalam hutan hujan tropika

Shark and remora fish

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and leguminous plant

Trees in tropical rain forest

Komensalisme

Mutualisme

Persaingan

Commensalism

Mutualism

Competition

10

11

pokok

12

10

11

tree

12

kulat tetupai

bracket fungus

Burung hantu dan ular

Kulat tetupai dan pokok

Ayam dan cacing tanah

Owl and snake

Bracket fungus and a tree

Chicken and earthworm

Mangsa-pemangsa
4.3 HP Menerangkan dengan contoh jenis interaksi antara organisma hidup

Parasitisme

Mangsa-pemangsa

Prey-predator
4.3 LO Explain with examples the interaction between living organisms

Parasitism

Prey-predator

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4.4

PENYELIDIKAN

Aktiviti PUSTAKA

Kawalan biologi

STM

4.4

RESEARCH

Activity LIBRARY

Biological control

STS

Kumpul maklumat daripada pusat sumber tentang maksud kawalan biologi dan kebaikannya. Kemudian, nyatakan jenis interaksi antara hidupan yang wujud dalam contoh kawalan biologi yang diberi.
Kawalan biologi

Gather information from the school resource centre on biological control and its advantages. Then, state the type of interaction between living organisms in the given examples of biological control.
Biological control

Maksud kawalan biologi pemangsa sebagai musuh Satu cara yang menggunakan populasi perosak (mangsa) semula jadi untuk mengawal di suatu kawasan.
BAB

Meaning of biological control predator which is a natural enemy of A method of using a population of that pest (prey) a pest to control the in an area.
CHAPTER

Kebaikan kawalan biologi 1 Tidak 2 Selamat mencemarkan

Advantages of biological control 1 Does not 2 Safe pollute

alam sekitar.

the environment.

digunakan. organisma lain 3 Tidak membunuh lebih lama 4 Kesannya adalah

selain daripada .

perosak

3 Does not kill 4 The effect is

to use. other organisms

long lasting

except the .

pest

Contoh kawalan biologi (a)

teritip pokok

(b)
larva Ichneumon

Example of biological control (a)

tree barnacle

(b)
Ichneumon larva

batang pokok kumbang kura-kura

tree trunk
ulat karung daun kelapa sawit

ladybird
caterpillar oil palm leaf

Kumbang kura-kura makan teritip pokok (parasit) (c)

ular

Larva Ichneumon makan (perosak) (d)

ikan

ulat karung Ladybird

jentik-jentik nyamuk

eats tree barnacle (parasite)

Ichneumon larva eats (d)

caterpillar

(pest)

(c)
snake

mosquito larva sh

tikus rat

Ular

makan

tikus

(perosak)

Ikan

makan jentik-jentik nyamuk Snake eats rat (pest) Fish eats mosquito larvae

Di Malaysia, perosak kubis yang utama di Cameron Highlands ialah rama-rama belakang intan (Plutella xylostela). Perosak itu dibawa masuk ke negara kita bersama-sama dengan kubis yang diimport dari Eropah pada tahun 1940. Racun serangga yang digunakan didapati tidak berkesan untuk melindungi tanaman. Pada tahun 1975, dua jenis parasit dari New Zealand dan Australia telah diperkenalkan. Parasit ini dapat menyerang rama-rama belakang intan sahaja tanpa merosakkan tanaman. 4.4 HP Menerangkan melalui contoh tentang kelebihan dan kekurangan kawalan biologi dalam mengawal atur bilangan perosak di kawasan tertentu

In Malaysia, the main pest of cabbages in Cameron Highlands is the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostela) which was brought into the country together with cabbages imported from Europe in 1940. The pesticide used was found to be ineffective against these pests. In 1975, two types of parasites from New Zealand and Australia were introduced. These parasites are able to attack the diamondback moth without damaging the crops. 4.4 LO Explain through examples the advantages and disadvantages of biological control in regulating the number of pests in certain areas

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Objektif Pembelajaran

Learning Objective

Interdependence among Living Organisms and the Environment

Chapter 4

4.5

BERFIKIR

Aktiviti

4.3 Mensintesiskan siratan makanan

Pengeluar, pengguna, dan pengurai

Konstruktivisme

4.5

THINKING
Activity

4.3 Synthesising food web

Producer, consumer and decomposer

Constructivism

Interdependence among Living Organisms and the Environment

Chapter 4

Kaji rajah yang diberi dengan teliti dan label setiap satu dengan tenaga suria, pengeluar atau pengguna. 1 2 3

Study the pictures given carefully and label each one as solar energy, producer or consumer. 1 2 3

CHAPTER

BAB

Pengguna

Pengguna

Pengguna

Consumer

Consumer

Consumer

Pengeluar

Pengguna

Pengeluar

Producer

Consumer

Producer

MINDRobics

MINDRobics

Pengeluar

Tenaga suria

Pengguna

Producer

Solar energy

Consumer

Panduan:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Pengeluar : Tenaga suria : Pengguna : Pengguna primer : Pengguna sekunder : Pengguna tertier : Pengurai : Organisma yang dapat membuat makanan sendiri secara fotosintesis Tenaga yang berpunca daripada Matahari Haiwan yang memakan tumbuhan atau haiwan yang lain Haiwan yang mendapat makanan secara langsung daripada tumbuhan Haiwan yang memakan pengguna primer Haiwan yang memakan pengguna sekunder Organisma yang mengurai organisma mati menjadi bahan-bahan ringkas

Guide:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Producer Solar energy Consumer Primary consumer Secondary consumer Tertiary consumer Decomposer

: : : : : : :

An organism that makes food for itself through photosynthesis Source of energy from the Sun Animals that eat plants or other animals Animals which feed directly on plants Animals which feed on primary consumers Animals which feed on secondary consumers Organism that decomposes dead organisms into simpler substances

4.5 HP Menerangkan maksud pengeluar, pengguna, dan pengurai

74

4.5 LO Explain what producers, consumers and decomposers are

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4.3

Synthesising food web

. (producers) . (consumers)

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Experiment 4.6 Ch 04(68-92).indd 74

INQUIRY

4.5

THINKING
Activity

1 All green plants that make food through photosynthesis are called 2 Animals that eat plants or other animals are called

5 Name the energy link that shows how energy in food is passed from plants to animals. 6/23/10 (Food chain) 6 The diagram below shows a food chain in a habitat. Grass Caterpillar Frog Snake (a) Grass is a (b) Caterpillar is a . (producer) . (primary consumer)

10:37:54 AM

3 Organisms that decompose dead organisms and change them into simple substances are called . (decomposers) 4 State two examples of decomposers. (Bacteria and fungi)

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4.6
Interdependence among Living Organisms and the Environment

Eksperimen

INKUIRI

Membina rantai makanan dan siratan makanan

Inkuiri-penemuan

4.6
AIM MATERIALS PROCEDURE

Experiment

INQUIRY

Constructing food chains and food webs

Inquiry-discovery

Chapter 4

Interdependence among Living Organisms and the Environment

Chapter 4

TUJUAN BAHAN LANGKAH

Membina rantai makanan dan siratan makanan Gambar foto tumbuhan hijau, arnab, serigala, harimau, rusa, beluncas, ayam

To construct a food chain and a food web Photographs of green plant, rabbit, wolf, tiger, deer, caterpillar, chicken

CHAPTER

BAB

4
1 Kaji organisma di atas yang terdapat di sebuah ekosistem padang rumput. 2 Bina lima rantai makanan yang melibatkan organisma tersebut dalam ekosistem itu. 3 Kemudian, gabungkan rantai makanan yang telah dibina untuk membentuk satu siratan makanan dalam ruang yang disediakan. KEPUTUSAN 1 Study the photographs above of organisms found in a grassland ecosystem. 2 Construct five food chains involving these organisms in the ecosystem. 3 Then, combine the food chains constructed to form a food web in the space provided. RESULTS (a) Food chain Green plant A Deer A Tiger (ii) Green plant A Rabbit A Tiger/Wolf (iii) Green plant A Caterpillar A Chicken (i) (iv) Green plant A Caterpillar A Chicken A Tiger (v) Green plant A Caterpillar A Chicken A Wolf (b) Food web

MINDRobics

(a) Rantai makanan (i) Tumbuhan hijau A Rusa A Harimau (ii) Tumbuhan hijau A Arnab A Harimau/Serigala (iii) Tumbuhan hijau A Beluncas A Ayam (iv) Tumbuhan hijau A Beluncas A Ayam A Harimau (v) Tumbuhan hijau A Beluncas A Ayam A Serigala (b) Siratan makanan

