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DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY RESEARCH PROJECT TITLE: AN ASSESSMENT OF SEEDLING GROWTH RATE OF SELECTED POTENTIAL BIO-FUEL CROPS STUDENT NAME: REG. NO: Degree Program: Year of Study: HASSAN VUAI M 2009-04-01222 BSC IN BOTANICAL SCIENCE 3RD YEAR
2013
COPYRIGHT All right reserve. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical; including photocopying, for research or private study, critical academic review or discourse with an acknowledgement, without written permission of the author.
DECLARATION I, Hassan Vuai M, hereby declare that this report is the product of my own work except where acknowledged in the text. It is has not been submitted to any other university or anywhere else for similar award.
DEDICATION
To my mother Bi. Sharifa Hamoud Rashid and my father Dr. Mkoko Hassan M. who constantly support and encourage me to be strong and behave nicely.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The first special thank to God for giving me good health condition during all days in training field. I wish to thank the Department of Botany, College of Natural and Applied Science (CONAS) for assisting me to accomplish my research projects.
Very special thanks to My mother Bi. Sharifa H. Rashid and Bi. Tatu Mkubwa Bilali, and my father Dr. Mkoko Hassan M. for their support, who encouraged me during my research project period up to the end.
I wish to express my honest gratitude to my supervisor Dr.A.Nyomora for the constant support and encouragement throughout the research study. It was very disappointing at the start and without her guidance it would have been so impossible to complete this work. I would like to confer my special thank and appreciation to her for all that she has done to ensure that this research project is accomplished. Especially on the provision of relevant literature material as well as her constructive criticism, comments and suggestion that led to the success of this research projects. I would like to thank my colleagues 3rd year Bsc, in botanical science in a year of 2010/2011 and my friends mostly my friends Issa Yussuf and Sengerere Hassan for sharing ideas and support during the study.
Very special thanks goes to my uncles Dr. Masoud, Nasoor and his wife Dr. khadija Sleiman for their support, encouragement and guiding me using the relevant language in my study any articles I want for the study including free internet and place to stay while doing my work.
I wish to thank my family mostly my brother Hassan, my sister Raya and young sister khadija for being there for me, encouraging me and supporting me in my research project. Very special thank to my friend Monica from Thailand for her courage and supporting in health and happiness.
ABSTRACT
The aim of the study was to assess of seedling growth rate of the potential selected biofuel crops for the target of increasing their production of biofuel in Tanzania . Five selected species potential for biofuel were used in the study in 10 plants replicated in a RCD measuring and recording of the growth rate was conducted for 15 weeks. Plant heigth, stem girth, number of leaves and number of nodes per plant were observed as parameters. Plant height and stem girth were measured using a tape meter and van caliper respectively, while the number of leaves and number of nodes wererecorded by direct counting the number present at the time of observation. The data was analysis by subjected to ANOVA using GraphPad InStat 3 software. Comparison of the differences between treatment means was accomplished using Tukey test. Results were summarized in tables and figures to ease comparisons and discussion. The final total study result show that Legenaria cineria (gourd), have high growth rate compared with other biofuel crop species that were selected, followed by Legeneria cineria (gourd), other Ricinus communis (seeds), Ricinus communis (seeded), and Legeneria cineria (calabash) have show low growth rate. Analysis of plant growth parameters showed significant correlations and considered to be a standard approach to study of plant growth and productivity directly influenced the economic yield. Legenaria cineria (large) have high growth rate also is considered to have high rate of production as result shown.
Introduction: A bio-fuel is a type of fuel whose energy is derived from biological carbon fixation i.e biofuel is produced from renewable biological resources such as plant treated municipal and industrial waste biomass . (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary), including fuel derived from biomass conversion, solid biomass, liquid fuel, (biodiesel, bioethanol) and various biogases. Bio-fuels have been in history for 150 years but media has not accurately presented core arguments about bio-fuels, especially those concerning famine and food prices, Halvorsen(2007).
