Columbia University

1
MICROWAVE CORPORATION
Tutorial on Modern Ultra Low Noise
Microwave Transistor
Oscillator Design
Ulrich L. Rohde, Ph.D.*
Chairman Synergy Microwave Corp.
*Prof. of RF Circuit and Microwave Circuit Design
Brandenburg University of Technology
Cottbus, Germany
Columbia University
September 11, 2009
2
3
A typical linear oscillator phase noise model (block diagram)
Leeson Model
4
A typical block diagram of feedback oscillator circuit
(
(
+ +
+
+ +
(
(
+ +
=
2 1
21
2 2
21
2
21
2 1
2 1
2 2
21
2
2 1
2
21
) ( ) 1 ( ) (
) (
) 1 (
1
) ( C C C
Y
L Y
L Y
C C C
C C C
j
L Y C C C
Y
Z
P p
P
P
P
p p
pacakage
IN

Colpitts oscillator with base-lead inductances and package capacitance. C
C
is neglected.
The expression of input impedance is given as
5
This Figure shows the R&S vector analyzer and the test fixture
Typical measurement setup for evaluation of large signal parameters (R&S vector analyzer and
the test fixture for the transistor of choice)
Agilent now calls this X Parameters
6
The bias, drive level, and frequency dependent S parameters are then obtained for practical use.
Measured large-signal S
11
of the BFP520
7
12
of the BFP520
8
21
of the BFP520
9
22
of the BFP520
10
Typical transient simulation of a ceramic resonator-based high-Q oscillator (node of the voltage
for displayis takenfromthe emitter)
11
This Figure illustrates the start and steady-state oscillation conditions.
A typical start and steady-state oscillationconditions.
R
a
(A, f) is the startingnegativeResistance, which gets lower as the amplitude increases.
Therefore, feedbackmust be sufficientto maintainenoughnegative resistanceto sustainoscillating.
Negative Resistance
12
frequency l fundamenta
peak
peak
V
I
Y
=
1
1
21
) (
) (
2 ) cos(
) (
) (
2 1
0
1
1
1 0
1
1
1
x I
x I
I I wt
x I
x I
I I
dc peak dc
n
=
(
+ =

=
x =normalized drive level
x
q
kT
V
peak
=
1
) (
arg 21
x G Y
m signal e l
=
m
dc
signal small
g
q kT
I
Y = =
/
21
1
0
1
1
0
1
arg 21
) (
) ( 2
) (
) ( 2
) (
= =
(
=
(
= =
n
m
n
dc
m signal e l
x I
x I
x
g
x I
x I
kTx
qI
x G Y
) (
) ( 2 ) (
] [
] [
0
1
1 21
1 arg 21
x xI
x I
g
x G
Y
Y
m
m
n signal small
n signal e l
=
=
=
) (
arg 21 21
x G g Y Y
m m signal e l signal small
> >

Y
21
Large Signal Calculation
13
Plot shows the collector current as a function of time with respect to normalized base driveVoltage x.
14
A typical phase noise plot of LC-based 1GHz oscillator as a function of x
17
A typical block diagram where oscillator acts like a mixer.
18
This equation is the linear Leeson equation, with the pushing effect omitted and the flicker termadded by
Dieter Scherer (Hewlett Packard, about 1975); the final version with the pushing (supply voltage dependency
VCO effect addedby Rohde 2004), is
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
(
+ =
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
1
) 2 (
1 log 10 ) (
m sav m
c
L m
m
f
kTRK
P
FkT
f
f
Q f
f
f
The resulting phase noiseinlinear terms canbe calculatedas
This pushing also applies to the VCO case.
19
A typical phase noise plot for an ideal 1 GHz oscillator phase noise of about 140 dBc/Hz at offset of 10 kHz offset, assuming unloaded Q
of 1 million loaded Q of 500, noise factor 6 dB, flicker frequency 1kHz, oscillator voltage gain 1Hz/V, equivalent noise resistance of tuning
diode1Ohmandaveragepower at oscillator output 10dBm. No diodecontribution
20
) ( ) (
1
) ( )) ( (
) (
'
t e dt t i
C
t i t R R
dt
t di
L
N N L
= + +

This is a nonhomogeneous differential equation, which canbe simplifiedto [1, Ch-8, pp. 159-232]
| | + +
(
+ + + + ) ( )) ( ( )] ( cos[
) (
)] ( sin[ )
) (
)( (
1
1
1
1
1
t I t R R t t
dt
t dI
t t
dt
t d
t I L
N L

) ( )] ( cos[
) ( 1
)] ( sin[
) ( ) ( ) ( 1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1 1
t e t t
dt
t dI
t t
dt
t d t I t I
C
N
=
)
`
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ +
(
|
.
|
\
|

Further
where ) (t R
N is the average negative resistance under large signal condition.
dt t t I t R
I T
t R
t
T t
N N
)] [ cos ) ( ) (
2
) (
0
2
0
+
(
Non-Linear Oscillator Equation

