REPRESENTATION

OF THE PLANETS IN INDIAN ASTROLOGY*

by

DAVID PINGREE Beirut

There is in I n d i a a w e l l - k n o w n i c o n o g r a p h i c t r a d i t i o n o f the p l a n e t a r y deities, 1 at first eight in n u m b e r (excluding Ketu), a n d later nine (the navagrahas). Several Purfinas ~ a n d v a r i o u s texts o n ~ilpa~dstra 3 describe these images in detail, a n d a n u m b e r o f early examples s u r v i v e ? These are the images o r d i n a r i l y w o r s h i p p e d a n d p r o p i t i a t e d b y those I n d i a n s w h o believe in the reality o f astrological influences. There is also a s e p a r a t e t r a d i t i o n r e g a r d i n g the i m a g e o f Sfirya, the Sun god, i n t r o d u c e d b y the Z o r o a s t r i a n M a g i 5 a n d Ku.sfi.nas w h o entered

* The author wishes to thank Prof. D. H. H. Ingalls of Harvard University for reading the manuscript of this article and offering several suggestions for its improvement. 1 See W. Jones in Asiatick Researches, 2 (1790), opposite p. 303; E. Moor, The Hindu Pantheon (London, 1810), p. 281 and plate 10; E. Mollien, "Remarques sur cinq zodiaques copi6s dans les pagodes indiennes", M~moires prdsent~s par divers savants d l'Acad~mie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres, 1re s6rie, 3 (1853), 275-276; J. Burgess, "The Navagrahas or Nine Planets and their Names", Indian Antiquary, 33 (1904), 61-66; T. A. Gopinatha Rao, Elements of Hindu leonography, vol. 1 (Madras, 1914), pp. 299-323; J. N. Banerjea, The Development of Hindu Iconography, 2nd ed. (Calcutta, 1956), pp. 443-445; and C. ~ivar~mamfirti in Enciclopedia Universale dell' Arte, vol. 2 (Roma, 1958), cols. 134-138. The most recent work is that of P. Shah, Vi.s.nudharmottara-Pura.na. Third Kha.nd.a, vol. 2 (=Gaekwad's Oriental Series, 137) (Baroda, 1961), pp. 148-151 and 225. A list of other Puffm.as containing descriptions of the planetary images will be found on p. 222. 3 Many of these texts are published by Gopinatha Rao, suppl., pp. 91-100. Besides the many images referred to in the works cited in note 1 a large number of others can be found in the various Annual Reports of the Archaeological Survey of India (e.g., 2, 1902-03, 45, 47, 48, and 205). See also A. Coomaraswamy in Rf~pam, 18 (1924), 67-68 and fig. 6 (this image, despite Coomaraswamy's conjecture, probably never included Ketu) and N. K. Bhattasali, Iconography of Buddhist and Brahmanical Sculptures in the Dacca Museum (Dacca, 1929), pp. 136-137. There may be some Indian influence on the Buddhist iconography of the planets in China, for which see P. W. Meister, "Buddhistische Planetendarstellungen in China", Oriens Extremus, 1 (1954), 1-5. On the Maga Br~man. as (Magi) see R. C. Hazra, Studies in the Upapura.nas, vol. 1 ( = Calcutta Sanskrit College Research Series, 11) (Calcutta, 1958), pp. 29-108.

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DAVID PINGREE

India toward the beginning of the Christian era.6 This Iranian iconography of SOrya strongly influenced the representation of the Sun among the navagrahas, but it also can be found alone both in texts 7 and in stone, s In Sanskrit astrological works, on the other hand, there occur descriptions of the planetary deities which differ completely from the foregoing. These texts delineate not only the physical appearances of these gods, but also their characters. In fact, it is clear that the astrologers intend the description of each planet to apply to the natives who are born under its influence as well as to the planet itself. In a previous article I have shown that the Indian iconography of the Horas and Drek~.nas is derived from that of the Hellenistic Egyptian Decans ;9 it is possible to demonstrate a similar relationship of the Indian characterizations of the planets and their natives to Greek models. There is, however, this difference. Whereas the Indian descriptions of the Hor~s and Drek~m.as are essentially Saivite interpretations of Greek manuscript illustrations, their descriptions of the planets seem not to derive from illustrations at all. The main argument in favor of this supposition is that the planets are allowed to retain their Hellenistic attributes, a fact which indicates that a text was translated (and perhaps expanded) rather than that a drawing was interpreted. The only real peculiarity is the portrayal of Venus and the Moon as masculine deities; this may either be due to their identifications with Sukra and Soma in Indian mythology, or to the fact that the astrologers, while ostensibly describing the planetary gods, in fact are characterizing their (masculine) natives. As was true in the case of the descriptions of the Hor~s and Drek~n. as, the earliest transmitter of the Hellenistic characterizations of the planets to India was the Sanskrit translation of a Greek text on astrology made by Yavane~vara in A.D. 149/150. This text is known only through a versification by Sphujidhvaja, the Yavanajdtaka 1~ of A.D. 269/270. e There was, of course, a Vedic tradition of the appearance of Sfirya; see A. B. Keith,
The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads, vol. 1 (=Harvard Oriental Series, 31), pp. 104-106. But a representation of the Sun god earlier than the Ku.sfi.n

period is not known. 7 E.g., Var~thamihira, B.rhatsa~nhita 57, 46-48. s See J. N. Banerjee, "The Representation of Surya in Brahmanical Art", lndian Antiquary, 54 (1925), 161-171 and T. N. Ramachandran, "An Interesting Sfirya Sculpture from Ko~firka, Orissa", Sar~pa-Bharatf or The Homage of lndology (= Vishveshvaranand Indological Series, 6) (Hoshiarpur, 1954). 9 Journalofthe Warburg and CourtauldInstitutes, 26 (1963), 223-254. 10 1, 123-136; edited from the unique manuscript, 1180 K, in the Durbar Library, Kathmandu.