MINDRobics

Beluncas

Ayam

Caterpillar

Chicken

Tumbuhan hijau

Arnab

Serigala

Green plant

Rabbit

Wolf

Rusa

Harimau

Deer

Tiger

4.6 HP Menghubungkan beberapa rantai makanan untuk membina siratan makanan Mengenal pasti pengeluar, pengguna, dan pengurai dalam suatu siratan makanan

75

Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 2, 4.3 Siratan makanan, hlm. 85; Essential Science PMR, Food chains, hlm. 238

4.6 LO Combine a few food chains to construct a food web Identify the producer, consumer and decomposer in a food web

75

Refer to Essential Science Form 2, 4.3 Food webs, p. 85; Essential Science PMR, Food chains, p. 238

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(c) Frog is a (d) Snake is a

. (secondary consumer) . (tertiary consumer)

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Ch 4.8 04(68-92).indd Activity 75 LIBRARY

RESEARCH

4.7

THINKING
Activity

7 Based on the food chain in Question 6, state what will happen to the number of organisms if all the snakes in the habitat are caught. (a) Number of frog (Increases) (b) Number of caterpillar (Decreases) (c) Number of grass (Increases) 8 Name the term that refers to several food chains that are interlinked. (Food web)

9 What are the organisms that form the base and the top of a pyramid of numbers? (Base: Producer; Top: Tertiary consumer) 10 From the base of a pyramid of numbers to its top, state the changes in the (a) number of organisms (Decreases) (b) size of organisms (Increases)

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ANALISIS

1 Takrifkan istilah rantai makanan. pemakanan Turutan hubungan

ANALYSIS antara beberapa organisma .

1 Define the term food chain. feeding A sequence of 2 What forms a food web?

relationship between several

organisms

2 Apakah yang membentuk satu siratan makanan? rantai makanan Gabungan beberapa

A combination of several

food chains

3 Bulatkan organisma yang membentuk pengeluar dalam suatu rantai makanan. Berikan satu sebab bagi jawapan anda. Pokok tebu Katak Cendawan

3 Circle the organism which forms the producer in a food chain. Give a reason for your answer. Sugarcane plant Frog Mushroom

Sebab:

Pokok tebu

dapat membuat makanan sendiri melalui fotosintesis. Matahari

Reason: Sugarcane plant can make its own

food

through photosynthesis. The Sun

4 Apakah sumber tenaga bagi rantai makanan dan siratan makanan?

BAB
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5 Apakah kepentingan pengeluar kepada semua hidupan di dalam suatu rantai makanan atau siratan makanan? makanan sama ada secara langsung atau tidak Ia membekalkan langsung kepada semua hidupan. 6 (a) Berikan dua contoh pengurai. Bakteria dan kulat

4 What is the source of energy for the food chain and the food web?

CHAPTER

5 What is the importance of the producer to other living things in a food chain or food web? food directly or indirectly to all living things. It supplies 6 (a) Give two examples of decomposers. Bacteria and fungi

4
KESIMPULAN

(b) Apakah peranan pengurai? Mengurai organisma mati kepada bahan-bahan yang lebih ringkas. 7 Mengapakah bukan semua tenaga dalam pengeluar dapat dipindahkan kepada penggunapenggunanya? digunakan semasa organisma menjalankan Sebahagian tenaga proses hidup seperti membiak, bernafas, dan berkumuh.

(b) What is the role of decomposers? decompose dead organisms into simpler materials. To 7 Why isnt all the energy in the producer transferred to the consumers? used when the organisms carry out A part of the energy is living processes like reproducing, breathing and excreting.

8 Nyatakan jenis organisma bagi contoh rantai makanan yang dapat ditemui di suatu taman.
Pengguna primer Pengguna tertier Pengeluar Pengguna sekunder

8 State the types of organisms for the example of food chain that can be found in a garden.
Primary consumer Tertiary consumer Producer Secondary consumer

Pengeluar

Pengguna primer

Pengguna sekunder

Pengguna tertier

Producer

Primary consumer

Secondary consumer

Tertiary consumer

1 2 3

Pengeluar rantai makanan.

pengguna

, dan

pengurai

membentuk suatu

CONCLUSION

1 2 A 3

Producers

consumers

and

decomposers

form a food chain.

Siratan makanan

terdiri daripada gabungan beberapa rantai makanan.

food web

consists of a combination of several food chains. occurs in a food chain or food web from the producers to the

Aliran tenaga berlaku dalam rantai makanan atau siratan makanan daripada pengeluar ke pengguna-penggunanya.

Energy flow consumers.

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4.7

BERFIKIR

Aktiviti

Kesan perubahan bilangan organisma terhadap keseimbangan alam

Masteri

4.7

THINKING
Activity

The effect of change in the number of organisms towards environmental equilibrium

Mastery

Kaji rantai makanan di bawah dan jawab soalan-soalan berikut.

Cahaya matahari Pengeluar

Study the food chain below and answer the following questions.

Rantai makanan
Pengguna primer Pengguna sekunder Pengguna tertier

Sunlight Producer

Food chain
Primary consumer Secondary consumer Tertiary consumer

CHAPTER

BAB

Pokok padi

Tikus

Ular

Helang

Paddy plant

Rat

Snake

Eagle

Pengurai Nutrien Air Water

Decomposers Nutrient

Kulat

Fungus

SOALAN

1 Apakah yang akan berlaku kepada bilangan organisma dalam rantai makanan di atas sekiranya semua helang telah diperangkap? (a) Ular: Bilangannya bertambah (b) Tikus: Bilangannya berkurang (c) Pokok padi: Bilangannya bertambah 2 Apakah yang akan berlaku ke atas keseimbangan alam jika satu kumpulan organisma terhapus? Keseimbangan alam akan terganggu .

QUESTIONS

1 What happens to the number of organisms in the food chain above if all the eagles were trapped? (a) Snake: The number of snakes increases (b) Rat: The number of rats decreases (c) Paddy plant: The number of paddy plants increases 2 What happens to the equilibrium of the environment if one group of organisms die? disturbed . The environmental balance or equilibrium will be

4.7 HP Meramal akibatnya apabila organisma dalam suatu rantai makanan (ekosistem) menjadi berkurangan

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4.7 LO Predict the consequences if a certain component of a living organism in the ecosystem is missing

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4.8

PENYELIDIKAN

Aktiviti ICT

Piramid nombor

STM

4.8

RESEARCH
Activity ICT

Pyramid of numbers

STS

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu piramid nombor yang terdapat di sebuah padang rumput. Kaji rajah yang diberi dan jawab soalan-soalan berikut. Untuk maklumat yang lanjut, sila rujuk kepada laman web yang berikut: http://www.vtaide.com/png/foodchains.htm

The diagram below shows a pyramid of numbers in a grassland. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow. For more information, please refer to the following website: http://www.vtaide.com/png/foodchains.htm

Dalam suatu piramid nombor: bilangan haiwan kecil adalah lebih banyak daripada haiwan besar saiz haiwan pemangsa adalah lebih besar daripada haiwan mangsa

In the pyramid of numbers: small animals are more numerous than larger animals the size of predators are bigger than their prey

CHAPTER

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BAB

4
Y Z

1 Apakah peranan pokok-pokok dalam piramid nombor itu? Pengeluar 2 Organisma yang manakah merupakan pengguna primer dan pengguna sekunder? Zirafah (b) Pengguna sekunder: (a) Pengguna primer: 3 Dari tapak piramid nombor ke puncaknya, apakah yang berlaku kepada (a) bilangan organisma? Berkurangan (b) saiz organisma? Bertambah 4 Pada peringkat yang manakah, X, Y, atau Z, dapat pengurai seperti bakteria dan kulat dijumpai? Semua peringkat/X, Y, dan Z
4.8 HP Menghubungkaitkan siratan makanan dan piramid nombor dengan aliran tenaga

1 What role is played by the trees in the pyramid of numbers? Producers Singa 2 Which organisms are the primary and secondary consumers? Giraffes (b) Secondary consumers: (a) Primary consumers: 3 From the base to the peak of the pyramid of numbers, what happens to the (a) number of organisms? Decreases (b) size of organisms? Increases 4 At which of the stages, X, Y or Z can decomposers such as bacteria and fungi be found? All stages/X, Y and Z
4.8 LO Relate the food web and pyramid of numbers to energy flow

Lions

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Objektif Pembelajaran

Learning Objective

Interdependence among Living Organisms and the Environment

Chapter 4

4.9

PERBINCANGAN

Aktiviti

4.4 Menganalisis fotosintesis

Fotosintesis

Masteri

4.9

DISCUSSION
Activity

4.4 Analysing photosynthesis

Photosynthesis

Mastery

Interdependence among Living Organisms and the Environment

Chapter 4

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sebahagian daripada tumbuhan hijau. Kaji rajah di bawah dan jawab soalansoalan berikut. Untuk maklumat yang lanjut, sila rujuk kepada laman web yang berikut. http://library.thinkquest.org/3715/photo3.html
Panduan: Klorofil Air Cahaya matahari Karbon dioksida

