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CEMENTING
Executive Summary
Halliburtons WellLife Cementing Service is the analysis, design and delivery of an engineered cementing system that can withstand the stresses that occur from various operations throughout the life of the well. Conventional cement job designs focus mainly on dynamic slurry properties and occasionally on the compressive strength and permeability. The WellLife cementing service, in addition to designing for effective cement slurry placement, utilizes advanced Finite Element Method to analyze the casing, cement sheath, and surrounding formation to help determine the optimum mechanical properties that your sealant will need in order to go the distance..
RESERVOIR
DRILLING
COMPLETION
PERFORATION
STIMULATION
PRODUCTION TO ABANDONMENT
Casing
Completion Fluid
This scenario depicts debonding of the cement sheath due to casing contraction caused by replacing a heavyweight drilling fluid with a light weight completion fluid.
Casing
Drilling Fluid
Above is a graphic depiction of a cement sheath that has shattered due to extreme pressure effects encountered during a fracturing operation. Depending on the length and location of the crush zone, interzonal communication could be a distinct possibility.
CEMENTING
Technical Details
3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Radial
Volumetric Axial
A tri-axial cell is used to evaluate the stress-strain behavior of the cement sheath. The tests are conducted unconfined, and also at different confining pressures. Hydrostatic and uni-axial strain (Oedometer) tests are also conducted. Cement sheath elastic parameters such as Youngs modulus (E), Poisson ratio (v) and Mohr Coulomb yield parameters such as cohesion (Co) and friction () are determined from the stressstrain data. Additionally, tensile strength, porosity and permeability are also determined. The material properties of the cement sheath, along with its thermal properties, are input into the WellLife Software to determine the integrity of the cement sheath. Other input into the WellLife software are rock and casing material and thermal properties, formation in-situ stresses and well events. The volumetric change occurring during cement hydration is an important parameter and determines the (initial) stress state of the cement sheath. The change in volume during hydration is input into the WellLife software.
Stress (psi)
Stress (psi)
3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
Figures 1 to 4 show stresses in the cement sheath when the pressure inside the casing is increased by 10,000 psi.
*1E8 0 -.2 -.4 -.6 -.8 -1 -1.2 -1.4 -1.6 0 .6 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Figure 1. Radial Stress when pressure inside the casing is increased from Pi to P. Shows radial stresses in the casing, cement sheath, and the rock. The sign convention used is that negative values are compressive. This graph shows that the radial stress becomes more compressive in the casing, cement sheath, and the rock when the pressure inside the casing is increased.
Radial Stress, Pa
-ve: compressive
Rock Pi Pf > Pi
Tangential Stress, Pa
Pf Pf > Pi Casing Pi
0 .5 1 1.5
Cement
2 2.5 3 3.5
Rock
4 4.5 5
Figure 2. Tangential Stress when pressure inside the casing is increased from Pi to P. Shows tangential stresses in casing, cement sheath, and the rock. This shows that the tangential stress becomes less compressive when the pressure inside the casing is increased. The tangential stress in the casing has become tensile. It should be noted that the tangential stress in casing is less than what would have been obtained without the cement and formation behind the casing. Hence, the burst resistance of the cemented pipe is greater than the un-cemented pipe.
Length
Tangential Stress, Pa -7 -7.2 -7.4 -7.6 -7.8 -8 -8.2 0 .25
Pf Cement
Pf > Pi
Pi
.5 .75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5
Figure 3. Tangential Stress in the current sheath when the pressure inside the casing is increased from Pi to P. Shows tangential stress in the cement sheath. As stated earlier, the tangential stress becomes less compressive as the pressure inside the casing increases. For a certain combination of the cement sheath properties, down hole conditions and well events, as the tangential stress gets less compressive, it could become tensile. If this value is greater than the tensile strength of the cement sheath then the cement sheath will crack and could lead to zonal isolation failure.
Length
+ve Tangential Stress
Pf Pf Pf
-ve
Pi Length
Figure 4. Qualitative comparison of tangential stresses in different cements when pressure inside the casing is increased from Pi to P. Gives a qualitative comparison of the tangential stresses of different cement sheaths. This shows that, for everything else remaining the same, as the cement sheath is more elastic, the tangential stress remains more compressive. This is why an elastic cement sheath is less likely to be damaged when subjected to changes in pressure and/or temperature.
Shear Stress,
Once the WellLife software has provide an optimum set of mechanical properties for a particular well and casing string, tri-axial stress testing is employed to develop and confirm the specific cement/sealant system.
=Co+
CEMENTING
Example Results from WellLife Analysis I Example of of Results from WellLife Software I
SM
Well One Events Hydration Cement Sheath Well Completion Fluid Swap Cement Sheath Hydraulic Fracturing Cement Sheath
Cement System One 4% Volume Decrease Cement System Two No Volume Change Cement System Three No Volume Change Cement System One 4% Volume Decrease
Well Two
Cement System Two No Volume Change Cement System Three No Volume Change
FAILED
3,775 psi Decrease
INTACT
3,775 psi Decrease
INTACT
3,775 psi Decrease
FAILED
6,656 psi Decrease
INTACT
6,656 psi Decrease
INTACT
6,656 psi Decrease
FAILED
10,000 psi Increase
INTACT
10,000 psi Increase
INTACT
10,000 psi Increase
FAILED
10,000 psi Increase
FAILED
10,000 psi Increase
INTACT
10,000 psi Increase
FAILED
INTACT
INTACT
FAILED
FAILED
INTACT
The figure illustrates the condition of three cement systems during different well operations.
In Summary
Example of Results from WellLife Software II The main deliverables of the Halliburtons WellLife cementing service is the optimum cement system to reduce the risk of damage to the cement sheath and hence zonal isolation failure. This should benefit the operator in the following ways: Minimize the safety and environmental risks associated with drilling for and producing hydrocarbons. Minimizing the risk of damage to cement sheath should reduce the risk of sustained casing pressure and hazardous material discharge to the surface. Maximize the commercial viability of the reservoir. Minimizing the risk of damage to cement sheath should reduce remedial costs, non-productive time, early water production and losses from individual zones. WellLife sofware evaluates the risk of damage to the cement sheath when subjected to various well events. The analysis, in combination with operator risk tolerance, can be used to select optimum cement systems to provide for safe and economic production of hydrocarbons.
CEMENT TYPE
Events: Curing Temperature Increase (200C) Pressure Increase (80MPa)
100% Intact
100% Intact
Cement System 2
Cement System 3
Related papers; SPE 56536, SPE 74497, SPE 75700, SPE 90068 August 5, 2002 Oil & Gas Journal, page 43 47, JPT August 2002 pages 60-61. For more information contact: Your nearest Halliburton representative.
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