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251

But it is clear that similar descriptions were transmitted by a second translation from the Greek which was utilized in the now lost astrological poem of Satya (second or third century); Satya's verses are reflected in the V.rddhayavanafiitaka 11 of Minar~ja (fourth century), and in the Laghujdtaka ~2 and B.rhajjdtaka ~3 of Varfthamihira (sixth century). But Var~hamihira has also used the Yavanajdtaka, as has pseudo-P.rthuyagas, who claims to be Varfihamihira's son, in the Hordsdra. TM PseudoParggara (seventh or eighth century) has copied from the B.rhajjdtaka in the Pftrvakhan. d.a of his B.rhatpdrd~arahord~dstra, ~5 while Kaly~m.avarman (c. A.D. 800) has used both the Yavanajdtaka and the B.rhajjdtaka in the relevant verses of the Sdrdvalf. ~6 An anonymous author cited by Sivarfija (fifteenth century) in his Jyotirnibandha ~7 and Mantre~vara (sixteenth century) in the Phaladfpikd ~s rely on Kaly~n.avarman, while Gu.nftkara (fourteenth century?) in his Hordrnakaranda 19 depends on both the B.rhajjdtaka and the Sdrdval~. Less important characterizations of the planets can be found in the Tdjika ~~ of Nilakan.t.ha (who finished the Var.satantra in 1587) and the JOtakdbharan. a ~ of .Dhun.dhir~ja (who wrote in 1628). The most obvious dissimilarity between Sphujidhvaja's verses and those of the later Indian astrologers lies in the order of the planets. By the fourth century in India it had become an unbreakable rule that the planets must be named in the order of their lordships of the weekdays: Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn. Sphujidhvaja was early enough to escape this law, and here arranges the planets n 2, 25-31; edited from the following three manuscripts in the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona: 104 of 1873-74, 211 of 1883-84, and 558 of 1899-1915. ~ 2, 17-25 (pp. 22-23) in the edition published by the Vefikat.egvara Press (Bombay, 1936); 4, 1-7 in the edition of Sit~rgrna Jh~ (Benares, 1948)and in that of Bhgnu~afikara Nl-laka.ntha ,g,cftrya (Bhftvanagara, 1953). t3 2, 8-11 in the edition with the TNft of Utpala lithographed by Mahfideva Gop~la ~stri Amarapurakara (Bombay, 1874). 14 2, 24-30 in the edition of V. Subrahmanya Sastri and M. Ramakrishna Bhat (Bangalore, 1949). 15 2, 13-19 in the Vefikat.egvara Press edition (Bombay, 1951); 3, 23-29 in that of Sit~r~ma Jha (Benares, 1952). 18 4, 21-27 in the editions of Subrahmanya ~gstri (Bombay, 1928), and of Sitfifftma Jhfi (Benares, 1953). I have made a few obvious emendations. 17 Edited by V. G. Apte, Xnand6drama Sanskrit Series, 85 (Poona, 1919), p. 273. t8 2, 8-14 in the edition of V. Subrahmanya Sastri (Bangalore, 1950). 19 2, 9-15 in MS. 1029 of 1886-92 of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona. 20 Edited by Madhuk~nta Jhgt,Haridas Sanskrit Series, 143, (Benares, 1950), pp. 84-87. ~1 Edited by Acyut~nanda Jh~t ~arm~, Haridas Sanskrit Series, 212 (Benares, 1951), pp. 62-64.

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DAVID PINGREE

after the Sun a n d M o o n a c c o r d i n g to the c o m m o n astrological categories o f beneficent (Venus a n d Jupiter), n e u t r a l (Mercury), a n d maleficent ( M a r s a n d Saturn). A t first sight the W e s t e r n m a t e r i a l with which one m i g h t c o m p a r e these S a n s k r i t texts seems c o m p l e t e l y i n a d e q u a t e . F e w images o f the p l a n e t a r y deities 2~ a n d even fewer descriptions o f t h e m 2s have survived f r o m G r e c o - R o m a n a n t i q u i t y ; a n d m o s t o f w h a t does r e m a i n c a n n o t r e a d i l y be c o m p a r e d with the epithets o f S p h u j i d h v a j a a n d Satya, which e m p h a s i z e features n o t easily recognizable in m o s a i c s Or sculpture. But there are in G r e e k a n d L a t i n a s t r o l o g i c a l texts descriptions which c o r r e s p o n d to those o f the I n d i a n s . The oldest o f these is f o u n d in a c h a p t e r on the identification o f thieves in the Pentateuch ~ o f D o r o t h e u s o f S i d o n (first century A . D . ) ; excerpts f r o m this were m a d e b y H e p h a e s t i o o f Thebes (ft. 381), 25 while the A r a b i c t r a n s l a t i o n b y ' U m a r i b n alF a r r u k h f m a.t-Tabari (died c. 200 A . H . o r A . D . 815/816) o f a fifth c e n t u r y r e d a c t i o n o f the t h i r d c e n t u r y P a h l a v i version 26 was utilized b y A b g B a k r al-.Hasan i b n al-K.___bha.sib (ninth century), 27 al-Qabis.i (died