The diagram below shows parts of a green plant. Study the diagram below and answer the following questions. For more information, please refer to the following website: http://library.thinkquest.org/3715/photo3.html
Guide: Chlorophyll Water Sunlight Carbon dioxide

CHAPTER

BAB

Karbon dioksida Karbon dioksida

Cahaya matahari Cahaya matahari

Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide

Sunlight Sunlight

4
Water Water

AirAir

Pigmen hijau: Klorofil

Pigmen hijau:

Klorofil

Chlorophyll Green pigment : Chlorophyll Green pigment:

1 Apakah itu fotosintesis? Suatu proses yang dilakukan oleh sendiri. tumbuhan hijau untuk membuat makanan

1 What is photosynthesis? A process that takes place in for themselves. green plants where they make food

MINDRobics

2 Nyatakan empat syarat yang diperlukan untuk fotosintesis dalam alam semula jadi. Air, karbon dioksida, cahaya matahari dan klorofil 3 Isi tempat kosong dalam rajah di atas dengan syarat-syarat yang diperlukan untuk proses fotosintesis. 4 Lengkapkan persamaan perkataan bagi fotosintesis.
cahaya matahari

2 State four conditions needed for photosynthesis in nature. Water, carbon dioxide, sunlight and chlorophyll 3 Fill in the spaces in the diagram above with the conditions needed for the process of photosynthesis. 4 Complete the word equation of photosynthesis. Water +
sunlight

MINDRobics

Air +

karbon dioksida klorofil

makanan +

oksigen

carbon dioxide chlorophyll

food +

oxygen

5 Apakah kepentingan proses fotosintesis? fotosintesis pengeluar membolehkan tumbuhan hijau bertindak sebagai Proses untuk membekalkan makanan sama ada secara langsung atau tidak kepada hidupan dalam pelbagai ekosistem.

5 What is the importance of the process of photosynthesis? photosynthesis enables green plants to act as The process of directly or indirectly, for living things in various ecosystems.

producers

of food,

4.9 HP Menyatakan maksud fotosintesis Menyatakan faktor yang diperlukan untuk fotosintesis Menerangkan peranan fotosintesis dalam mengekalkan keseimbangan ekosistem

79

4.9 LO State what photosynthesis is State the factors required for photosynthesis Explain the role of photosynthesis in maintaining a balanced ecosystem

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4.4 4.5

Analysing photosynthesis Evaluating the importance of conservation and preservation of living organisms

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Experiment 4.10 Ch 04(68-92).indd 79

INQUIRY

4 In the laboratory activity to test the presence of starch as a product of photosynthesis, state the purpose of 6/23/10 10:37:56 AM (a) boiling the small pieces of leaf in a beaker. (To kill the cells and break the cell walls) (b) heating the small pieces of leaf in alcohol. (To remove chlorophyll) (c) soaking the pieces of leaf in hot water. (To soften the leaf) 5 State the solution that can be used to test the presence of starch in leaf and state the observation. (Iodine solution; A dark blue colour appears)

4.9

DISCUSSION
Activity

1 What is the process that occurs in green plants where food is made? (Photosynthesis) 2 State four conditions (or substances) needed for the process of photosynthesis. (Carbon dioxide, water, sunlight and chlorophyll) 3 Write the word equation of photosynthesis. (Carbon dioxide + water : glucose + oxygen)

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4.10
Interdependence among Living Organisms and the Environment

Eksperimen

INKUIRI

Kehadiran kanji sebagai hasil fotosintesis

Inkuiri-penemuan

4.10
AIM MATERIALS APPARATUS PROCEDURE

Experiment

INQUIRY

Presence of starch as a product of photosynthesis

Inquiry-discovery

Chapter 4

Interdependence among Living Organisms and the Environment

Chapter 4

TUJUAN BAHAN RADAS LANGKAH

Menguji kehadiran kanji dalam daun Daun, air, alkohol, larutan iodin Bikar 250 cm3, tabung uji, penunu Bunsen, kasa dawai, tungku kaki tiga, kepingan asbestos, jubin putih, penitis, pisau
Petik sehelai daun hijau yang telah terdedah kepada cahaya matahari.
1

To test for starch in leaves Leaf, water, alcohol, iodine solution 250 cm3 beaker, test tube, Bunsen burner, wire gauze, tripod stand, asbestos sheet, white tile, dropper, knife
Pluck a green leaf that has been exposed to sunlight.
1

Keratkan daun kepada beberapa cebisan kecil dengan pisau.

2

Didihkan cebisan-cebisan daun itu dalam satu bikar air selama lima minit.
3 air cebisan daun

Cut the leaf into small pieces with a knife.

2

Boil the small pieces of leaf in a beaker of water for five minutes.
3 water pieces of leaf

CHAPTER

BAB
6 larutan iodin

daun

cebisan daun

leaf

panaskan 4

pieces of leaf

heat

6 iodine solution

4
PEMERHATIAN

air panas cebisan daun cebisan daun

kukus air

alkohol cebisan daun pieces of leaf panaskan

hot water pieces of leaf

water bath

alcohol pieces of leaf

heat

Titiskan beberapa titik larutan iodin ke atas cebisan-cebisan daun di atas jubin putih.

Rendamkan cebisancebisan daun dalam air panas untuk seketika.

Didihkan cebisan-cebisan daun dalam alkohol seperti dalam rajah di atas selama beberapa minit.

Using a dropper, add a few drops of iodine solution onto the pieces of leaf.

Soak the pieces of leaf in hot water for a little while.

Heat the pieces of leaf in alcohol as shown in the diagram above for a few minutes.

Warna

biru tua

OBSERVATION terhasil apabila larutan iodin dititis ke atas cebisan-cebisan daun. ANALYSIS

dark blue A pieces of leaf.

colour is produced when the iodine solution is dropped on the

MINDRobics

MINDRobics

ANALISIS

1 Berikan satu inferens kepada pemerhatian anda apabila larutan iodin dititis ke atas daun. KBSB kanji Membuat inferens Daun mengandungi . 2 Tulis tujuan tentang langkah-langkah dalam aktiviti ini.
Langkah Mendidihkan daun dalam air didih Mendidihkan daun dalam alkohol Merendamkan daun dalam air panas Tujuan Mematikan sel dan memecahkan dinding sel daun Menyingkirkan klorofil daun kanji

1 Give an inference to your observation when drops of iodine solution are put on the pieces of leaf. starch The leaf contains . 2 Write the aim for the steps of this acitivity.
Step Boiling the leaf in water Boiling the leaf in alcohol Soaking the leaf in hot water Putting drops of iodine solution on the leaf Aim

TSTS
Making inferences

To kill the cells and break the cell walls of the leaf To remove To soften chlorophyll the leaf starch

Melembutkan

Menitiskan larutan iodin ke atas daun Menguji kehadiran

To test for

KESIMPULAN

Kanji disimpan sebagai makanan simpanan dalam daun dan dapat diuji dengan menggunakan larutan iodin .

CONCLUSION

Starch is stored as food in leaves and can be tested by using

iodine solution

4.10 HP Menyatakan hasil fotosintesis

80
4.11
Experiment

Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 2, Aktiviti Makmal 4.1, hlm. 89; Essential Science PMR, Laboratory Activity 11.1, hlm. 241

4.10 LO State the products of photosynthesis

80
Activity Ch 4.14 04(68-92).indd 80

Refer to Essential Science Form 2, Laboratory Activity 4.1, p. 89; Essential Science PMR, Laboratory Activity 11.1, p. 241

GUIDED

Bab 04(68-92).indd 80

6 What is the gas that can be absorbed by sodium hydroxide solution? (Carbon dioxide) 7 State the change of energy that occurs during photosynthesis. (Light energy chemical energy) 8 Name the green pigment on leaves. (Chlorophyll)

DISCUSSION

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10 Complete the carbon-oxygen cycles below.