The use of biofuels is growing around the world and a debate between biofuels supporters and opponents is intensifying. Given the rapidly increasing demand for energy it is expected that biofuels will become an important part of the global energy mix and make a significant contribution to meeting energy demand(World Energy Council, 2010). Drivers for a wide introduction of biofuels vary across the world and include a broad range of issues from land-use to energy security, to economics and environment. The main challenge for the future is to develop biofuels which do not compete with the food chain, which are sustainable and efficient both in terms of costs and energy, and for which the carbon footprint is a net gain. (World Energy Council, 2010).
Developing and developed countries are setting targets to increase the proportion of biofuels in their energy mix for the purposes of climate change mitigation, energy security and rural development . A great deal of scientific research that has been done on biofuel show some as good sources of alternative energy, and biofuels have been seen as environment friendly and affordable way to reduce ourdependency on fossil fuels, biofuels reduce dependence on fossil fuels by replacing petroleum, diesel and other sources of fossil fuels
(http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/otheranalysis). Most research to date has focused on the performance of biofuels in reducing world carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulphur oxide emissions, with questions being raised over their potential in this respect. Far less attention has been paid to the potential impacts of biofuels on
biodiversity. (World Energy Council 2010), and their performance in different parts of the world. The production of biofuels would lead to lower emissions of greenhouse gases, Biofuel is termed as clean fuel as it does not contain carcinogens and its sulphur content is also lower than that in the mineral diesel, thus greatly reduces particulate matter, carbon monoxide carbon dioxide, sulphur oxide emissions. High amount of green houses gasses lead to climatic change impacts and effect the environment directly by increasing temperature, causing global warming and air pollution which can in turn cause diseases like cancer and lungs problems. Common plant species for biofuel crops including Jatropha (Jatropha curcas), Giant Reed (Arundo donax), Chinese Tallow Tree (Triadica sebifera),Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea) , Neem Tree (Azadirachta indica), Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), Miscanthus (Miscanthus species), Spartina (Spartina species), Olive (Olea europaea), Castor Oil Plant (Ricinis communis) Chinese Apple (Zizyphus mauritiana), Willows (Salix species), Poplars (Populus species), Calotrope (Calotropis procera), Giant Milkweed (Calotropis gigantea), Caper Spurge (Euphorbia lathyris). The Legenaria cineria species have not been common in studies as bio-fuel crop. Most of the current studies have base more on Jastropha curcas and Ricinus communis. (htt://www. invasives.org.au). Crop growth is in the strictest sense simply cell division (increase in number) and cell enlargement (increase in size). The process of differenciation (cell specialization) is also required making plant development be both growth and differenciation. As agronomists, plant growth is frequently defined by the parameter from which measurements over time can be taken dry matter increases. Dry weight accumulation is used as it generally has the greatest economic importance; however, height, volume, and leaf area are also often used (D.B. 1995).
The factors affecting growth can be broadly divided into external and internal factors. Factors under genetic control are numerous, thus these are only partial lists. External Factor:- climatic (light, temperature, water, day length, wind, gases), soil edaphic (texture, structure, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, pH, base saturation, nutrient availability) biological (weeds, insects, disease organisms, nematodes, various herbivores, soil microorganisms including nitrogen fixing/denitrifying bacteria and mycorrhiza contributing to symbiotic fungal associations)
Internal Factors:- resistance to climatic, edaphic and biological stresses, photosynthetic rate, respiration, partitioning of assimilate and nitrogen, chlorophyll, carotene and other pigment contents type and location of growing points (meristems), capacity to store food reserves, enzyme activity, direct gene effects, differenciation (D.B. 1995).
The goal of this study is to evaluate seedling growth rate of selected biofuel crop species for the future uses of biofuel energy as an alternative energy in Tanzania.
Significance of the Research: There is limited knowledge on biofuel production in Tanzania. Their agronomy and growth rate are not known. This study will equip growers with knowledge of growth rate and know what to expect when they plant these trees, and hence enable them to plan effectively as to when exactly they should plant and apply appropriate agronomic practices. The assessment of growth rate of plants is meat to assess how the plant can survive. Hence this study is expected to show which plants have better or lower growth rate.