2~ For a discussion of or references to all the material known a decade ago, see H. Stern, Le Calendrier de 354 (Paris, 1953), pp. 178 ft.; see also M. J. Vermaseren, Corpus Inseriptionum et Monumentorum Religionis Mithriaeae (The Hague, 1956), p. 249, no. 677. The illustrations in Medieval Latin manuscripts and some conclusions concerning their relationships to ancient models will be found in the Verzeiehnis astrologiseher und mythologiseher illustrierter Handsehriften des lateinisehen Mittelalters: the first volume, by F. Saxl, deals with manuscripts in the libraries of Rome and the Vatican (Sitzungsberiehte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissensehaften, Philoshist. Klasse, 1915, Abh. 6-7, Heidelberg, 1915); the second, also by F. Saxl, with manuscripts in Vienna (Sitz.-ber. Heidelberger~Akad. Wiss., Philos.-hist. KI., 1925-26, Abh. 2, Heidelberg 1927); and the third, by F. Saxl and H. Meier, with those in English libraries (London, 2 pts., 1953). This important work is being continued by E. Boer. For the use of images of the planets on amulets in antiquity and in Islamic countries, see U. F. Kopp, Palaeographiea eritiea, vol. 3 (Mannheim, 1829), p. 326; J. Ruska, Grieehisehe Planetendarstellungen in arabisehen Steinbiiehern (=Sitz.-ber. Heidelberger Akad. Wiss., Philos.-hist. KI., 1919, Abh. 3) (Heidelberg, 1919); Camlogus Codieum Astrologorum Graeeorum (hereafter CCAG), 10; 76-79; and H. Ritter and M. Plessner, "Pieatrix". Das Ziel des Weisen yon Pseudo-Ma~ri.ti (= Studies of the Warburg Institute, 27) (London, 1962), pp. 114 ft. 28 Besides the usual sources such as Fulgentius and Albricus, see Porphyrius' napi 5Ta)~tctxcov of which the fragments were collected by J. Bidez in his Vie de Porphyre (Gand-Leipzig, 1913), appendix 1. :4 5, 37 in the Arabic translation; f. 63 of MS 784 of Yeni Jami, Istanbul. 2~ 2, 2 in CCAG, 8, 2; 57-59 (cf. 8, 1; 147) and in V. Stegemann, Die Fragmente des Dorotheos yon Sidon (=Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur des Altertums und des Mittelalters, Reihe B, Heft 1), 2 pts. (Heidelberg, 1939-43), fr. 25a. 2~ See Isis, 54 (1963), 230 fn. 10 and 241 fn. 97. 2~ Dorotheus, fr. 25c Stegemann.

REPRESENTATION OF THE PLANETS IN INDIAN ASTROLOGY

253

356 A.H. or A.D. 966/967), 28 'Ali ibn abi 'r-Rij~l (died after 432 A.H. or A.D. 1040/1041), 29 and an unknown Byzantine author? ~ Related to this Dorothean tradition are passages in Ptolemy's (second century) Tetrabiblos on the influence of the five star-planets on the bodies 31 and souls z2 of natives and in Firmicus Maternus' (ft. 334-337) Mathesis. sa Both of these, however, contain additions to Dorotheus' text, some of which are paralleled in the Yavanajdtaka. Some of these additions are also found attributed to Pythagoras in some Greek manuscripts, s4 and in others they are incorporated in a longer treatise which pretends to be derived from an Egyptian source? s This "Pythagorean" or "Egyptian" text was combined with Hephaestio's quotations from Dorotheus by Rhetorius of Egypt (early sixth century)? 6 Outside of both these traditions, but to some extent similar to the "Pythagorean", are two short documents, one ascribed to an unknown Anatolius, 3r the other tentatively (and undoubtedly wrongly) to Heliodorus? s Finally, one must mention the planetary iconography in the temples of the ".Sfibians" of .Harran known from several descriptions in Arabic sources, z~ as it was thought by Saxl to preserve an ancient Babylonian tl~adition. 4~ With this can also be compared the descriptions of the planetary images of the "Sipasians" in the Dabistdn of Moshan Fani. ~
Dorotheus, ft. 1 Stegemann. Dorotheus, fr. 25d Stegemann. Dorotheus, fr. 25b Stegemann. 3, 12, 3-7 Boll-Boer. 3, 14, 10-36 Boll-Boer. 4, 19, 5-35. 34 C C A G , 11, 2; 124-125. 35 C C A G , 12; 125-126. 36 C C A G , 7; 213-224. 37 C C A G , 8, 3; 188. 38 C C A G , 8, 4; 240. One may also mention the work of Teucer of Babylon (first century A.D.), which was one of the sources of Vettius Valens (1, 1) and of the chapter of Rhetorius cited above. This, however, is concerned almost exclusively with the natives' activities and occupations, not their appearances or characters. Similar to Teucer's text is that ascribed to Abfi Ma'shar (787-886) in Greek manuscripts ( C C A G , 11, 1; 178-184). 39 See D. Cbwolsohn, Die Ssabier nnd der Ssabismus (St. Petersburg, 1856), vol. 2, pp. 382 ff. and M. D o z y and J. de Goeje, "Nouveaux documents pour l'6tude de la religion des Harranians", Aetes du sixikme eongrks international des orientalistes, tenu en 1883 ~ Leide, pt. 2 (Leyden, 1885), pp. 281-366; with the latter compare "Pieatrix", pp. 146-147. 40 F. Saxl, "Beitrfige zu einer Geschichte der Planetendarstellungen im Orient und im Okzident", Der Islam, 3 (1912), 151-177. 41 Translated by D. Shea and A. Troter, 3 vols. (Paris, 1843) (see vol. 1, pp. 35-41); an abridgement appeared in Washington and London.in 1901 (see pp. 22-25). Nothing
28 29 30 31 82 33

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DAVID PINGREE

Unfortunately, though there are cuneiform texts which describe the images of some divine beings, ~2none of the planetary deities is represented; and the little that is known of the iconography of the Mesopotamian gods who were associated with the planets ~8 does not correspond with what is described as having been in .Harrfin. It is likely, of course, that the Hellenistic characterizations of the natives born under the influences of the planets are in part borrowings from Babylonian astrology, but we are not yet in a position to determine the extent of this influence. Surely many particulars of the images supposedly erected by the "S~bians" and "Sipasians" and those described elsewhere in Islamic sources are derived from the Indian tradition investigated in this paper. In the following pages I give the more important Sanskrit texts and translations thereof. The words underlined with a solid line in the V.rddhayavanajdtaka, B.rhajjdtaka, Laghujdtaka, and Sdrdvali correspond to words in the Yavanajdtaka; those italicized represent ideas similar to those in the Yavanajdtaka. In an appendix I list the parallels to the adjectives of Sphujidhvaja and Satya which I have found in the Hellenistic characterizations of the natives born under the influence of each planet. The planetary melothesia and dos.as which appear in these texts will be discussed in detail in my edition of the Yavanajdtaka.