Carbon dioxide Green plants Photosynthesis Living organisms Respiration/Breathing Fuel Burning/Combustion

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4.12 Experiment PEKA 4.13

Experiment

UNGUIDED GUIDED

9 What is the function of chlorophyll? (To absorb sunlight for photosynthesis)

Dead organisms Decomposition

Oxygen
4.15

DISCUSSION
Activity

11 State three human activities that cause environmental pollution. (Logging, agriculture and mining/ industrialisation/construction)

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4.11 TERBIMBING
TUJUAN PERNYATAAN MASALAH HIPOTESIS PEMBOLEH UBAH

Eksperimen

Keperluan karbon dioksida untuk proses fotosintesis

Inkuiri-penemuan

4.11
AIM PROBLEM STATEMENT HYPOTHESIS

Experiment

GUIDED

Carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis

Inquiry-discovery

Menunjukkan karbon dioksida diperlukan untuk proses fotosintesis Adakah karbon dioksida diperlukan untuk proses fotosintesis? Karbon dioksida diperlukan untuk proses fotosintesis. Jenis tumbuhan/Keamatan cahaya/Isi padu udara Kehadiran gas karbon dioksida (b) yang dimanipulasikan: (c) yang bergerak balas: Pembentukan kanji dalam daun
BAB

To show that carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis Is carbon dioxide necessary for photosynthesis? Carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis. (a) that is kept constant: Type of plant/Light intensity/Volume of air (b) that is manipulated: Presence of carbon dioxide (c) that responds: Formation of starch in the leaves

VARIABLE

(a) yang dimalarkan:

MATERIALS APPARATUS PROCEDURE

Pot with soil, green plant, sodium hydroxide solution

CHAPTER

BAHAN RADAS LANGKAH

Pasu berisi tanah, tumbuhan hijau, larutan natrium hidroksida Set radas untuk menguji kehadiran kanji dalam daun, serkup kaca, kepingan kaca, bikar 1 Letakkan dua pasu tumbuhan hijau dalam keadaan gelap (almari) selama dua hari. 2 Sediakan radas seperti pada rajah di sebelah dan letakkan di bawah cahaya matahari selama dua jam. 3 Jalankan ujian kanji ke Set A atas sehelai daun daripada tumbuhan A dan B. 4 Catat pemerhatian anda dalam jadual di bawah. 1 2 3 4
serkup kaca

Apparatus for testing of starch in leaves, bell jar, glass piece, beaker 1 Place two flowerpots containing green plants in a dark cupboard for two days. 2 Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram. Expose the plants to sunlight for two hours. 3 Test a leaf each from plants A and B for starch. 4 Record your observations in the table below. 1 2 3 4
bell jar

green plant

tumbuhan hijau pasu bunga berisi tanah kepingan kaca Set B

pot with soil Set A glass piece Set B

larutan natrium hidroksida

sodium hydroxide solution

STEPS

Two flowerpots of green plants were left in a dark cupboard for two days. The apparatus as shown in the diagram was set up and exposed to sunlight for two hours. A test for starch was conducted on a leaf each from plant A and plant B. Observation was recorded in the table.

CARA KERJA

Dua pasu tumbuhan hijau diletakkan dalam keadaan gelap (almari) selama dua hari. Radas seperti pada rajah di atas disediakan dan diletakkan di bawah cahaya matahari selama dua jam. Ujian kanji dijalankan ke atas sehelai daun daripada tumbuhan A dan B. Pemerhatian dicatat dalam jadual. RESULTS
Ujian kanji Set radas Pemerhatian A B Warna biru tua terhasil Tiada perubahan Inferens Kanji hadir Kanji tidak hadir
Fotosintesis Proses membuat makanan daripada karbon dioksida dan air dengan kehadiran cahaya dan klorofil dalam tumbuhan hijau.

KEPUTUSAN

Experiment set-up

Test for starch Observation Dark blue colour formed No change Inference Starch is present Starch is absent

A B

Photosynthesis The process of making food from carbon dioxide and water with the presence of light and chlorophyll in green plants.

4.11 HP Menyatakan faktor yang diperlukan untuk fotosintesis Mengawal pemboleh ubah yang diperlukan untuk fotosintesis Menyatakan hasil fotosintesis

81

Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 2, Eksperimen 4.2, hlm. 89; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 11.2, hlm. 241

4.11 LO State the factors required for photosynthesis Control the variables that are required for photosynthesis State the products of photosynthesis

81

Refer to Essential Science Form 2, Experiment 4.2, p. 89; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 11.2, p. 241

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ANALISIS

1 Dapatkah tumbuhan hijau dalam set radas A membuat makanan melalui proses Ya fotosintesis? 2 (a) Dapatkah tumbuhan dalam set radas B membuat makanan sendiri? (b) Berikan inferens kepada jawapan anda di (a). Karbon dioksida tidak hadir dalam set radas B. 3 Antara set radas A dan B, yang manakah merupakan kawalan? Tidak
KBSB
Membuat kesimpulan

ANALYSIS

1 Can green plant A make its own food through photosynthesis? 2 (a) Can green plant B make its own food? No

Yes
TSTS
Making conclusion

Set radas A

(b) Give an inference for your answer in (a). Carbon dioxide is not present in apparatus Set B. Set A 3 Between apparatus sets A and B, which is the control set? 4 What is the reason for setting up a control? carbon dioxide To show that green plants need normal condition. 5 State the function of the sodium hydroxide solution. carbon dioxide in bell jar B. To absorb

4 Apakah tujuan menyediakan set radas yang bertindak sebagai kawalan? karbon dioksida diperlukan oleh tumbuhan Untuk menunjukkan bahawa hijau untuk membuat makanan dalam keadaan normal. 5 Nyatakan fungsi larutan natrium hidroksida. karbon dioksida di dalam serkup kaca B. Menyerap 6 Mengapakah set radas A dan B perlu diletakkan dalam keadaan gelap selama dua hari sebelum memulakan eksperimen? kanji daripada daun tumbuhan. Untuk menyingkirkan KESIMPULAN 1 Adakah hipotesis yang dibuat dapat diterima? Ya

to make their own food in

6 Why should the apparatus sets A and B be placed in darkness for two days before the experiment? starch from the leaves. To remove CONCLUSION 1 Is the hypothesis formed earlier acceptable? Yes

CHAPTER

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BAB

APLIKASI IDEA REFLEKSI

2 Apakah kesimpulan yang dapat dibuat daripada eksperimen ini? Karbon dioksida diperlukan oleh tumbuhan hijau untuk membuat makanan fotosintesis . sendiri melalui proses Pada waktu siang, tumbuhan hijau menyerap untuk membuat makanan . karbon dioksida daripada udara

APPLICATION OF IDEA REFLECTION

2 What conclusion can be drawn from this experiment? Carbon dioxide is required by green plants to make their own food photosynthesis . through In the daytime, green plants absorb food . their own carbon dioxide from the air to make

4
TUJUAN PERNYATAAN MASALAH HIPOTESIS PEMBOLEH UBAH

Kini, semakin banyak pokok ditebang melalui aktiviti pembalakan menyebabkan kandungan karbon dioksida meningkat di udara semakin .

Today, many trees are cut down through logging activities causing the content of carbon dioxide increase in the air to .

4.12 TAK TERBIMBING

Eksperimen PEKA

Keperluan cahaya untuk proses fotosintesis

Inkuiri-penemuan

4.12

Experiment PEKA

UNGUIDED

Light is necessary for photosynthesis

Inquiry-discovery

Fotosintesis ialah satu proses membuat makanan oleh tumbuhan hijau. Tumbuhan hijau memerlukan air, karbon dioksida, klorofil, dan cahaya matahari untuk menjalankan proses fotosintesis. Air + karbon dioksida A glukosa + oksigen cahaya matahari Menunjukkan cahaya diperlukan untuk proses fotosintesis Adakah cahaya diperlukan untuk proses fotosintesis? Cahaya diperlukan untuk proses fotosintesis. (a) yang dimalarkan: Jenis daun
E1C11 klorofil

Photosynthesis is a process of making food which occurs in green plants. Green plants require water, carbon dioxide, chlorophyll and sunlight to carry out the process of photosynthesis. Water + carbon dioxide A glucose + oxygen sunlight AIM PROBLEM STATEMENT HYPOTHESIS VARIABLE To show that light is necessary for photosynthesis Is light necessary for photosynthesis? Light is necessary for photosynthesis. (a) that is kept constant: Type of leaf (b) that is manipulated: Presence of sunlight (c) that responds: Presence of starch in the leaf
E1C11 E1C10 chlorophyll

E1C10

(b) yang dimanipulasikan: Kehadiran cahaya matahari (c) yang bergerak balas: Kehadiran kanji dalam daun
4.12 HP Menyatakan faktor yang diperlukan untuk fotosintesis Mengawal pemboleh ubah yang diperlukan untuk fotosintesis

82

Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 2, Eksperimen 4.4, hlm. 91; Essential Science PMR, -Experiment 11.4, hlm. 243

4.12 LO State the factors required for photosynthesis Control the variables that are required for photosynthesis

82

Refer to Essential Science Form 2, Experiment 4.4, p. 91; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 11.4, p. 243

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MERANCANG EKSPERIMEN Anda dibekalkan dengan bahan-bahan dan radas seperti berikut: BAHAN RADAS Kertas hitam, klip kertas, tumbuhan hijau Set radas untuk menguji kehadiran kanji pada daun

PLANNING THE EXPERIMENT You are provided with the following materials and apparatus: MATERIALS APPARATUS Black paper, paperclips, green plant Apparatus to test the presence of starch in leaf

Rancangkan dan jalankan eksperimen untuk mengkaji keperluan cahaya matahari untuk proses fotosintesis seperti yang ditunjukkan pada rajah di bawah. Jalankan ujian kanji ke atas daun itu pada akhir eksperimen. Dapat persetujuan daripada guru anda tentang langkah-langkah eksperimen sebelum memulakan eksperimen ini.
tumbuhan daun hijau klip kertas kertas hitam

Plan and conduct an experiment to investigate the need of sunlight in photosynthesis as shown in the diagram below. Carry out the starch test on the leaves at the end of the experiment. Get approval from your teacher regarding the procedure of the experiment before you start the experiment.
plant green leaf paperclip black paper

Senarai Semak
1 Adakah semua bahan dan radas telah disediakan dengan betul? 2 Adakah guru anda bersetuju dengan susunan radas dan cara kerja anda?