Statement of the Research Problem: Attainment of optimal plants size is important indicators of a plants response to control techniques, so careful analysis of seedling growth may reveal characteristics important to effective management for plant productivity Objectives: Main objective: To improve productivity of biofuel crops in Tanzania. Specific objective: To assess seedling growth rate of selected bio-fuel crop species.
Hypotheses/Research Question:
There is any significance difference among growth rate of potential selected biofuel species crop.
Literature Review: General fossil fuels are the major contributor to a number of environmental problems. From their extraction through their use in automobiles, industries home uses, many steps of the process either are or can be detrimental to the environment. Producing and using biofuels for transportation, industrial and our homes offer alternatives to fossil fuels that can help provide solutions to many environmental problems.( http://www.ott.doe.gov/biofuels.)
In a study done by Dove Biotech (2005) problem of Castor oil Ricinus communis is considered an international botanical answer to biodiesel production and renewable energy. The study showed that biodiesel was total renewable, and therefore a sustainable organic solutions to global energy, water and environment. Ricinus communis has been widely accepted as an agricultural solution for all subtropical and tropical locations that addresses the need for commercial crops with low costs and at the same time providing traditional farming with a viable income from current non productive lands (www.dovebiotech.com). In the search for more environmentally friendly fuels, the use of castor oil as biodiesel has proven to have technical and ecological benefits, and stands as an opportunity for agricultural development in arid and impoverished areas throughout the tropics and sub tropics globally. The author concluded that for arid and semi arid regions, growing Ricinus communis in conjunct with Jatropha offers the only viable solutions for turning marginal lands into viable economic lands. (Http://www.dovebiotech.com).
A study done by Vwioko, Fashemi,(2005), investigated in Growth response of Ricinus communis L (Castor Oil) in spent lubricating oil polluted soil. The result showed that highest percent germination of approximately 92%, was obtained in control and the least in 5% w/w lubricating oil polluted soil. The early germination obtained in this study was significant when considered in the light of reported delay and depression of germination by spent lubricating oil in Capsicum annum, Lycopersicon esculentum, Solanum melongena and S. incanum. For parameters like
plant height, stem girth, leaf area, fresh and dry weights, and root length, the mean values obtained were higher for 1% w/w than the control. There was stimulation of growth at 1% w/w spent lubricating oil in soil. Plants in higher concentration (2 6% w/w) exhibited depression in growth. Plants grown in 1% w/w spent lubricating oil in soil flowered earlier than those grown in control. (http:// www.bioline.org.br/ja)
A study by M. Vanaja, et al, (2008), based on investigated Growth and yield responses of Ricinus communis L. to two enhanced CO levels. The study explained growth and yield
2
responses of Ricinus communis L. to two elevated CO2 levels (550 and 700 ppm) up to the maturity of first order spikes in open top chambers (OTCs).The growth characteristics, root and shoot lengths, root volume, root:shoot ratios, leaf area, dry weights of different plant parts, leaf area duration and crop growth rate increased with 550 and 700 ppm of CO2 levels compared with ambient control, while the normal level of that range between 330-350ppm. The spike length, pod and seed yield of first order spikes increased under enhanced CO2 levels over ambient control. Elevated CO2 levels significantly increased the total biomass and yield of Ricinus communis L, however enhanced CO2 levels per se did not change the content and quality of the castor oil. A positive response of Ricinus communis L, to increased CO2 concentrations is a good indication for its future existence in impacted climatic conditions. (M. Vanaja, et al . 2008)
The studies based on algal as biofuel production (Jenner 2008; Wang et al. 2008), the literature on algal biofuels is still very limited, and climate change mitigation potential of algal biodiesel remains to be seen, but there is some optimism. Microalgal biodiesel has high energy potential, as most of the algal dry weight can be used in production (Patil et al. 2008; Chisti, 2008; Herro 2008), and has been cited as the only renewable biofuel source that has the potential to completely displace petroleum-derived transport fuels (Chisti, 2008). It has been estimated that microalgae could account for half of the transport fuel needs of the US with just 1.1% of the countrys cropland (Chisti 2008), and it can reportedly produce more fuel per area of land than maize, rapeseed or jatropha even when grown on land that is not suitable for agriculture, in
seawater and brackish water (Gross, 2008). If this were the case, then there would be significant potential to reduce biodiversity impacts, but there does not appear to have been any investigation of algal biofuels in this context. Currently the barriers to production appear to be economic, and large-scale production does not appear likely over the short term.