Yavanajdtaka 44
s~rya.h surfipo m.rdukuficitNpasrastgtntakegag c a t u < r a > s r a g g t r a . h ] madhvfiyatfiks,o yavanendrakalpe prataptaefimikaradiptamfartih.//123 gambhiradhiraprak.rti .h pracan..da.h ggra.h sthiro duhprasaho 'sthisgra.h /

svarfipo yavanendrakalpah. gfirasthiko new is added by J. Burgess, "The Planetary Iconography of the Sipasians, according to the Dabistan", Indian Antiquary, 41 (1912), 99-100. 42 F. Kticher, "Der babylonische G/Sttertypentext", Mitteilungen des Instituts fiir Orientforschung, 1 (1953), 57-107. ~3 See, e.g., G. Furlani, La religione babilonese e assira (Bologna, 1928), vol. 1, pp. 167-168 (Shamash, the Sun); pp. 158-160 (Sin, the Moon); pp. 226-227 (Ninurta, Saturn); p. 205 (Marduk, Jupiter); p. 249 (Nergal, Mars); pp. 179-180 (Ishtar, Venus); and pp. 241-242 (Nabfl, Mercury). ~ The variants in the apparatus criticus are from the unique Nepalese manuscript. Letters enclosed within pointed brackets < > have been supplied by me.

REPRESENTATIONOF THE PLANETSIN INDIAN ASTROLOGY viguddhaj ftmbfmadapiflgar omgt mukhyo mahojfts tvaritograkarmft// 124 candra.h prasannftmbuvapu.h surQpah. snigdha.h sita.h kuficitasflk.smakegah. / vigfdanetra.h samacftrudeha .h kanto yuvft saumyaviguddhamflrti.h //125 prftjfia.h k.sami mfmavasam,yaffttmft priyopacgro ratiraktabhf~va.h / snigdhfibhidhfmo mr.duvalguhftsi viguddhavftsft gubhad.rg vilftsi / / 126 gukro vilgsi nayanftbhirftmo vi~Navaktr ftk.sikapolavaks. ft.h / susnigdhasGks, m~sitakuficiffmtavyglambakego rajatftvadftta.h// 127 gurupralamborubhuj odarftm,so vicitramalyftmbaracft < ru > rGpa .h / gukrftdhiko vftditan.rttagitasaubhftgyall-l~ratikfimavagya.h / / 128 b.rhaspatir dantasuvarn, agauro vigfdapinonnatahrasvadeha .h / gambhirabhft.si madhud.rs.t.iromfi buddhism.rtisthairyadh.rtipradh~na.h / / 129 vedftflgayajfiagrutinitidharmakftvyakriy~sam,grayanir .nayes.u / sunigcito duh prasaho 'timedg.h guklambaro baddhajat.ordhvamGrdh~ / / 130 budhas tu sampGrn,aviguddhabuddhir dflrvNakagyftmatanu.h sunetra.h / k~tvyakriyft~ilpakalftpr adhfmo vilftsahftsyadimanobhirgtma.h//131

255

10

15

20

25

30 2 3 10 11 12 13 18 19 23 25 26 28

mfarkhyo prasannavuvapu .h snigdh~thidh~mo ~ubhadh~t nayalobhirSmo vigalavakr~tk.sikapolavak.sa .h saubhfigyalil~ratikfimavasya dvfintasuvarnagauro ved~flgayajfiagrutanitidharma du.spasahotimedhal.a vaddhajatorddhamfirddha durv~davagyamatanu .h

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DAVID PINGREE pftl~t~avas~t.h k.rgahinav.rttas tvaksftradeha.h sphut.ah.rs.t.avftkya.h / calasvabhftvo m.rdumadhyarfipa .h parasvabhftvo < v i > g a f f t t m a b h f i v a h . / / 132 aflgftraka .h kuficitadiptakegas tik.s.na.h pracan..da.h kapilogramfirti.h / rakffmtacak.sur jvalitanalfibha .h salpvegavikrfmtakum~rabhi.sma.h / / 133 hrasvas tanu.h snigdhanakho d.r.dhftflgo majjfidhika.h spa.st.avi~uddhavgkya.h / ~Oro vadhadfinavighfita~ilo raktambara.h sfthasaviryakarmft / / 134 ~anaigcara.h piflgagabhirad.r .st.ir bali girobhafigatarafigit~flga.h / dirgho 'sitasthfilakharograke~o vivarn, abhinnair da~anair nakhai~ c a / / 1 3 5 k.sudro 'tiraudraprak.rti.h kukarm~ pradve.sa~ila.h pi~uno niyanfft / k.r.s.nftmbaras tyaktamudo 'fijanftbhal.a k.rgo 'lasa.h snftyunidhfinasftra.h / / 136

10

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20 2 8 9 11 18 19 20

tvatmfiradehft.h sphu~adyu.s~avfikyah sambhogavikrfintakumftrava.sm~ hrasvastanah. grurau pradvesagilg.h tyaktam.rdo sngyutimatras~tra .h

123. The Sun is a handsome, square-limbed man, whose sparse hair is soft and curly and has loose ends. His eyes are sweet and wide in the description of Yavane~vara; his body gleams like molten gold. 124. It is his nature to be inscrutable and firm; he is a fierce, steadfast hero who is hard to assail, a powerful leader whose body-hair is yellow like purified gold and whose deeds are swift and cruel. His essence is of bone. 125. The Moon is white, shining, and handsome, with an appearance like that of smooth waters. His hair is fine and curly, his eyes wide, and his body beautiful in its symmetry; he is a youthful lover with a charming and spotless form. 126. He is wise, patient, and fond of courtesy, controlling himself in accordance with the laws of Manu. Speaking kindly and clothed in spotless garments, the playful Moon with pleasing eyes laughs softly and sweetly. His nature is of the (woman's) blood in sexual intercourse. 127. Venus is graceful, having pleasing eyes and broad face, eyes, cheeks, and chest. He shines like silver, his smooth, fine, black hair hanging down with curly ends.