Checklist
1 Has all the materials and apparatus been correctly set up? 2 Has your teacher agreed with the set-up and your procedure?

CHAPTER

BAB

A B

A B

CARA KERJA

1 Sepasu tumbuhan diletakkan dalam keadaan gelap selama dua hari. 2 Sehelai daun dipilih daripada tumbuhan hijau itu. 3 Sebahagian daripada daun ditutup dengan kertas hitam menggunakan klip kertas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah. 4 Daun dibiarkan bawah sinaran cahaya matahari selama tiga jam. 5 Ujian kanji dijalankan ke atas daun itu pada akhir eksperimen. 6 Pemerhatian dicatat dalam jadual.
E2C12

STEPS

1 A potted plant was left in darkness for two days. 2 A leaf was chosen from the green plant. 3 A part of the leaf was covered with a piece of black paper using paperclips as shown in the diagram. 4 The leaf was left in the Sun for three hours. 5 A test for starch was conducted on the leaf at the end of the experiment. 6 Observation was recorded in the table.
E2C12

KEPUTUSAN
Bahagian daun
E1 C 1 6 8 10 11 S

Ujian kanji Pemerhatian Warna biru tua terhasil Kehadiran kanji dalam daun Ada
1 6 8 10 11 S
E1C6 E2C14

RESULTS
Part of the leaf
E1 C

Starch test Observation Dark blue colour formed Presence of starch Yes

A (Disinari cahaya) B (Gelap) C (Disinari cahaya)

A (Under sunlight) B (In the dark) C (Under sunlight)

Tiada perubahan

Tiada

No change

No

Warna biru tua terhasil

Ada
E1C1

Dark blue colour formed

Yes
E1C1 E1C6 E2C14

ANALISIS
E2 C 12 13 14 15 16 S

1 Bahagian daun yang manakah tidak dapat menjalankan proses E1C8 E2C15 fotosintesis? Berikan inferens anda. Bahagian B. Bahagian B tidak terdedah kepada cahaya matahari. 2 Tulis perubahan tenaga yang berlaku semasa proses fotosintesis. cahaya kimia kepada tenaga . Tenaga

KBSB
Membuat inferens

ANALYSIS
E2 C 12 13 14 15 16 S

1 Which section of the leaf cant the photosynthesis be carried out? Give your inference. Section B. Section B is not exposed to sunlight.
E1C8 E2C15

TSTS
Making inferences

KBSB
Mensintesiskan

2 State the change in energy that occurs during photosynthesis. Light chemical energy to energy.

TSTS
Synthesising

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KESIMPULAN

1 Adakah hipotesis yang dibuat dapat diterima? 2 Apakah kesimpulan yang dapat dibuat? Cahaya diperlukan untuk proses fotosintesis.

Ya

E2C16

CONCLUSION

1 Is the hypothesis formed acceptable? 2 What conclusion can be made? Light is needed for photosynthesis.

Yes

E2C16

E2C16

E2C16

APLIKASI IDEA

Tumbuhan tidak dapat menjalankan proses fotosintesis pada waktu malam kerana tiada cahaya matahari . di udara mengurangkan keamatan cahaya matahari yang diserap fotosintesis . oleh tumbuhan hijau untuk proses Kejadian jerebu

APPLICATION OF IDEA REFLECTION

Plants cannot carry out photosynthesis at night because there is no The occurrence of by green plants for haze

sunlight

REFLEKSI

in the air reduces the intensity of sunlight absorbed photosynthesis .

4.13 TERBIMBING
TUJUAN PERNYATAAN MASALAH HIPOTESIS PEMBOLEH UBAH

Eksperimen

Keperluan klorofil untuk proses fotosintesis

CHAPTER

Inkuiri-penemuan

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BAB

Menunjukkan klorofil diperlukan untuk proses fotosintesis Adakah kanji hadir pada bahagian daun yang bukan hijau? Kanji tidak hadir pada bahagian daun yang bukan hijau. Jenis daun (a) yang dimalarkan: (b) yang dimanipulasikan: Kehadiran klorofil (c) yang bergerak balas: Kehadiran kanji dalam daun Daun beraneka warna (variegat), pensel warna Set radas untuk menguji kanji 1 Petik sehelai daun variegat yang telah didedahkan di bawah cahaya matahari selama dua jam. 2 Jalankan ujian kanji ke atas bahagian daun yang bukan hijau dan bahagian yang hijau. 3 Catat pemerhatian anda dalam jadual di bawah. 4 Lukis dan warnakan daun berdasarkan keputusan eksperimen.
bahagian variegat

4.13
AIM PROBLEM STATEMENT HYPOTHESIS VARIABLE

Experiment

GUIDED

Chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis

Inquiry-discovery

To show that chlorophyll is necessary for the process of photosynthesis Is starch present in the non-green parts of a leaf? Starch is not present in the non-green parts of a leaf. (a) that is kept constant: Type of leaf (b) that is manipulated: Presence of chlorophyll (c) that responds: Presence of starch in the leaf Variegated leaf, colour pencil Apparatus to test the presence of starch in leaf 1 Pluck a variegated leaf that has been exposed to sunlight for two hours. 2 Carry out the test for starch on the variegated part and green part of the leaf. 3 Record your observations in the table below. 4 Draw and colour the leaf based on the results of the experiment.
variegated part

BAHAN RADAS LANGKAH

MATERIALS APPARATUS PROCEDURE

bahagian hijau

green part

CARA KERJA

1 Sehelai daun variegat yang telah didedahkan di bawah cahaya matahari selama dua jam dipetik. 2 Ujian kanji dijalankan ke atas bahagian daun yang bukan hijau dan bahagian yang hijau. 3 Pemerhatian dicatat dalam jadual. 4 Daun dilukis dan diwarnakan berdasarkan keputusan eksperimen. STEPS 1 A variegated leaf that has been exposed to sunlight for two hours was plucked. 2 A test for starch was conducted on the part of the leaf that is not green as well on the part that is green. 3 Observation was recorded in the table. 4 A drawing of the leaf was made and coloured based on the results of the experiment.
4.13 LO State the factors required for photosynthesis Control the variables that are required for photosynthesis

4.13 HP Menyatakan faktor yang diperlukan untuk fotosintesis Mengawal pemboleh ubah yang diperlukan untuk fotosintesis

84

Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 2, Eksperimen 4.5, hlm. 92; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 11.5, hlm. 243

84

Refer to Essential Science Form 2, Experiment 4.5, p. 92; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 11.5, p. 243

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KEPUTUSAN

1
Bahagian daun

2
Ujian kanji Pemerhatian Inferens Tiada kanji Ada kanji

Pemerhatian pada daun.

warna biru tua

RESULTS

1
Part of leaf

2 Observation of changes in the leaf.

Test for starch Observation No change Dark blue colour was seen Inference Starch is absent Starch is present
dark blue

Variegat Tiada perubahan (bukan hijau) Hijau Warna biru tua terhasil

warna kuning keperangan

Variegated (non-green) Green part

brownish yellow

ANALISIS

1 Apakah itu klorofil?

Pigmen hijau

pada daun.

ANALYSIS

1 What is chlorophyll?

Green pigment

on leaves.

2 Adakah bahagian hijau dan bahagian bukan hijau pada daun mengandungi klorofil? Ya Tidak (b) Bahagian bukan hijau: (a) Bahagian hijau: 3 Apakah peranan klorofil? Menyerap tenaga KESIMPULAN cahaya untuk proses fotosintesis
BAB

2 Do the green part of the leaf and the non-green part contain chlorophyll? Yes No (b) Non-green part: (a) Green part: 3 What is the role of chlorophyll? light To absorb CONCLUSION
CHAPTER

energy for

photosynthesis

1 Adakah hipotesis yang dibuat dapat diterima? Ya 2 Apakah kesimpulan yang dapat dibuat bagi eksperimen ini? Klorofil diperlukan untuk proses fotosintesis.