Other biofuel studies in relation with land degradation, showed most sustainability criteria promote the production of biofuels on degraded land to a void impacts on food production and biodiversity. Several recent studies have suggested that expanding biofuels into degraded land could achieve carbon savings whilst significantly reducing biodiversity impacts (Metzger & Hutterman 2008; Bindraban et al. 2009; Fargione et al. 2008; Gibbs et al. 2008), and some authors have recommended that the production of biofuel feedstocks should be limited to degraded land and waste products (Gallagher, 2008).The problem with this concept is that there is no accepted definition of degraded land (RSC, 2008). This has led to vastly different estimates of the global availability of such land. Recent research has suggested that the global potential for bioenergy production on abandoned agricultural land is 5% (Field et al. 2008) to 8% (Campbell et al. 2008) of current energy demand globally, and will therefore be insufficient to meet even the targets of the EU and US (Kanter 2008). The estimate by Campbell et al. (2008), which is based on historical land use data, satellite derived land cover data and global ecosystem modelling, provides a range of 385-472 M ha of available abandoned agricultural land, which does not compare favourably to most of the estimates of land requirements for biofuel production. Land availability estimates very rarely take into account the land requirements for other purposes such as afforestation and renewable energy.
A study done by Nyomora and Masomhe (2012), they focusing on assessment of propagation methods for oilferous plant species with potential for biofuel production. One of specific objective was to evaluate seedling growth rate of the selected plant species under different soil type, complete randomized design was used in the study. They measured seedling growth height from the pot base to the apex. The record taken a week for three month and determine difference in growth rate for the selected biofuel species. The result of the study of the four
tested species namely as IEX, MRI4, MJA, and MTE shows different growth in different soils. The study identify the performance of each selected species with relation to soil. MTE show significance better in all soil type, while MJA performed poorly in almost all type except in loam soil and MRI4 showed relatively average growth for the period of three month, Nyomora and Masomhe (2012).
Growth is defined as an increase in number, size, and volume of cells during cell division (mitosis). ( http://www.cabi.org/cabreviews.) The term plant growth analysis refers to a useful set of quantitative methods that describe and interpret the performance of the whole plant systems grown under, natural, semi natural, or control condition. Plant growth analysis provides an explanatory, holistic and integrative approach to interpreting plant form and function. Growth analysis deal only with the analysis of whole plants grown as spaced individual. (Thomas, et al., 2008). Relative growth rate, these are more complex rate of change, but still involving only one plant variety and time, an example being the whole plants rate of dry weight increase per unit of dry weight. Compounded growth rates, these are rates of change involving more than one plant variety, such as the whole plants rate of dry weight increase per unit of its leaf area. Absolute growth rates, these are simple rate of change involving only one plant variety and time, an example being the whole plant rate of dry weight increase, or the rate of increase the number of roots per plant. (Thomas, B., et al 2008).
The study of Geneve, et al (2003), focus on computer-aided digital image analysis of seedling size and growth rate for assessing seed vigor in Impatiens. Vigor was measured using computeraided analysis of digital images in six seed lots of Impatiens that differed in vigour but retained greater than 86% standard germination. Seed lots that differed in initial seed vigour were selected based on the commercially used Ball Vigour Index and vigour independently assessed using saturated salts accelerated aging tests. Digital images were captured from seeds germinated in Petri dishes placed on a flat-bed scanner. Seedling growth was measured daily for four days following initial radicle protrusion using commercially available root length calculating software. Seedling size and growth rate generally ranked seed lots from high to low
vigour in a similar way compared to the Ball Vigour Index and saturated salts accelerated aging tests. Their study showed that computer-aided analysis of digital images could be used successfully to rank seed lot vigour in Impatiens based on seedling length (Geneve, et al 2003).