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128. His thighs, arms, belly, and shoulders are heavy and drooping; his body is made beautiful by bright-colored garments and garlands. He is subject to the influence of instrumental music, dancing, singing, beauty, sport, sexual intercourse, and love. His essence is of semen. 129. Jupiter is yellow like ivory and gold and has a short, broad, fleshy, erect body. He speaks deeply, and his eyes and body-hair are sweet. He is pre-eminent in intelligence, memory, firmness, and resoluteness. 130. He shows determination in decisions relating to the Vedic sciences, sacrifices, sacred learning, politics, law, and the composition of poetry. Clad in white and with his hair tied up, matted, and upright, he is hard to assail. His essence is of fat. 131. Mercury's intellect is full and pure, his body dark as d0rvg-grass, and his eyes handsome. He is pre-eminent in the composition of poetry, in craftsmanship, and in the arts, and is charming because of his gracefulness, laughter, and so forth. 132. He is clothed in green; he is weak, defective(?), and rotund. His speech is clear and cheerful, his body soft and of medium size. He has an unstable nature, taking on the characters of others and allowing his own to disappear. His essence is of skin. 133. Mars is a hot and passionate man with flaming curly hair and a terrible red body. The corners of his eyes are bloodshot, and he shines like blazing fire; he is powerful in his vehemence and terrifying like Kum~ra. 134. He is short and slender, with shining finger-nails and firm limbs. His speech is clear and pure. He is a hero, used to killing, taking, and opposing; clothed in red, he commits acts of violence and strength. His essence is of marrow. 135. Saturn has brown, inscrutable eyes. He is strong, but his head hangs down and his limbs tremble(?). He is tall and has thick, black, rough, and dreadful hair, and nails and teeth which are discolored and broken. 136. He is mean and very irascible; his actions are evil. Accustomed to hatred, he is a malicious master. In his black garments and looking like afijana, thin and lazy Saturn has abandoned joy. His essence is of sinew.

V.rddhayavanajdtaka
pitt~dhiko raktanakha.h surfipa.h kanyftdhipas fftmranakha.h suvaktra.h / bhaven naro bh~skaraviryayogfit tivrapratgpi parahdn sadaiva / / 2 5 buddhyfidhika[1 g~strapara.h k.rtajfia.h gle.smfidhiko dirghatanu.h prasanna.h sulocanal.a satyarata.h suk~mtig candrasya viryfin manuja.h pradi.s.ta.h / / 2 6

258

DAVID PINGREE p~pa.h k.rtaghna.h puru.sa.h ku~ilo hi .msra.h kunetrah, kunakha.h pradi.st.ah / krauryapriyo durvi.saha.h prakftmi bhaumasya virye.na bhaved asattva.h / / 2 7 sunapadeha.h subhaga.h sugila.h priya .mvada.h gfistrapara.h k.rtajfiah / gaura.h sudhimfi p.rthug~traya.s.tir jfiaviryata.h sampravadanti martya.h / / 2 8 sucarugatra.h pran.ata.h prat~tpi sudirghagfttra.h kaphakrt sadaiva / vidy~dhika.h satyaparo manasvi surejyaviryat satata .m nayajfiab / / 2 9 gharrnftl.ngudiptir manujo 'tidfrghal.~ kaphfttmakab prgptayaga.h sadaiva / nirogadeha.h priyasfthasag ca gukrasya virye.na bhavet suddrah. //30 suk.r.s.nadeha.h prakhalo 'tihrasvo hi .msra.h sadft drohapara.h prajfi.nft .m / vidyavihina.h satata .m kucailo viryfic chane.h sampravadanti martya.h / / 3 1

25. Under the influence of the Sun is bolna a handsome man with coppery red finger-nails and a fair face, one who has many mistresses. His brilliance is intense. He is always slaying others. He is bilious. 26. Under the influence of the Moon is born a man of superior intellect who is devoted to the sciences. He is a tall man with handsome eyes and great beauty, one who is calm and grateful and who delights in the truth. He is phlegmatic. 27. Under the influence of Mars is born an evil man with no gratitude and with bad manners; his eyes and his nails are ugly. He is savage, fond of cruelty, and irresistable, he is lascivious and without goodness. 28. Under the influence of Mercury, they say, is born a handsome and pleasant man with good manners, one who speaks kindly and is grateful. He is an intelligent person devoted to the sciences, pale and with a broad body. 29. Under the influence of Jupiter is born a handsome, majestic, long-limbed man who stoops, an intelligent person of superior wisdom devoted to the truth, one who always knows how to behave. He is phlegmatic. 30. Under the influence of Venus is born a tall man who shines like the Sun; he always attains glory and is fond of violence. He is healthy and has a good wife. He is phlegmatic. 31. Under the influence of Saturn, they say, is born a short man whose body is very black and whose clothes are ugly; he is a great rogue, savage, always intent on injuring people, and without Wisdom.