1 Is the hypothesis formed acceptable? Yes 2 What is the conclusion that can be made for this experiment? Chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis.

APLIKASI IDEA

Tumbuhan bukan hijau seperti cendawan dan kulat roti tidak dapat membuat makanan sendiri. Tumbuhan jenis ini memperoleh makanan daripada benda hidup atau mati. Kloroplas pada sel daun mengandungi klorofil yang menyerap cahaya matahari untuk proses fotosintesis.

APPLICATION OF IDEA

do not Non-green plants such as mushroom and bread fungus make their own food from living or dead things. food. Such plants obtain their Chloroplast in leaf cells contains chlorophyll which absorbs photosynthesis. sunlight for

REFLEKSI

REFLECTION

4.14 PERBINCANGAN

Aktiviti

Kitar karbon dan kitar oksigen

Masteri

4.14

DISCUSSION
Activity

Carbon cycle and oxygen cycle

Mastery

2004 Bhg. A, S2(a)

2004 Sec. A, Q2(a)

Lengkapkan kitar karbon dan kitar oksigen di bawah dengan menyatakan proses-proses yang berlaku.
Karbon dioksida

Complete the carbon cycle and the oxygen cycle below by stating the processes that take place.

Carbon dioxide

V
Hidupan Pernafasan/Respirasi Bahan api Pembakaran

Organisma mati Pereputan

Tumbuhan hijau Fotosintesis

Living things Breathing/Respiration

Fuel Burning

Dead organisms Decomposition

Green plants Photosynthesis

V
Oksigen

V
V

V
Oxygen

V
V

4.14 HP Menerangkan peranan fotosintesis dalam mengekalkan keseimbangan ekosistem

85

4.14 LO Explain the role of photosynthesis in maintaining a balanced ecosystem

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Objektif Pembelajaran

4.15 PERBINCANGAN
1

Aktiviti

4.5 Menilai kepentingan pemeliharaan dan pemuliharaan organisma hidup

Learning Objective

Pemuliharaan dan pemeliharaan hidupan

Kontekstual

4.15
1

DISCUSSION
Activity

4.5 Evaluating the importance of conservation and preservation of living organisms

Conservation and preservation of living things

Contextual

Kaji gambar foto di bawah dan nyatakan jenis aktiviti manusia, kesan buruk yang terhasil, dan langkah untuk mengatasinya. (a) (b)

Study the photographs below and state the types of human activities, the adverse effects produced and the solutions. (a) (b)

CHAPTER

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BAB

(i) Jenis aktiviti: (ii) Kesan buruk:

Pembalakan Memusnahkan habitat hidupan

(i) Jenis aktiviti: (ii) Kesan buruk:

Perindustrian Mencemarkan udara

(i) Type of activity: (ii) Adverse effect:

Logging Destroys habitats of living things

(i) Type of activity: (ii) Adverse effect:

Industrialisation Pollutes the air

4
2

(iii) Langkah mengatasi: Mengadakan hutan simpanan

(iii) Langkah mengatasi: Mengetatkan undang-undang pelepasan asap

(iii) Step to overcome: Have forest reserves

(iii) Step to overcome: Enforce strict laws on release of smoke

Isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai tentang isu alam sekitar.
Klorofluorokarbon (CFC) Nitrogen dioksida Kanser kulit Karbon dioksida Pemanasan global Sinaran ultraungu Habitat Sulfur dioksida

Fill in the blanks with suitable words regarding the environmental issues.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) Nitrogen dioxide Skin cancer Carbon dioxide Global warming Ultraviolet ray Habitat Sulphur dioxide

Jenis isu persekitaran (a) Kesan rumah hijau (b) Penipisan lapisan ozon
lapisan ozon

Types of environmental issues (c) Hujan asid Bahan pencemar: Sulfur dioksida
dan Nitrogen dioksida
Kilang Kesan Ea th Earth

(a) Greenhouse effect

(b) Depletion (thinning) of ozone layer

ozone layer

(c) Acid rain Pollutant: Sulphur dioxide

and Nitrogen dioxide
Factory Effect

Bumi Bumi

Lapisan ozon menyerap sinaran ultraungu daripada matahari. Klorofluorokarbon (CFC)

Ea th Earth

Karbon dioksida (bahan pencemar) menghalang sebahagian haba daripada terlepas ke angkasa lepas lalu menyebabkan pemanasan global . Pencairan

ais di kedua-dua kutub menyebabkan paras air laut naik.

yang digunakan dalam penyembur aerosol, peti sejuk, dan penyaman udara boleh memusnahkan lapisan ozon. Sinaran ultraungu boleh menyebabkan kanser kulit .

Carbon dioxide (pollutant) traps part of the heat from escaping to outer space, causing global warming . The Memusnahkan hidupan. habitat

Ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet rays from the Sun. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)

melting of icebergs in both poles cause the sea level to rise.

4.15 LO Justify the importance of conservation and preservation of living organisms

that are used in aerosol sprays, refrigerators and air conditioners can destroy the ozone layer. Ultraviolet rays skin cancer . can cause

habitat Destroy the of living things.

4.15 HP Menjustifikasikan kepentingan pemeliharaan dan pemuliharaan organisma hidup

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PMR
(a)

Kunci Kejayaan

Soalan-soalan berikut melibatkan konsep atau fakta yang kerap ditanya dalam peperiksaan PMR. Pastikan anda boleh menjawap semua soalan berikut.

PMR
(a)

Key To Success

Questions in this section contain concepts and facts that are frequently tested in the PMR exam. Make sure you can answer all the questions correctly.

1 Label rajah berikut dengan perkataan yang diberikan. Komuniti Populasi Spesies Ekosistem

1 Label the following diagrams with the words given. Community (b) Population Species (c) Ecosystem (d)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Spesies

Populasi

Komuniti

Ekosistem

Species

Population

Community

Ecosystem

2 Label rajah yang berikut dengan perkataan mangsa dan pemangsa.

nyamuk mangsa

2 Label the following diagram with the words prey or predator.

mosquito prey

katak

pemangsa

frog

predator

3 State the types of symbiosis relationships for these organisms. 3 Nyatakan jenis hubungan simbiosis bagi organisma-organisma berikut. Commensalism Komensalisme (a)
paku pakis langsuir pokok umang-umang

Parasitism

Mutualism (c)

Parasitisme
buran

Mutualisme (a) (b)

sea anemone teritip pokok batang pokok bird's nest fern

(b)

(c)

tree barnacle tree stem

tree

hermit crab

Komensalisme

Mutualisme

Parasitisme

Commensalism

Mutualism

Parasitism

4 Nyatakan jenis interaksi dalam situasi-situasi berikut: Persaingan (a) Seekor musang memakan ayam (b) Tumbuhan berbunga dan rumpai
tumbuhan berbunga

4 State the types of interactions in the following situations: Mangsapemangsa Competition Prey-predator (a) A fox eats chicken (b) Flowering plant and weeds
flowering plant

Prey-predator

Mangsa-pemangsa (c) Seekor burung makan ulat

burung

(c) A bird eats worm

bird

weeds rumpai worm

Persaingan

ulat

Competition Mangsa-pemangsa

Prey-predator

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5 (a)

Kawalan biologi

ialah satu kaedah di mana musuh semula jadi digunakan untuk mengawal perosak. Tidak menyebabkan pencemaran

5 (a)

Biological control

is a method in which a natural enemy is used to control the pest. Does not cause pollution

(b) Kelebihan-kelebihan kawalan biologi: Selamat digunakan (i) 6 (a) Tulis peranan organisma dalam rantai makanan berikut: Rumput Pengeluar Belalang Pengguna primer

(ii)

(b) Advantages of biological control: Safe to use (i)

(ii)

6 (a) Write the roles of organisms in the following food chain: Katak Pengguna sekunder Ular Pengguna tertier Grass Producer Grasshopper Primary consumer Frog Secondary consumer Snake Tertiary consumer

(b) Apakah yang berlaku kepada bilangan organisma jika bilangan belalang dalam (a) berkurangan? Berkurang Bertambah (ii) Rumput (iii) Ular (i) Katak 7 Lengkapkan piramid nombor dengan maklumat berikut: Serangga Burung Ular Tumbuhan Ular Burung Serangga Tumbuhan

Berkurang

(b) What happens to the number of other organisms if the number of grasshoppers in (a) decreases? Decreases Increases Decreases (ii) Grass (iii) Snake (i) Frog 7 Complete the pyramid of numbers with this information. Insect Bird Snake Plant Snake Bird Insect Plant