A study was conducted by Ohwo, O.A. et al (2012). to evaluate the effects of crude oil as a soil contaminant on the performance of Jatropha curcas seedlings. The result of the study show the rapid growth and development of J. curcas will represent the most immediate and available response of coping with depleting oil reserves, meeting growing energy demand in developing countries like Nigeria i.e. to support development in rural areas. Ohwo, O.A. et al (2012).
METHODOLOGY: Study Site: The research was done along the niversity of Dar es Salaam inside green houses of botany department. The climate is coastal, hot and humid. The average temperature lies between 25 C and 30 C. umidity is high through the year, reaching the even the higher level in the rain season Material Uses: 1. Data sheet from computer 2. Ruler 3. Van caliper 4. Calculator 5. Note book, plain and graph papers 6. Pen 7. Pencil 8. Tape meter 9. GraphPad InStat 3 software 10. Legenaria cineria (small), 11. Legeneria cineria (calabash), 12. Legenaria cineria (large), 13. Ricinus communis (speckled), 14. Ricinus communis (large),
Procedure: A total of 5 selected species potential for biofuel was be used in the study as treatments. Each observation was replicated on 10 plants/ they were grown inside the university green house. Measuring and recording the growth rate of all selected biofuel crop species (As Treatment). Each observation was replicated on 10 plants in a RCD Measuring and recording of the growth rate was conducted for 15 weeks. The parameters to be assessed was including plant heigth, the stem girth, number of leaves and number of nodes. Growth plant in centimeter (cm) height was measured from the base to the apex of the plant at an interval of seven day (once a week),
using a measure tape. Number of nodes and number of leaves are recorded by direct counting the number present during the observing week. The plant girth was measured by using van caliper in cm once a week. Data Analysis: The data was subjected to ANOVA according to Gomez and Gomez, (1984) using GraphPad InStat 3 software. Comparisons were made as change in growth occurring in each of ten individual plants of selected biofuel crop species. Comparison of the differences between treatment means was accomplished using Tukey test. Result/findings were summarized in tables and figures/histograms to easy comparisons and discussion.
RESULT
The Result Of Variation In Growth Rate Among Species Within 15 Weeks By Their Mean
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Legenaria cineria. S Legenaria cineria. C Legenaria Recinus Recinus cinaria. L communis. communis. SP SM
Mean Value
Series1
Species Varieties
FIGURE 1 One way of analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed the growth among the species was significant (F=484.53, DF 49, P=0.0001) based on Turkeys test (t-test) the difference among the pays of means of growth rate was statistical significant (P<0.05). (Figure 1) The result showed that Legenaria cineria (larger) had the highest growth rate of all the species within 15 weeks of experiment with the mean of 7.020. Follow by the Legeneria cineria (small) with growth rate of 5.750 mean. Recinus communis (small) show minimum growth rate with 4.600 mesan. Recinus communis speckled had growth rate of 3.100 mean. Legeneria cineria (cahabash) had the smallest growth rate of all of the species with 15 weeks of experiment (figure-1)
The Result of Variation In Number of Leaves Among Species Within 15 Weeks By Their Mean
10
Mean Value
8 6 4 2 0 Legenaria cineria. S Legenaria cineria. C Legenaria cinaria. L Recinus Recinus communis. SP communis. SM
Species Varieties
Figure 2
One way of analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed the number of leaves among the species was significant (F=7.433, DF 74, P=0.0001) based on Turkeys test (t-test) the difference among the pays of means of growth rate was statistical significant (P<0.05). (Figure 2). The result show that legenaria cinaria large have large number of leaves with mean of 8.733 compared with others species.
The Result of Variation In Number of Nodes Among Species Within 15 Weeks By Their Mean
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Legenaria cineria. S Legenaria cineria. C Legenaria cinaria. L Recinus Recinus communis. SP communis. SM
mean value
species varieties
Figure 3 One way of analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed the number of nodes among the species was significant (F=2.948, DF 74, P=0.0001) based on Turkeys test (t-test) the difference among the pays of means of growth rate was statistical significant (P<0.05). (Figure 3).
Legenaria cineria. S
Legenaria cineria. C
Legenaria cinaria. L
Recinus communis. SP
Recinus communis. SM
weeks 1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.9 3.2 3.2 3.2
2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 3.1 3.1 2.5 37.6
2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 2.5 38.2 Table 1.
2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 2.5 38.2
2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.4 36.3
One way of analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed the stem girth among the species was not significant (F=0.2620, DF 74, P=0.9014) based on Turkeys test (t-test) the difference among the pays of means of growth rate was statistical significant (P<0.05). (table 1).
DESCUSION.
The result showed that Legenaria cineria (larger) had the highest growth rate of all the species within 15 weeks of experiment with the mean of 7.020 cm, thus mean Legenaria cineria (larger) having significant correlations and considered to be a standard approach to study of plant growth and productivity directly influenced the economic yield and expected to produced high product of biofuel, as the result show in the study of Ohwo, O.A. et al (2012), will represent the most immediate and available response of coping with depleting oil reserves, meeting growing energy demand in developing countries like TANZANIA. The total result also show the performance of seedling growth rate of other species varieties that follow after the Legenaria cineria (larger), the Legeneria cineria (small) with growth rate of 5.750 mean. Recinus communis (small) show minimum growth rate with 4.600 mesan. Recinus communis speckled had growth rate of 3.100 mean. Legeneria cineria (cahabash) had the smallest growth rate of all of the species with 15 weeks of experiment.
The result showed that Legenaria cineria (larger) had the highest number of leaves all the species within 15 weeks of experiment with the mean of 8.733. Follow by the Legeneria cineria (small) with number of leaves of 8.067 mean. Legeneria cineria (cahabash) show minimum number of leaves with 5.600 mesan. Recinus communis (speckled) had number of leaves of 5.267 mean. The number of leaves considered extremely significance among the selected species members. Recinus communis (small) had the smallest number of leaves of all of with the mean of 5.067 among the species within 15 weeks of experiment, thus mean that Legenaria cineria (larger) show better performance than the among the others species varieties. Based on the number of nodes the result also shows extremely significance
CONCLUSION: Biofuel production in tanzania must however, be carefully planned. Biofuel producing states should invest in developing the agribusiness chain taking into consideration food security and other environmental impacts especially in already deprived rural regions. Tanzania will essentially need to build up her basic infrastructure to reap the benefits.In establishing biofuels industries, Tanzania would also evaluate its impact on health and gender. At present, household use of traditional bioenergy sources adversely affect the poor, especially women and children as unskilled wage labour. So biofuels policy must ensure that this group benefit from the positive effects of such investments as well as the political, economic and environmental effects of energy production. The potential to rapidly develop the countrys rural areas and provide jobs and opportunities within these areas is huge and Tanzania with her arable lands could easily surpass the two biggest producers of biofuel given the right infrastructure, human and environmental management.
RECOMMENDATION: Enhancement of the capacity of the nation to harness biofuels technologies to her advantage. One example is to transfer to developing countries research and technology that would facilitate the development of biofuel Production facilities in rural communities. Western biofuel technologies, suited to large-scale Industrial agriculture cannot easily be adapted to small-scale farming.
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APPENDICES Stem height table. 1 SP R I 4.4 4.6 3.0 9.5 1.0 10.9 15.1 3.8 2.0 19.0 1.2 0.7 4.3 3.2 2.6 A S 5.7 85.3 II 3.3 6.2 1.5 8.0 1.5 9.6 19.9 5.5 7.7 4.0 2.9 1.3 3.2 4.2 2.9 5.4 III 2.2 8 5.8 7.0 1.5 4.5 1.0 29.4 15.9 10.2 2.3 0.2 2.3 5.2 4.6 6.7 IV 2.4 4.8 8.3 5.5 1.1 7.9 5.5 10.1 11.1 11.1 2.3 0.7 3.6 4.4 2.0 5.4 Legenaria cineria. S V 3.1 7.1 5.2 0.6 3.2 10.8 5.6 14.9 6.1 16.2 3.8 1.1 2.7 4.0 4.5 5.9 88.9 VI 2.7 4.3 5.2 6.8 2.4 9.1 5.0 23.6 1.0 20.0 5.2 2.3 2.7 2.9 2.2 6.4 95.4 VII 2.4 8.6 4.2 2.3 4.1 8.6 6.0 8.8 4.3 14.1 7.3 0.5 2.2 2.0 4.9 5.4 80.3 VIII 3.1 9.4 3.0 1.5 3.1 12.9 4.8 11.7 10.6 11.0 4.3 1.2 3.0 2.5 2.0 5.6 84.1 IX 4.1 6.8 3.1 2.4 4.5 8.1 11.0 15.2 0.8 16.3 3.9 1.5 3.1 4.5 3.2 5.9 88.5 X 2.3 3.7 6.0 4.4 7.5 12.1 3.9 0.1 0.1 20.2 9.8 1.1 4.2 4.7 2.8 5.5 82.9 A 3.0 6.4 4.5 4.8 3.0 9.5 7.8 S 30.0 63.5 45.3 48.0 29.9 94.5 77.8
14.2 142.1 4.3 1.1 3.1 3.8 3.2 43.0 10.6 31.3 37.6 31.7
SP R I II III IV
3.1 7 1.9 5 1 2 0.5 1.8 1.7 4 2.2 0.9 1.6 1.7 1.2 A S 2.4 35.6
4.5 5 0.6 3.4 0.5 2.5 5.5 5 0.5 2.8 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.5 37.3
3.1 6.9 2.5 1.2 2.3 5 4 2 1.7 3.5 2 1.2 1.3 0.6 2.9 2.7
3.4 8.6 1.2 1.1 0.7 7 3 1.5 1.9 2.8 0.9 1.1 3.7 1.3 1.8 2.7
2.6 9.4 1 1.8 1.5 5.7 3 1.4 1.5 2.3 2.2 0.5 1.4 1.6 2.6 2.6 38.5
4.1 7.9 2 1 1 6 2.5 1.5 2.3 4.7 1.5 0.7 2 2.1 2.1 2.8 41.4
3.0 7.8 3.1 1.3 1.5 5.6 1.7 2 2.3 1.1 1.8 1.1 2.4 1.1 3.5 2.6 39.3
3.0 7 4 1 2 3 4 2.3 1.9 1.9 0.9 1.9 2.4 2.9 1.9 2.7 40.1
2.3 5.7 4 1.9 2.8 6.3 1.3 1.7 1.9 4.3 1.3 1 1.4 1 0.5 2.5 37.4
2.1 7.9 2.5 1 1 7.5 2 2 2.1 6.3 2.4 0.2 1.8 1.3 1.8 2.8 41.9
3.1 7.3 2.3 1.9 1.4 5.1 2.8 2.1 1.8 3.4 1.6 1.0 1.9 1.5 2.0
31.2 73.2 22.8 18.7 14.3 50.6 27.5 21.2 17.8 33.7 16.3 9.7 19.4 15.2 20.1
40.2 40.0
SP R I 5.4 5.6 5.4 11.6 II 5.0 6.5 8.5 5.5 III 3.9 15.6 1.5 5.0 IV 5.5 15.0 0.5 7.0
Legenaria cinaria. L V 4.5 13.2 4.3 6.7 VI 4.8 13.2 4.0 7.5 VII 3.8 14.2 3.0 7.2 VIII 5.2 7.8 8.1 5.9 IX 5.6 7.8 6.6 6.0 X 6.0 12.6 0.5 6.0 A 5.0 S 49.7
1.0 5.0 17.0 22.0 10.5 6.6 5.4 1.7 2.9 3.2 2.5 A S 7.1
4.5 14.5 24.5 11.9 7.9 2.1 2.0 2.4 5.0 2.9 2.7 7.1
1.0 23.7 8.9 11.0 8.0 2.7 7.5 1.3 5.3 4.7 4.3 7.0
4.0 10.0 17.0 7.7 3.5 4.6 5.7 1.7 4.1 4.1 3.9 6.3
5.7 9.2 16.3 1.1 20.9 8.3 4.2 1.1 4.4 1.4 2.9 6.9
4.5 6.0 8.7 28.8 11.6 3.1 4.1 1.1 1.1 2.4 2.2 6.9
