Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
A PROJECT REPORT ON
K.J.SOMAIYA.POLYTECHNIC
VIDYAVIHAR MUMBAI-77 2012-2013
CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO MENTION THAT STUDENT MENTIONED BELOW 5TH SEM ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING HAVE SATISFACTORILY COMPLETED THEIR TERM IN PROJECT WORKSHOP NAMED
ISLANDING SYSTEM
(MICROCONTROLLER 89S51 BASED) DURING ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-2013 SUBMITTED BY
ANANT .K.MOMAYA
FEEG10124
ELECT EXAMINAR
PRINCIPAL MRS.B.PADMAJA
PREFACE
We take an opportunity to present this project report on ISLANDING SYSTEM and put before readers some useful information regarding our project. We have made sincere attempt and taken every care to present this matter in precise form, the language being as simple as possible. We are sure that the information contained in this volume would certainly prove useful for better insight in the scope and dimension of this project in its true perspective. The task of completion of this project though being difficult was made quite simple , interesting and successful due to deep involvement and complete dedication of our group members and our Guide, Prof. S.N.KOLTE.
INDEX
Introduction Basics Block diagram Circuit diagram Conversion of power Working of circuit Software development PCB fabrication Component list Advantages & Disadvantages Applications Work done during project Testing and troubleshooting Bibliography
Introduction
When Grid collapses, many questions remain as to what happened to cause the Blackout and whether it could have been prevented, or at least contained to a smaller area. It will take some time to sort through the data and figure out answers. In the mean time, we are all asking can it happen again? Can it happen here? Unfortunately, the short answer is yes. No power system is designed to handle simultaneous outages of multiple transmission lines and generators. We have heard arguments that it wont happen here because we have built in safeguards to prevent this from happening. However, every system in the India has these same safeguards, just to a different extent. Unfortunately, they just did not work as expected on many occasions. There have been statements made that we have a Third World transmission system, that deregulation of the electric industry is the culprit, or that the opposite is true the lack of deregulation is to blame, and that we need extensive investment in the transmission system. While all of these statements contain a grain of truth, none of them are strictly accurate. The remainder of this article highlights these grains of truth and more accurately depicts what steps can be taken to reduce the risks of a widespread blackout. Although we will need to wait for the Department of Energys report on what happened to get the full picture, there are some immediate and relatively low cost steps that can be taken now to reduce the chances of another major blackout affecting you and your customers. Below are the actions utilities can take now: Evaluate and test your safeguard schemes It is important to understand that at every moment in time, supply and demand on the power system must be balanced, or blackouts can occur. If there is a significant imbalance in portions of the system, both the frequency and the voltage are impacted. If there is more consumption than supply in an area, then, the frequency and voltage drop. If there is more supply than demand in an area, then frequency climbs. Different parts of the system can experience these same events simultaneously and can swing against each
Under-frequency Load Shedding This is a scheme designed to open distribution circuits when the frequency is too low to reduce demand and help restore the balance between supply and demand.
Generator Over-speed Protection This is a scheme designed to both protect the generators from spinning too fast and causing permanent damage to the turbines, and to reduce supply to help restore the balance between supply and demand when the frequency is too high. The above two schemes are universally applied. The two schemes below are applied on a discretionary basis:
Consider implementing out-of-step tripping and islanding schemes, and under voltage load shedding schemes, if not already applied Perform transient, dynamic and voltage stability studies to optimize these safeguard schemes, and evaluate how well they coordinate with each other Update relays to microprocessor controlled relays Test the relays and systems periodically
Diodes
Diodes are components that allow current to flow in only one direction. They have a positive side (leg) and a negative side. When the voltage on the positive leg is higher than on the negative leg then current flows through the diode (the resistance is very low). When the voltage is lower on the positive leg than on the negative leg then the current does not flow (the resistance is very high). The negative leg of a diode is the one with the line closest to it. It is called the cathode. The postive end is called the anode.
LED
The LED
Light Emitting Diodes are great for projects because they provide visual entertainment. LEDs use a special material which emits light when current flows through it. Unlike light bulbs, LEDs never burn out unless their current limit is passed. A current of 0.02 Amps (20 mA) to 0.04 Amps (40 mA) is a good range for LEDs. They have a positive leg and a negative leg just like regular diodes. To find the positive side of an LED, look for a line in the metal inside the LED. It may be difficult to see the line. This line is closest to the positive side of the LED. Another way of finding the positive side is to find a flat spot on the edge of the LED. This flat spot is on the negative side. When current is flowing through an LED the voltage on the positive leg is about 1.4 volts higher than the voltage on the negative side. Remember that there is no resistance to limit the current so a resistor must be used in series with the LED to avoid destroying it.
Resistors
Resistors are components that have a predetermined resistance. Resistance determines how much current will flow through a component. Resistors are used to control voltages
Variable Resistors
Variable resistors are also common components. They have a dial or a knob that allows you to change the resistance. This is very useful for many situations. Volume controls are variable resistors. When you change the volume you are changing the resistance which changes the current. Making the resistance higher will let less current flow so the volume goes down. Making the resistance lower will let more current flow so the volume goes up. The value of a variable resistor is given as its highest resistance value. For example, a 500 ohm variable resistor can have a resistance of anywhere between 0 ohms and 500 ohms. A variable resistor may also be called a potentiometer (pot for short).
Switches
Switches are devices that create a short circuit or an open circuit depending on the position of the switch. For a light switch, ON means short circuit (current flows through the switch, lights light up and people dance.) When the switch is OFF, that means there is
A micro switch is a generic term used to refer to an electric switch that is designed to be actuated by the physical motion of mechanical devices and is generally packaged in a small form factor to allow placement in small spaces. They are very common due to their low cost and extreme durability, typically greater than 1 million cycles and up to 10 million cycles for heavy duty models. This durability is a natural consequence of the design.
Transistor
Transistors are basic components in all of today's electronics. They are just simple switches that we can use to turn things on and off. Even though they are simple, they are the most important electrical component. For example, transistors are almost the only components used to build a Pentium processor. A single Pentium chip has about 3.5 million transistors. The ones in the Pentium are smaller than the ones we will use but they work the same way. Transistors that we will use in projects look like this:
The transistor has three legs, the Collector (C), Base (B), and Emitter (E). Sometimes they are labeled on the flat side of the transistor. Transistors always have one round side and one flat side. If the round side is facing you, the Collector leg is on the left, the Base leg is in the middle, and the Emitter leg is on the right.
Capacitor
If you already understand capacitors you can skip this part.
The picture above on the left shows two typical capacitors. Capacitors usually have two legs. One leg is the positive leg and the other is the negative leg. The positive leg is the one that is longer. The picture on the right is the symbol used for capacitors in circuit drawings (schematics). When you put one in a circuit, you must make sure the positive leg and the negative leg go in the right place. Capacitors do not always have a positive leg and a negative leg. The smallest capacitors in this kit do not. It does not matter which way you put them in a circuit. A capacitor is similar to a rechargable battery in the way it works. The difference is that a capacitor can only hold a small fraction of the energy that a battery can. (Except for really big capacitors like the ones found in old TVs. These can hold a lot of charge. Even
The same idea is true when the capacitor is discharging. If the capacitor has been charged to 12 volts and then we connect both legs to ground, the capacitor will start discharging but it will take some time for the voltage to go to 0 volts. Below is a graph of what the voltage is in the capacitor while it is discharging.
We can control the speed of the capacitor's charging and discharging using resistors. Capacitors are given values based on how much electricity they can store. Larger capacitors can store more energy and take more time to charge and discharge. The values are given in Farads but a Farad is a really large unit of measure for common capacitors. In this kit we have 2 33pf capacitors, 2 10uf capacitors and 2 220uF capacitors. Pf means picofarad and uf means microfarad. A picofarad is 0.000000000001 Farads. So the 33pf capacitor has a value of 33 picofarads or 0.000000000033 Farads. A microfarad is 0.000001 Farads. So the 10uf capacitor is 0.00001 Farads and the 220uF capacitor is 0.000220 Farads. If you do any calculations using the value of the capacitor you have to use the Farad value rather than the picofarad or microfarad value.
Voltage regulator
Most digital logic circuits and processors need a 5 volt power supply. To use these parts we need to build a regulated 5 volt source. Usually you start with an unregulated power supply ranging from 9 volts to 24 volts DC. To make a 5 volt power supply, we use a LM7805 voltage regulator IC (Integrated Circuit). The IC is shown below.
The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive lead of your unregulated DC power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin, connect the negative lead to the Ground pin and then when you turn on the power, you get a 5 volt supply from the Output pin. This 5 volt output will be used as Vcc in the following projects. Connect the red wire from the power supply adapter to the input of the 7805. Connect the black wire from the power supply adapter to the ground row (with the blue line beside it). Run a black jumper wire from the ground row to the ground of the 7805. Then use a yellow jumper to connect the 5 volt output to the row of holes with the red stripe beside it. The breadboarded circuit is shown below.
Relay The basis for relays, is the simple electromagnet Connect this to a power source, and it will now grab and hold small pieces of metal. So, herein lies the concept. If we take an electromagnet, it will interact with metals in its vicinity. now lets take this one step further... If we were to place a piece of metal, near the electromagnet, and connect some contacts, so that
The simplest relay, is the Single Pole, Single Throw (spst) relay. It is nothing more than an electrically controlled on-off switch. It's biggest property, is the ability to use a very small current, to control a much larger current. this is desireable because we can now use smaller diameter wires, to control the current flow through a much larger wire, and also to limit the wear and tear on the control switch.
Bread board
To build our projects, we will use a breadboard like the one shown below.
The bread board has many strips of metal (copper usually) which run underneath the board. The metal strips are laid out as shown below.
These strips connect the holes on the top of the board. This makes it easy to connect components together to build circuits. To use the bread board, the legs of components are placed in the holes. The holes are made so that they will hold the component in place. Each hole is connected to one of the metal strips running underneath the hole. Each strip forms a node. A node is a point in a circuit where two components are connected. Connections between different components are formed by putting their legs in a common node. On the bread board, a node is the row of holes that are connected by the strip of metal underneath. The long top and bottom row of holes are usually used for power supply connections. The row with the blue strip beside it is used for the negative voltage (usually ground) and the row with the red strip beside it is used for the positive voltage. The circuit is built by placing components and connecting them together with jumper wires. Then when a path is formed from the positive supply node to the negative supply
Block diagram:
LOAD Display Frequency Power Grid Cutout
Frequency
LCD Display Frequency UP Button Microcontroller Frequency Down button Relay Driver IC Relay, Buzzer
Clock, Reset
Transformer - steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC. Rectifier - converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying. Smoothing - smoothes the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple. Regulator - eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage.
Power supplies made from these blocks are described below with a circuit diagram and a graph of their output: Transformer only Transformer + Rectifier Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator
Transformer only
The low voltage AC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and special AC motors. It is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a rectifier and a smoothing capacitor.
Transformer + Rectifier
The smooth DC output has a small ripple. It is suitable for most electronic circuits.
The regulated DC output is very smooth with no ripple. It is suitable for all electronic circuits.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Deliverables The following are the deliverables of the Project: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. . GUIs made using Microsoft Visual Studio Database using Microsoft Access Executable Files. DLL Files. Help Files.
2 PROJECT ORGANIZATION
2.1 Software Process Model The model used is Classic Life Cycle Model The Project team is meeting once a week to discuss the progress made by each member and to share the relevant information and be documents that have been prepared. The number of meetings may increase during the final semester as the team members will have more time. There are reviews being conducted once a week during the team meetings. A complete technical review will be conducted at the end of the Design Phase. There will be reviews conducted at the completion of every testing phase. 1. leader. The major milestones to be achieved are as follows: Results of research of existing system and discussions with the Project
2.2 Tools and Techniques We will require the following tools: 1. 2. Microsoft Visual Studio 2005. Microsoft Office 2003.
3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT PLAN 3.1 Tasks The following tasks are to be executed:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Requirement Analysis Phase 1 Requirement Analysis Phase 2 Design of System Coding Phase 1 Coding Phase 2 Testing Phase 1 Requirement analysis: 1. Requirement Analysis Phase 1: This will include the research of existing software and a discussion with the Project guide.
Design Phase: The design phase will involve the design of the static view, dynamic view, and the functional view of the software. A number of diagrams including the Use case, class diagram, activity diagram, and data flow diagrams will be used to model the software. Also, the GUIs will be designed during this phase Coding Phase 1: The prerequisite to this phase is the study of Microsoft Visual basic6. After this study, an initial code of the entire project will be written. Also, the database will be created during this phase. Finally, we shall conduct unit tests. Coding Phase 2: This phase will include a review of the code created in Phase 1. After the review, the necessary code and database will be modified to include the results of review. Testing Phase: We shall be following a testing program that will involve unit testing, integration testing, and validation testing. More information will be known after further discussion.
Component List
SR.No
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Description
Transformer 12-0-12V,750mA Diode 1N4007 Capacitor1000uF,25V Voltage regulator IC 7805 Capacitor 1uF LED Resistors Disc capacitors IC Base PCB Wires Solder wire Cabinet Mains cord Transistor BC548 IC 74244 Connector DB25 female Connecting cord parallel port Microcontroller 89S51 LCD (16x2) Relay Contactor Wood Ply Transmission tower Lamp (100Watts) MISC 1 4 1 1 1 1 15 5 5 1 2 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 4
Qty.
60 2 5 10 1 1 1 2 3
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one another and neither one should ignore the fact that some component reed ventilation,
(1) It will never let the grid to fail (2) It is reliable (3) It gives fast response because of use of microcontroller (4) It will prevent huge loss in the grid
(5) system alerts us from change in load variation & frequency variation
(1) It is used in grid (2) It is used for controlling during peak load period (3) It can also be used for industrial purpose (4) It can be used in a system which require high accuracy
Test Equipment:
Multimeter - almost essential for all but the absolute beginner. See the tools section for more information. Power Supply - Also very useful for powering circuits that you are testing. One with a variable voltage up to at least 12V is best. The current rating doesn't need to be that high, 1A maximum is fine for most jobs. If you can afford it then one with an adjustable current limit is useful - set right it can prevent damage to an incorrect circuit, rather than frying it instantly!
Bibiliography
1. Basic Electronics B.Ram 2. Digital Electronics R.P.Jain 3. www.redcircuits.com 4 www.alldatasheet.com. 5.www.elctronicsforu.com