Dari tapak piramid ke puncak, (a) bilangan organisma (bertambah, berkurang) (b) saiz organisma (bertambah, berkurang) (c) (lebih, kurang) tenaga hilang 8 Lengkapkan persamaan bagi fotosintesis. Klorofil (a) Karbon dioksida + Air Cahaya matahari (b) Apakah fungsi klorofil? 9

From the base of the pyramid to the top, (a) the number of organisms (increases, decreases) (b) the size of organisms (increases, decreases) (c) (more, less) energy is lost 8 Complete this equation of photosynthesis. Chlorophyll

Glukosa

Oksigen

(a)

Carbon dioxide

Water Sunlight

Glucose

Oxygen

Untuk menyerap cahaya matahari (b) What is the function of cholorophyll? To absorb sunlight 9 Write the purpose of each step in the experiment to test the presence of starch. (1)
jubin putih green leaf leaf pieces heat heat

Tulis tujuan untuk setiap langkah eksperimen bagi menguji kehadiran kanji. (1) (2) (3)
air

(4)
kukus air alkohol

(5)

(6)
larutan iodin air panas

(2)

(3)
water

(4)
water bath alcohol

(5)

(6)
iodine solution hot water white tile

daun hijau

cebisan daun panaskan panaskan

Tujuan: Untuk membunuh sel dan memecahkan dinding sel

Tujuan: Untuk menyingkirkan klorofil

Tujuan: Untuk melembutkan daun

Pemerhatian: Daun menjadi biru kehitaman Purpose: To kill the cells and break the cell walls Purpose: To remove cholorophyll Purpose: To soften the leaves Observation: The leaf becomes dark blue

10 Satu eksperimen dijalankan untuk menunjukkan bahawa karbon dioksida diperlukan untuk fotosintesis.
A B

10 An experiment is carried out to show that carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis.
A
green plant

tumbuhan hijau

larutan natrium hidroksida

sodium hydroxide solution

(a) Kanji hadir dalam radas

(a) Starch is present in apparatus (b) State the variable that

(b) Nyatakan pemboleh ubah yang (i) dimalarkan: Jenis tumbuhan (ii) dimanipulasikan: Kehadiran karbon dioksida/larutan natrium hidroksida (iii) bergerak balas: Kehadiran kanji

(i) is kept constant: Type of plant (ii) is manipulated: The presence of carbon dioxide/sodium hydroxide solution (iii) responds: The presence of starch

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11 Suatu eksperimen dijalankan untuk menunjukkan cahaya matahari diperlukan untuk fotosintesis.

11 An experiment is carried out to show that sunlight is needed for photosynthesis.

klip kertas kertas hitam J K L daun hijau J K

paperclip black paper L green leaf

(a) Pada bahagian daun yang manakah mengandungi kanji pada akhir eksperimen? (b) Nyatakan pemboleh ubah yang (i) dimalarkan: Daun hijau (ii) dimanipulasikan: Kehadiran cahaya matahari (iii) bergerak balas: Kehadiran kanji 12 Namakan proses yang menggunakan (a) oksigen: Respirasi, pembakaran, pereputan (b) karbon dioksida: Fotosintesis 13 Lengkapkan rajah kitar oksigen dan karbon dioksida. Karbon dioksida

J dan L (a) Which parts of the leaf contain starch at the end of the experiment? (b) State the variable that (i) is kept constant: The green leaf (ii) is manipulated: The presence of sunlight (iii) responds: The presence of starch

J and L

12 Name the processes which use up (a) oxygen: Respiration, combustion, decomposition (b) carbon dioxide: Photosynthesis 13 Complete the diagram of oxygen and carbon cycles. Carbon dioxide

BAB

Fotosintesis (Tumbuhan)

Respirasi (Hidupan) Oksigen

Pereputan (Mikroorganisma)

Pembakaran (Bahan api) Photosynthesis (Plants) Respiration (Living things) Oxygen Decomposition (Microorganisms) Combustion (Fuels)

14 Nyatakan aktiviti manusia yang memusnahkan keseimbangan alam semula jadi: (a) Perhutanan (c) Pertanian (e) Perlombongan (b) Perindustrian (d) Perikanan (f) Pembinaan

(g) (h)

Perumahan Pemburuan

15 Isi tempat kosong tentang kesan rumah hijau.

sinar cahaya matahari

14 State the human activities that destroy the balance of nature: (c) Agriculture (e) (a) Forestry (b) Industry (d) Fishery (f) 15 Fill in the blanks about the greenhouse effect.
sun's ray

Mining Construction

(g) (h)

Housing Hunting

Bumi Earth

Satu lapisan

karbon dioksida

yang menyebabkan perubahan

cuaca

dan

iklim

dunia. A layer of carbon dioxide which causes changes in weather and climate of the world.

16 Namakan gas yang menyebabkan: (a) hujan asid Sulfur dioksida/Nitrogen dioksida (b) penipisan lapisan ozon Klorofluorokarbon (CFC) (c) kesan rumah hijau Karbon dioksida

16 Name the gas that causes: (a) acid rain Sulphur dioxide/Nitrogen dioxide (b) depletion of the ozone layer Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) (c) greenhouse effect Carbon dioxide

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PMR
KERTAS

Sudut Pengukuhan

4
7 Rajah 5 menunjukkan keadaan sepohon pokok keembung.

PMR
PAPER

Enhancement Corner

4
7 Diagram 5 shows the condition of a balsam plant.

Tiap-tiap soalan yang berikut diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik.

Each question is followed by four options A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.

1 Antara organisma berikut, yang manakah pengeluar dalam KLON 2001 suatu ekosistem? A Kulat C Belalang B B Alga D Helang 2 Graf dalam Rajah 1 menunjukkan bilangan organisma K, L, M, dan N.

Antara berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan kesan kepada padang rumput itu jika semua katak telah ditangkap? Ular Belalang Daun A Berkurang Bertambah Berkurang B Bertambah Berkurang Bertambah C Berkurang Bertambah Bertambah D Berkurang Berkurang Berkurang
KLON 2007 KLON 2009

udara serkup kaca larutan natrium hidroksida 3 hari kemudian

1 Which of the following organisms is the producer in an ecosystem? A Fungus C Grasshopper B Algae CLONE D Eagle B 2001 2 The graph in Diagram 1 shows the number of organisms K, L, M and N.

Which of the following shows the effect on the field if all the frogs are caught? A B C D Snake Decreases Increases Decreases Decreases Grasshopper Increases Decreases Increases Decreases Leaves Decreases Increases Increases Decreases A

air bell jar sodium hydroxide solution 3 days later

CLONE 2007

CLONE 2009

bilangan organisma

jenis organisma

4 Ular di ladang kelapa sawit dapat A mengawal penyakit pokok kelapa sawit B mengelakkan kecurian buah sawit C mengawal perosak secara biologi D menambah baja organik C KLON
2003

number of organisms

4 Snakes in oil palm estates are able to A control diseases of oil palm trees B prevent the stealing of palm fruits C control pests biologically D increase organic fertiliser C CLONE
2003 type of organism

Rajah 1 Antara piramid nombor berikut, yang manakah mewakili hubungan antara organisma-organisma itu? A C L L M N K B L N M K D K M L K M N L
KLON 2005

5 Rajah 3 menunjukkan aliran tenaga. Cahaya matahari ??? K A L A Burung A N A Beluncas A M Antara organisma berikut, yang manakah diwakili oleh K, L, M, dan N? K L M N A Padi Belalang Katak Ular B Rumput Katak Tikus Helang C Ular Padi Belalang Tikus D Helang Ular Katak Belalang B
KLON 2003

Rajah 5 Pokok keembung itu layu selepas tiga hari kerana kekurangan A cahaya KLON 2008 B karbon dioksida C air B D klorofil 8 Senara i ber i kut menun j ukkan beberapa organisma. Tikus Burung Helang Padi Ular

5 Diagram 3 shows an energy flow. Sunlight ??? K A L A Bird

Diagram 5 The balsam plant wilts after three days because of insufficient A light CLONE 2008 B carbon dioxide C water B D chlorophyll 8 The list below shows some organisms. Rat Bird Eagle Paddy Snake

Diagram 1 Which of the following pyramid of numbers represents the relationship among the organisms? A C L L M N K B D L N M K K M N L
CLONE 2005

A AN Caterpillar A M
Diagram 3

3 Rajah 2 menunjukkan piramid nombor di suatu padang rumput.

Ular Katak Belalang Daun

Pengguna Pengguna Pengeluar primer sekunder Rajah 4 Antara berikut, yang manakah mewakili rantai makanan itu? KLON 2006 A Padi Katak Ular B Rumput Beluncas Belalang C Padi Tikus Ular C D Rumput Ular Katak

2 10 50 10 000

A Ular Tikus A A Padi A A Burung A Helang

L N A Ular K Tikus 2007 A A Padi A A Burung A Helang C

3 Diagram 2 shows a pyramid number in a field.

2 10
O

Producer

Primary Secondary consumer consumer Diagram 4 C

Snake Frog Grasshopper Leaves

50 10 000

Rajah 2

Diagram 2

Which of the following represents the food chain? CLONE A Paddy Frog Snake 2006 B Grass Caterpillar  Grasshoper C Paddy Rat Snake C D Grass Snake Frog

A Snake Rat A A Paddy A A A Eagle Bird A Snake Rat A A Paddy A A A Eagle Bird A A A

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6 Rajah 4 menunjukkan satu rantai makanan.

Burung A Ular A Padi A Helang A Tikus A

6 Diagram 4 shows a food chain.

Bird A Snake A Paddy A Eagle A Rat

Rajah 3

K M L

Pilih siratan makanan yang betul bagi organisma tersebut. A Burung A Ular A Padi A Helang A Tikus

Which of the following organisms are represented by K, L, M and N? K L M N A Paddy Grasshopper Frog Snake B Grass Frog Rat Eagle C Snake Paddy Grasshopper Rat D Eagle Snake Frog Grasshopper
CLONE 2003

Choose a correct food web for these organisms. A Bird A Snake A Paddy A Eagle A Rat

CLONE 2007

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9 Antara pernyataan yang berikut, yang manakah menerangkan sebab aktiviti pembalakan harus dihentikan? A Menyebabkan hujan asid KLON 2008 B Mencemari tepi pantai C Meningkatkan kandungan debu dalam udara D Mengurangkan kandungan oksigen dalam udara D 10 Rajah 6 menunjukkan satu rantai makanan. Daun Beluncas Katak Ular Rajah 6 Pertambahan populasi ular dalam rantai makanan pada Rajah 6 akan menyebabkan I bilangan beluncas bertambah II bilangan katak bertambah III bilangan daun berkurang A I dan II sahaja KLON 2003 B I dan III sahaja C II dan III sahaja B D I, II, dan III 11 Rajah 7 menunjukkan hubungan antara proses fotosintesis dengan respirasi. Gas X dan Y terlibat dalam proses-proses ini. X Fotosintesis Respirasi Y Rajah 7

Apakah yang akan berlaku pada kuantiti gas X dan Y dalam atmosfera jika semua tumbuhan hijau termusnah? KLON 2009 X Y A Berkurang Meningkat B Meningkat Berkurang C Berkurang Berkurang D Meningkat Meningkat A 12 Ular digunakan untuk mengawal populasi tikus dalam sesetengah ladang kelapa sawit. Antara yang berikut, yang manakah merupakan kebaikan dan kelemahan kaedah kawalan biologi ini yang digunakan untuk mengawal perosak? Kebaikan A Tikus merupakan satu-satunya sumber makanan ular Tidak mencemari alam sekitar Murah dan menjimatkan Selamat digunakan Kelemahan Mencemari alam sekitar

13 Rajah 8 menunjukkan satu proses K yang berlaku dalam daun hijau pada waktu siang.
gas L gas M

Rajah 8

KLON 2008

9 Which of the following statements explains why the activities of logging should be stopped? CLONE 2008 A Causes acid rain B Pollutes the coastal areas C Increases the haze content in air D Decreases the oxygen content in air D 10 Diagram 6 shows a food chain. Leaf Caterpillar Frog Snake Diagram 6 An increase in the snake population in the food chain in Diagram 6 will cause I an increase in the number of caterpillars II an increase in the number of frogs III a decrease in the number of leaves A I and II only CLONE 2003 B I and III only C II and III only B D I, II and III 11 Diagram 7 shows the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration. Gases X and Y are involved in the processes. X
Photosynthesis Respiration

Antara yang berikut, yang manakah mewakili K, L, dan M? K A B C D L M Oksigen Oksigen Karbon dioksida Fotosintesis Karbon dioksida Respirasi Karbon dioksida

What will happen to the quantity of gases X and Y in the atmosphere if all the green plants are destroyed? CLONE X Y 2009 A Decreases Increases B Increases Decreases C Decreases Decreases D Increases Increases A 12 Snakes are used to control the population of rats in certain oil palm estates. Which of the following is the advantage and disadvantage of this biological control method used to control the pest? Advantage A Rats are the only food resources of snakes Do not pollute the environment Cheap and economical Safe to use Disadvantage Pollute the environment

13 Diagram 8 shows a process K which occurs in a green leaf during the day.
gas L gas M
CLONE 2008

Diagram 8 Which of the following represented by K, L and M? K A B C D L Photosynthesis Carbon dioxide Respiration Carbon dioxide are M Oxygen Oxygen Carbon dioxide

Fotosintesis Oksigen Respirasi

Photosynthesis Oxygen Respiration

Nitrogen Karbon dioksida A

Nitrogen Carbon dioxide A

C D

Ular mungkin mematuk pekerja Membunuh organisma lain Penyakit mungkin disebarkan
KLON 2008

14 Antara aktiviti manusia yang berikut, yang manakah menyebabkan penipisan lapisan ozon? A Pembalakan B Pembakaran bahan api fosil C Penggunaan klorofluorokarbon D Penggunaan hidroklorofluorokarbon KLON C
2008

C D

Snakes might bite the workers Kill other organisms Disease might be spread
CLONE 2008

Y Diagram 7

14 Which of the following human activities causes the depletion of the ozone layer? A Forestry B Burning of fossil fuels C The use of chlorofluorocarbons D The use of hydrochlorofluorocarbons CLONE C
2008

KERTAS

2
KLON 2004

PAPER

2
CLONE 2004

Bahagian A Jawab semua soalan.

1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan kitar karbon dan kitar oksigen. Oksigen
Bahagian A, Soalan 2

Section A Answer all the questions.

1 Diagram 1 shows the carbon and oxygen cycles. Oxygen
Section A, Question 2

Respirasi

Respiration

Pereputan Fotosintesis

Pembakaran Photosynthesis

Combustion Decomposition

Karbon dioksida Rajah 1

Carbon dioxide Diagram 1

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(a) Lengkapkan kitar karbon dan kitar oksigen pada Rajah 1 dengan maklumat-maklumat yang berikut. Pereputan Karbon dioksida Oksigen Respirasi Pembakaran

(a) Complete the carbon and oxygen cycles in Diagram 1 with the following information. Decomposition Carbon dioxide Oxygen Respiration Combustion

(b) Nyatakan dua fungsi fotosintesis dalam kitar karbon. (i) Menyingkirkan karbon dioksida daripada udara (ii) Membekalkan makanan kepada haiwan (c) Nyatakan dua aktiviti manusia yang mengganggu keseimbangan kitar karbon dan kitar oksigen. (i) Pembasmian hutan/Penyahhutanan (ii) Perindustrian/Perlombongan

(b) State two functions of photosynthesis in the carbon cycle. (i) Removes carbon dioxide from the air (ii) Supplies food to animals (c) State two human activities that bring about an imbalance to the carbon and oxygen cycles. (i) Deforestation (ii) Industrialisation/Mining

Bahagian B Jawab semua soalan.

2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan empat jenis haiwan yang terdapat dalam satu komuniti.

KLON 2004 KLON 2005

Bahagian B, Soalan 7 Bahagian B, Soalan 7

Section B Answer all the questions.

2 Diagram 2 shows four types of animals which are found in a community.

CLONE 2004 CLONE 2005

Section B, Question 7 Section B, Question 7

M J K L M

Rajah 2 (a) Perhatikan haiwan dalam Rajah 2. Berdasarkan pemerhatian anda, nyatakan satu ciri bagi setiap haiwan J, K, L, dan M mengikut cara pemakanannya. L: Pemangsa J: Pemangsa K: Mangsa M: Mangsa

Diagram 2 (a) Observe the animals in Diagram 2. Based on your observation, state one characteristic each of animals J, K, L and M according to their method of feeding. J: Predator L: Predator K: Prey M: Prey (b) Classify animals J, K, L and M into two groups based on their common characteristics. Name the animals belonging to each group.

(b) Kelaskan haiwan J, K, L, dan M kepada dua kumpulan berdasarkan ciri-ciri sepunya. Namakan haiwan bagi setiap kumpulan itu. J, K, L, M

J, K, L, M

Ciri-ciri sepunya

Kumpulan 1 Pemangsa

Kumpulan 2 Mangsa Common characteristics Group 1 Predator Group 2 Prey

Nama haiwan

Helang Harimau

Arnab Tikus

Names of animals

Eagle Tiger

Rabbit Rat

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