21
| |
| | | |
2
0
2
max
2
2
2
6
6
21
4
4
11
21
1
3
0
] 1 [
) (
1
log 10 ) (
Q
Q
y
y
k y
y Y
y
Y
Y
k k
k
q
p
(
(
(
(
(
+
(
(
(
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
+ =
+
+
+
Where
2
1
C
C
y =
2
2
2 2 2
0
2 0
C V L
kTR
k
cc

=
2 2 4
0
2
2 2
1
cc
m
AF
b f
m c
V L
g
I K
g qI
k

+
=
2 4
0 2
) (
+
= k
2
2 2
3
C k
k
k =
And The SSB Phase Noise Is:

First ever complete and correct large signal phase noise calculation (Rohde 2004)
22
A typical 1 GHz oscillator circuit
23
A CAD Simulated (Ansoft Designer) phase noise plot for 1 GHz oscillator circuit
A CAD Simulated (MATLAB) phase noise plot for 1 GHz oscillator circuit
24
The qualityfactor of the coupledresonator network previouslyshown is givenby
0
1
2 2
0
0
2 2
0
0 0
2
) 1 (
) 1 ( 2
) 1 (
) 1 ( 2
2
)] ( [
0
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
coupled

(
+
+
+
+
=
<<
=
Resonator#1
[Z
r
]
Resonator#2
[Z
r
]
Coupling-
Network
[Z
c
]
R
P
R
P
L C L C
C
C
[Z
r
] [Z
r
]
[Z
c
]
V
0
I
in
Resonator#1 Resonator#2
A
c
t
i
v
e

D
e
v
i
c
e
:

B
i
p
o
l
a
r
/
F
E
T
s
C
C
c
=
L
R
CR Q
P
P
= =
0
Capacitive coupled 2 resonators
Multiple Magnetically Coupled Resonators
25
+-
V
cc
(8V)
O/P
1000pF
100nH
1000pF
2.2pF
2.2pF
100nH
560pF
BC 857
BC 857
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
100nH
6.8nH
Resonator#1 Resonator#2
C
C
C
C1
Resonator
R
PR
L
PR
C
PR
33pF
10000
7500
2 . 8
82
4700
pF C
nH L
R
PR
PR
PR
7 . 4
5
12000
=
=
=
NEC 68830
0.4pF 0.47pF
1
C
2
C
C
R
O
C
R
O
Buffer
Amp
C
R
O
Equivalent Representation of CRO
68nH
10000
Circuit with Resonators
26
Measured phase noise plots for the single resonator (1-resonator) and the identical coupled resonator (2-
resonator
CAD simulated phase noise plot for the single resonator (1-resonator) and the identical coupled resonator (2-resonators)
27
Layout of the MCLR VCO (500MHz-2500MHz) (Patented)
28
0.0
25
50
75
100
125
Q
Frequency (GHz)
0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5
Uncoupled Resonator
Coupled Resonator
MCPTR (Multi Coupled Planar Transmission Line Resonators)
150
175
Optimum Operating Mode
and Optimum Class of Operation
Measured Q of resonators (uncoupled, coupled and MCLR)
29
opt
m
m m
c
m
f
kTRK
P
FkT
f
f
m m Q f
f
dm
d
(
(
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
(
(
+
2
2
0
0
2
0
2
0
2
2
1
)] 1 ( 2 [
1 log 10
0 ,
5 . 0

unloaded
opt
Q
d
d
m
opt
=
(

=
C
c
C1
C2
i
bn
v
bn
r
b
i
cn
Base
Collector
Emitter
B
''
C
r
e1 =
r
e
||(1/Y
21
)
i
nr
F (Noise Factor)
C
v
r
e1
R
n
(t)
R
n
(t): Negative Resistance
C
r
y
s
t
a
l
(
(
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
| +
+ +
+
+ =
+ +
+
2
1 ) (
2
1
) (
1
2
2
2
2 21
1 2 1
1 2 1
2 21 e
T c
b
e
b
c
r
f
f
C C Y
C C C
r
r
r
C C C
C C Y
F
Noise Optimization
Coupling Factor = 0.5
Noise Factor of Oscillator
30
Layout of 1GHz Colpitts oscillator (Ceramic resonator oscillator)
31
Simulated phase noise plot of for CRO
32
Measured phase noise plot of the CRO
33
Parallel Configuration
(3-terminal Device)
Bipolar/FETs
Dynamically Tuned J unction
Capacitance (C
bc
, C
be
,C
ce
)
Dynamically
Tracking Conduction
Angle
Tuning-Diode
Network
Dynamically
Tuned
Tracking-Filter
&
Buffer Amplifier
RF Output
Stubs
(S
1.
S
2
....S
8
)
Dynamically
Tracking Noise
Filter
Noise Impedance
Transfer Network
B
C
E
Noise Feedback
DC-Bias Network
Dynamically
Gain Stabilization
Network
Feedback
Network
Hybrid Resonance
Mode Coupling
Resonator
Block diagram of a user-defined MCLR VCO
34
Layout of dual-band RCO (Patent pending)
Phase noise plot of the dual-band VCO
Thank You
Are there any questions?

Columbia University

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Columbia University

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

1

Non-Linear Oscillator Equation

And The SSB Phase Noise Is:

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen