Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PLEASE NOTE
A QUICK GUIDE
TO REFERENCING
REFERENCING IS NECESSARY TO AVOID PLAGIARISM, TO VERIFY QUOTATIONS AND TO ENABLE READERS TO IDENTIFY AND CONSULT ANY ITEM TO FOLLOW-UP A CITED AUT HORS ARGUMENTS This guide is an introduction to the APA (American Psychological Association) referencing system. For a more comprehensive guide please refer to: American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
USEFUL TIPS
APA is an Author s Name and Date of Publication System. It consists of in-text citations and a reference list at the end of your document The most important principle in referencing is to be consistent All sources used in assignments, essays, reports and theses must be acknowledged in the text of your document (these are called in-text citations) For direct quotations of less than 40 words, use double quotation marks to enclose quotations in text Quotations of 40 words or more are indented (quotation marks are not required). Page or paragraph numbers must be given for all direct quotations Creating a reference list: The reference list includes all books, articles, audiovisual items and websites that are cited in the text. The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. Where an item has no author it is cited by its title, and ordered in the reference list alphabetically by the first significant word of the title. Each reference in the list must have a hanging indent. The reference list should be double-spaced
Before you write your reference list, check with your lecturer/tutor for the referencing style they prefer you to use and refer to the instructions included with your assignment. The information in this guide is intended to provide you with guidance on using the APA referencing style, for more detailed information, please refer to the style manual above.
The details, order and punctuation required for a reference list entry in its basic form are outlined below:
BOOK (PRINT)
The details required, in order, are: name of author(s), editor(s), or the institution responsible; publication year; title (italicised, capitalise the first word of the title, subtitle and proper nouns); edition; place of publication and publisher. Not all of these details will be required for each reference. AUTHOR YEAR OF PUBLICATION TITLE (Italics)
PLACE OF PUBLICATION
PUBLISHER
Aranda, S. (2008). Designing nursing interventions. Collegian, 15(1), 19-25. VOLUME (Italics) ISSUE
Book 3, 4 or 5 authors
Mussen, P., Rosenzweig, M. R., Aronson, E., Elkind, D., Feshbach, S., Geiwitz, P. J., et al. (1973). Psychology: An introduction. Lexington, MA: Heath. Provide surnames and initials up-to and including seven authors. Hutchings, D., Poliness, S., Leggat, I. K., Nemeth, T., West, A., Ngo, A., . . . Mascilongo, J. (2009). How to use a library. St. Albans, Melbourne: Victoria University Press. Include the rst six authors' names, followed by three dots (. . .), then add the last author's name. The CCH Macquarie dictionary of business. (1993). North
(Hutchings et al., 2009) Cite only the surname of the rst author followed by et al. and the year for rst and subsequent citations.
Book no author
(The CCH Macquarie dictionary of business, 1993) Ryde, New South Wales: CCH Australia. OR The title is used in the author position if there are As dened in The CCH Macquarie dictionary of business (1993). no named authors or editors. (Healey, 2006) Healey, J. E. (Ed.). (2006). Australian identity and values . Thirroul, New South Wales: Spinney Press. Use (Eds.) for multiple editors.
Book editor(s)
(Bauman, 2005)
Bauman, Z. (2005). Time and class. In P. Leistyna (Ed.), Cultural studies: From theory to action (pp. 56 67). Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. Towl, G. (2007). Psychology in Prisons . Retrieved from http://www.public.eblib.com/EBLWeb/ choice/?mode=publiccatalog If no DOI (digital object identier) is available include the URL of the E-Book. If no DOI is available for E-Books accessed via the Library databases, use the URL of the publishers homepage.
E-Book
(Towl, 2007)
(Aoun, Kristjanson, Oldham & Currow, 2008) Cite all of the authors the rst time the reference occurs. In subsequent citations include only the surname of the rst author followed by et al. and the year. (Aoun et al., 2008) (Stice, Marti, Spoor, Presnell, & Shaw, 2008) Cite all of the authors the rst time the reference occurs. In subsequent citations include only the surname of the rst author followed by et al. and the year: (Stice et al., 2008)
Electronic journal article with DOI (digital object identier) assigned 3, 4 or 5 authors
Stice, E., Marti, C., Spoor, S., Presnell, K., & Shaw, H. (2008). Dissonance and healthy weight eating disorder prevention programs: Long-term effects from a randomized ef cacy trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 329-340. doi:10.1037/0022006X.76.2.329 If a DOI is available it is included at the end of the citation. The database name and URL are not required. No retrieval date is included as the content of the article is not likely to be changed or updated. If no page numbers are displayed, paragraph or section numbers may be used. PLEASE NOTE: FOR MORE DETAILS ON HOW TO CITE MULTIPLE AUTHORS, Bowen, S. (2008,). Beyond self-assessment assessing organizational cultural responsiveness. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 15, 7-15. Retrieved from http://www.tuckerpub.com/jcd.htm If no DOI is available include the URL of the journal homepage. If no page numbers are displayed, paragraph or section numbers may be used.
PLEASE REFER TO EXAMPLES IN 'BOOKS' SECTION ON THE PREVIOUS PAGE OF THIS GUIDE. Electronic journal article No DOI assigned (Bowen, 2008) OR Bowen (2008) concludes.
SECONDARY SOURCES When you are referring to the ideas or words of an author who has been cited in another author's work Benner describes intuition (as cited in Miller and Babcock, 1996) Name the original work in the text of your paper and give a citation for the secondary source. Miller, M. A., & Babcock, D. E. (1996). Critical thinking applied to nursing. St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Provide a reference for the book or article that you actually read.
(Caire, 1880)