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B.rhajjdtaka
madhupiflgalad.rk caturasratanu.h pittaprak.rti .h savitNpakaca .h / tanuv.rttatanur bahuv~takapha.h prgjflag ca gagi rnrduvak gubhad.rk// 8 krarad.rk taru.namflrtir uddra.h paittika.h sucapala.h k.rgamadhya.h / ~li.st.avdk satatahgsyarucir jfial3 pittamfirutakaphaprak.rtig c a / / 9 br.hattanuh, pihgalamardhajeksano b.rhaspatih gre.s.thamati .h kaphfttmaka .h/ bh.rgu.h sukhi kgntavapu.h sulocana.h kaphanilgtmftsitavakramflrdhaja.h

I/lo
m a n d o 'lasa.h kapilad.rk k.rgadirghagfitra.h sthOladvija.h paru.saromakaco 'nil~ttmfi / 8. The Sun has pleasant brown eyes,4n is square-limbed, and has scanty hair. He is bilious. The Moon has a thin, round body, is clever, speaks softly, and has pleasing eyes. He is flatulent and phlegmatic. 9. Mars has fierce eyes and a youthful body, and he is generous. He is bilious. Mercury is very fickle and is weak and of medium size. 4~ He speaks with a stammer, 47 and always shines with laughter. He is bilious, flatulent, and phlegmatic. 10. Jupiter has a large body and brown hair and eyes, and thinks of the best things. 48 He is phlegmatic. Venus is happy and handsome; his eyes are fair and his hair black and curly. He is phlegmatic and flatulent. 11. Saturn is lazy; his eyes are brown, his body weak and tall, his teeth large, and the hair on his head and body rough. He is flatulent.

Laghujdtaka
caturasro nfityuccas tanukega.h paittiko 'sthisgrag ca / gfiro madhupiflgftk.so rakta.h gygma.h p.rthug cgrka.h // 1 svaccha.h prfijfio gaurag capala.h kaphavfttiko rudhirasgrag ca / m.rduvftg gh.r.ni priyasakhas tanuv.rttag candram~.h prft .mgu.h / / 2 hi.msro hrasvas tarun.a.h piflg~k.sa.h paittiko dur~dhar.sa.h / capala.h saraktagauro majjfisgrag ca m f i h e y a . h / / 3 madhyamar0pa.h priyavgg dfirvfi@ftma.h gir~tato nipun, a.h /

madhv~yat~k.sa.

4~ Utpala takes this to mean "having eyes like honey"; cf. Dorotheus in the note to

46 Utpala, taking sucapala.h k.r~amadhya.h to refer to Mars, asserts that the latter adjective means "having a slender waist". 4~ So Utpala; it could also mean "speaks in puns". 48 Utpala glosses ~re.sthamati with dharmdnugaprq/~a "whose intellect serves righteousness".

260

DAVID PINGREE

tvaks~ras tristhfm.a.h satata .m h.r.st.as tu candrasuta.h / / 4 m a d h u n i b h a n a y a n o matimfm upacitamfi .msa.h kaphfitmako gaura.h ' f.satpihgalakego medabs~ro gurur dirgha.h / / 5 ~y~mo vik.r.staparvg ku.til~sitamflrdhaja.h sukhi kfmtab / kaphav~tiko madhuravfig bhrguputra.h gukrasfira~ ca / / 6 kr~adirgha.h piflg[tk.sa.h kr.s.nah, piguno 'laso 'nilaprak.rti.h / sth01anakhadantarom[t ganaigcara.h snftyus~rag c a / / 7 1. The Sun is square and not too tall; his hair is sparse, his eyes sweet and brown (or brown like honey); he is a handsome hero, broad and of a red complexion. He is bilious; his essence is of bone. 2. The Moon is bright and pale yellow, a tall, slender, round man who is wise but fickle. He speaks softly and is merciful and fond of his friends. He is phlegmatic and flatulent; his essence is of blood. 3. Mars is a short youth, red and yellow with brown eyes; he is savage, fickle, and unassailable. He is bilious; his essence is of marrow. 4. Mercury is a man of medium build, dark as dfirv[t-grass and covered with veins; he is clever, speaks kindly, and is always happy. He has all three do~as (bile, phlegm, and wind); his essence is of skin. 5. Jupiter is a tall, pale, fleshy man with eyes like honey and hair slightly brown; he is wise. He is phlegmatic; his essence is of fat. 6. Venus is handsome with extended limbs and black, curly hair, a sweetspeaking and joyful lover. He is phlegmatic and flatulent; his essence is of semen. 7. Saturn is a tall, black man, feeble and lazy, with brown eyes and coarse nails, teeth, and body-hair; he is malicious. He is flatulent; his essence is of sinew.

Sdrdvali 49
svalp~kuficitamfirdhaja.h pa.tumatir mukhyasvarflpasvaro n~ttyucco madhupiflgac~runayana.h gfirah, pracan.d.a.h sthirah. / raktagyftmatanur nigO.dhacara.nah, pittftsthisftro mahgn gambhirag caturasrakah, prthukara.h kausumbhavgsgt ravi.h / / 2 1 saumya.h kfintavilocano madhuravfig gaurah, k.rg~tflgo yuvft pr~n.a~u.h sfik.smanikuficifftsitakacah, prftjfio mrduh, sfttvika.h / cftrur v~ttakaphgtmaka.h priyasakho raktaikasftro gh.r.ni v.rddhastri.su ratag calo 'tisubhaga.h gubhrftmbara~ candramft.h // 22 hrasva.h piflgalalocano d.r.dhavapur dipt~gnik[mtig calo majj[tvan arun.Sxnbara.h pat.utara.h gt~rag ca ni.spannav~k / hi msrah, kuficitadiptakegatarun.a.h pitffttmakas t~tmasag 49 The third, fifth, and sixth verses, describing Mars, Jupiter, and Venus, are quoted by Rudra in his commentary on B.rhajjdtaka 2, 10.