4.8 8.0 11.6 27.4 6.7 11.8 1.9 2.1 1.4 1.0 3.2 7.2
6.3 6.8 5.8 39.6 4.6 0.1 9.7 1.0 1.1 1.5 4.9 7.2
8.6 7.4 20.0 8.0 10.9 9.9 5.9 2.1 1.7 3.2 3.9 7.2
5.0 15.9 16.1 13.5 11.9 11.5 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.8 4.9 7.3
4.5
45.4
10.7 106.5 14.6 145.9 17.1 171.0 9.7 6.1 4.8 1.6 2.8 2.6 3.5 96.5 60.7 48.0 16.0 28.4 26.2 35.4
105.8 105.9 104.4 94.3 104.2 103.1 108.1 108.4 107.6 110.2
SP R I 5.9 6.1 9.0 1.2 0.8 1.1 6.9 2.3 II 6.0 12.0 2.0 1.2 2.8 2.0 5.0 4.0 III 3.0 14.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 5.0 2.2
Recinus communis. SP IV 5.4 10.9 2.2 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.3 4.1 V 4.4 13.6 1.0 2.5 1.3 2.7 2.5 2.0 VI 5.3 11.7 3.0 2.0 1.2 2.2 2.4 2.8 VII 3.0 16.0 1.0 1.2 2.8 1.9 5.1 2.0 VIII 4.0 9.0 6.0 1.9 4.1 0.5 4.5 5.0 IX 4.6 7.6 6.8 1.1 4.1 0.8 5.0 4.0 X 5.0 13.5 1.5 1.8 0.4 2.9 6.9 2.1 A 4.7 S 46.6
11.4 114.4 3.5 1.7 2.2 1.6 4.6 3.1 34.5 16.9 21.5 16.1 45.6 30.5
I 5.5 10.5 1.0 2.5 3.5 3.0 1.0 3.0 5.0 1.4 0.6 1.1
II 5.6 9.9 2.8 2.7 3.1 1.2 5.7 2.3 5.3 1.6 1.0 1.0
III 3.8
IV 3.9
V 4.3 8.2 2.5 2.0 5.0 7.0 1.0 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.2 2.5
VI 5.0 8.0 3.0 2.3 4.9 3.8 2.0 1.3 1.7 1.8 3.0 3.2
VII 3.5 11.0 0.5 6.0 3.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.4 0.6 2.7 1.8
VIII 6.1 7.2 2.1 3.5 1.1 4.0 6.0 1.2 4.1 1.3 1.8 1.7
IX 5.4 7.6 2.5 3.6 1.9 2.0 7.0 1.1 1.9 1.5 2.0 2.8
X 4.4 7.6 4.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.1 3.3 1.8 5.6 1.1 1.5
A 4.8 9.0 2.7 2.7 3.3 3.6 3.2 2.2 3.1 1.9 1.6 2.0
S 47.5 90.4 26.8 27.1 33.1 36.3 32.1 22.1 30.7 19.2 16.3 20.1
7.7 12.7 6.5 1.0 4.0 7.0 2.3 1.6 2.6 2.3 1.3 2.8 1.9 0.5 3.6 4.4 3.0 3.3 3.4 1.1 0.6 1.7
45.3 44.7
Stem
Legenaria Species varieties cineria. S average 1.74 2 2 2 2.4 2.41 2.41 2.47 2.47 2.48 2.81 Legenaria cineria. C average 2 2 2 2 2.58 2.58 2.58 2.58 2.59 2.59 2.59 Legenaria cinaria. L average 1.97 2.00 2.00 2.31 2.44 2.44 2.45 2.45 2.46 2.69 2.73 Recinus communis. SP average 1.96 2.00 2.00 2.30 2.44 2.44 2.45 2.46 2.46 2.66 2.71 Recinus communis. SM average 2 2 2 2 2.36 2.36 2.46 2.46 2.46 2.46 2.73
Species varieties
6 7 7 5.6000 84
13 13 13 8.7333 131
6 6 5 5.2667 79
6 6 5 5.0667 76
Number of nodes
Species varieties
10 11 A S 97 6.47
8 8 81 5.40
12 12 117 7.80
7 8 72 4.80
6 7 68 4.53