REPRESENTATION OF THE PLANETS IN INDIAN ASTROLOGY

26l

ca.n.da.h s~hisiko vigh~takugala.h sa .mraktagaura.h k u j a . h / / 2 3 raktgnt~yatalocano m a d h u r a v g g dOrv~tdalagyfimalas tvaks~tro 'tirajodhika.h sphutavac~t.h sphitas trido.s~tmaka.h / hrs..to m a d h y a m a r f i p a v g n sunipun.o v.rtta.h ~ifftbhis tata.h sarvasy~mukaroti ve.savacanai.h pN~avfis~t budha.h / / 2 4 Lsatpifigalaloeana.h ~rutidharal) si .mh~cchan~da.h sthira.h satv~d, hya.h suviguddhakSfieanavapu.h pinonnatorasthala.h / hrasvo d h a r m a r a t o vinitanipm.m baddhotkatdtk.sal) k.sami sy~t pftdmbaradh.rk k a p h ~ t m a k a t a n u r meda.hpradh~no guru.h // 25 c~rur dirghabhuja.h p.rthfiruvadana.h gukrfidhika.h kfintim~m k r.sn.~kuficitasak.smalambitakaco d~rv~dalagyfimala.h / kgmi vfttakaphfitmako 'tisubhaga2 citrfimbaro rfijaso lilfiv~n matimdn vi~Nanayana.h sthfil~ .msade~a.h s i t a . h / / 2 6 piflggnimnavilocanah, k.r~atanur dirghah, sirfilo 'lasah. kr.sn,dnga.h p a v a n ~ t m a k o 'tipi~unah. snftyvfitato nirgh.r.na.h / mfirkha.h sthfilanakhadvijo 'timalino rfik.so 'gucis fftmaso raudra.h k r o d h a p a r o jargparin.ata.h k.r.s.n~tmbaro b h f i s k a r i . h / / 2 7 2l. The Sun is a large, square-built man with sparse, curly hair and sweet, beautiful, brown eyes; he has the form and voice of a leader. His body is red and dark, his feet covered, his hands wide; he is not too tall, and wears saffroncolored garments. He is a firm and fierce hero, clever and inscrutible. He is bilious, and his essence is of bone. 22. The Moon is a handsome, charming youth, pale and slight-limbed with lovely eyes, a sweet voice, and short, black, curly hair; he is a tall man in white raiments. A fickle person taking pleasure in old women, he is gentle and pleasant, compassionate and fond of his friends; he is intelligent. He is flatulent and phlegmatic, has a nature of sattva (goodness), and an essence of blood. 23. Mars is a short, firm-limbed hero with brown eyes, a reddish-yellow youth with flashing, curly hair and red garments, brilliant as blazing fire; he is a fickle man, rather clever, and an accomplished speaker. He is vicious, fierce, violent, and skillful in committing murder. He is bilious, has a nature of tamas (darkness), and an essence of marrow. 24. Mercury is fat, rotund, of medium size, and covered with veins; he is as dark as dQrv~-grass and has wide eyes with red corners. A happy man, he speaks sweetly and clearly and is very clever; dressed in green, he imitates everyone with hypocritical words. He has all three do.sas, a nature of rajas (passion), and an essence of skin. 25. Jupiter is a short, firm man with slightly brown eyes, a fat, raised chest, and large eyes which stare steadfastly; he wears a yellow garment, and his appearance is like that of pure gold. His roar is as clear as a lion's. He is wellbehaved and clever, delighting in righteousness and possessing sacred learning, a man of forbearance. He is phlegmatic, has a nature of sattva (goodness), and an essence of fat.

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DAVID PINGREE

26. Venus is a handsome and lovely lover, as dark as dt~rv~-grass, with long arms, broad hips and face, short, black, curly, and pendent hair, wide eyes, and thick shoulders; wearing bright garments, he is pleasant and playful, and he is wise. He is flatulent and phlegmatic, has a nature of rajas (passion), and an essence of semen. 27. Saturn is a tall, feeble man bent over with age who has black limbs, deep brown eyes, coarse nails and teeth, and large veins; his clothes are black, and he is very dirty and unclean. He is stupid and lazy, rough and pitiless, fierce and angry. He is flatulent, has a nature of tamas (darkness), and an essence of sinew.

APPENDIX

The Sun surftpa "handsome". Cf. Dorotheus (in Hephaestio), sbsK~o6v'cag; Firmicus, decoros; "Pythagoras", ebstSsig and d~pa[ovg; Anatolius,
sbstS~l.

caturasragdtra "square-limbed". Cf. Dorotheus (in Hephaestio), sfiTpaq0s(g; Dorotheus (in Arabic), musamman "fat", with which compare prthu " b r o a d " in the Laghujdtaka. madhvdyatdk.sa "having sweet and wide eyes". Cf. Dorotheus (in Arabic), qad khdlat. 'ainihi sufra "there is yellow color in his eyes", with which compare madhupihgalad.rk in the B.rhajjdtaka, madhuph)gdks.a in the Laghujdtaka, and madhupihgacdrunayana in the Sdrdvalf. cdm~karad?ptamftrti "having a body which gleams like gold". The Sun is naturally associated everywhere with gold; I refer here only to Dorotheus, ZpocratWflg. 5~ He is also associated with red; compare raktanakha "having red nails" of the V.rddhayavanajdtaka and rakta " r e d " of the Laghujdtaka with Dorotheus (in Arabic), ah.mar "red". gambhiradh?raprak.rti "having an inscrutable and firm nature". Cf. Firmicus, cordatos. ~gtra.h sthira "steadfast hero". Cf. Firmicus, inflato superbiae spiritu sublevatos. vi~uddhajambgmadapihgaromd "having body-hair as yellow as purified gold". Cf. Firmicus, quorum caput flavo capillorum crine lucescat. mahoja.h "powerful". Cf. Firmicus, efficaces. tvaritograkarmd "whose deeds are swift and cruel". Cf. "Pythagoras",
xaXs~g; Anatolius, x ~ Z f x a ~ .

~o CCAG, 1; 172 and fr. 2a Stegemann.

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263

The Moon surftpa "handsome". Cf. Dorotheus (in Arabic), sabf.h an-na.zar "comely in appearance"; Firmicus, quos honesta corporis pulchritudo condecoret. sita (cf. viguddhavdsd) "white". Cf. Dorotheus (in Arabic), abya.d "white"; "Pythagoras", Leuno;~p6ot~g. viAdlanetra (cf. ~ubhad.rk) "having wide eyes". Cf. "Pythagoras", ~6oq~O~,~ovg. samacdrudeha "having a body beautiful in its symmetry". Cf. Dorotheus (in Hephaestio), ~6~tp~coog; "Pythagoras", e60~oug navl:i "cO ~ycblxct~:t. kdnta "lover". Cf. "Pythagoras", 61at~.t~obgnp6g 7vva~ctg. saumyavi~uddhamftrti "having a charming and spotless form". Cf. "Pythagoras", ebpO0povg. ks.am[ (cf. mdnavasam,yatdtmd) "patient". Cf. Dorotheus (in Hephaestio), e6r@6zoug; Firmicus, stabiles ordinatos. priyopacara "fond of courtesy". Cf. "Pythagoras", ~ctko~uvfl0etg, sbnpo~Skxzovg. satyarata "delighting in truth" (from the V.rddhayavanajdtaka). Cf. Firmicus, honestos.

Venus vildsi "graceful". Cf. Dorotheus (in Hephaestio), ~13po6g; Dorotheus (in Arabic), .sabi.h "comely"; Firmicus, delectabiles gratos venustos; "Pythagoras", ~ntZap~g. nayandbhirdma "having p/easing eyes". Cf. Dorotheus (in Hephaestio), s66nxovg; Dorotheus (in Arabic), .hasan al-'ainfn "having beautiful eyes"; Ptolemy, "robg &p0aXpobg rtot~i /a~z~ zo~ ~6~p~no~g 6no~porcofg; Firmicus, habebunt oculos grato venustatis splendore fulgentes. vi~alavaktrdk.sikapolavak.sa.h (cf. gurupralamborubhujodardm, sa) "having broad face, eyes, cheeks, and chest". Cf. Dorotheus (in Arabic), ghhal# "hulking", musamman "fat"; Ptolemy, ~ni z6 ebxvpbrepov. susnigdhasftk.smdsitaku~citdntavydlambakega "whose smooth, fine, black hair hangs down with curly ends". Cf. Dorotheus (in Arabic), kabir sha'r ar-ra's "having thick hair on his head"; Firmicus, spissis eapillis aut molliter flex& aut grata pulehritudinis venustate eompositis aut erispis erinium faeit bostryehis eomatos. rajatdvaddta "shining like silver". Cf. Dorotheus (in Arabic), abyad.

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DAVID PINGREE

al-khadd wal-laun "white in his cheeks and complexion"; Firmicus, corpus ... eandidum; Rhetorius, ~,su~o[; Anatolius, ~suK6ZOoa. Often one finds a yellowish color prescribed: of. Dorotheus (in Hephaestio), ZPUa~l; Dorotheus (in Arabic), qad khdlat, bay&diM al-h.umra "there is redness mixed with his whiteness"; "Pythagoras", gsLt~p6oug. vicitramdtly~imbaracdrur@a "whose body is made beautiful by brightcolored garlands and garments". Cf. Firmicus, diadematibus aut aureis coronarum infulis coronatos. vaditan.rttagftasaubhdgyal~ldratikdmava~ya "subject to the influence of instrumental music, dancing, singing, beauty, sport, sexual intercourse, and love". Cf. Firmicus, quorum vita animus et institutum musieis semper delectationibus inhaerescat; amatores; qui venerios coitus crebro cupiditatis ardore desiderent; Ptolemy, ~ptLopzrl~Zdg, q~t)~o'c~Zvoug; "Pythagoras", kto~at~o6g, ~pco~t~:o6~,~tq)po~izo~g, 9t)~ot)kt~vou~ ~tdt)~t~x~tb~b 7vv~tt~v. praptayMa.h "having attained glory" (from the V.rddhayavanajdtaka). Cf. Firmicus, claros. atidfrgha "very tall" (from the ~rddhayavanajataka). Cf. Firmicus, corpus.., longum. madhuravdk "sweet-speaking" (from the Laghujdtaka), Cf. Firmicus, vocabiles.

Jupiter dantasuvarn, agaura (of. guklambara) "yellow like ivory and gold". CL Dorotheus (in Hephaestio), LsuKo6g; Dorotheus (in Arabic), abya.d "white"; Ptolemy, LsuKobg ~rt~ ~b e~JZpouv; Firmicus, erit ipsa corporis forma munda formosa candida. vi~alap~nonnatahrasvadeha "having a short, broad, fleshy, and erect body". Cf. Dorotheus (in Hephaestio), sbtr&p~:o~g; Dorotheus (in Arabic), musamman "fat"; Firmicus, corpus vero eorum media moderatione componitur. With Minafftja's sudirghagdtra "long-limbed" compare Ptolemy and "Pythagoras", sbbts7~0atg. madhud.r.st.iromd "having sweet eyes and body-hair". Cf. Firmicus, pulchris oculis. The same thing is hinted at by Dorotheus (in Hephaestio), gsya~,oq~06tXIxoug; Dorotheus (in Arabic), 'az.fm al-'ainfn "having large eyes". Varahamihira's pihgalamftrdhajeks.an.a (Brhajj6taka) and i.satpihgalake~a (Laghujdtaka) are misunderstandings of this; for he takes madhu to be equal to piitgala (cf. also the description of the Sun).

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265

buddhism.rtisthairyadhrtipradhdna "pre-eminent in intelligence, memory, firmness, and resoluteness". Cf. Firmicus, quibusfides semper habeatur; fixo gradu vestigia ponentes; in omnibus aetibus suis nobiles gloriosos honestos; Ptolemy, crsgvo~3g; "Pythagoras", 6~tmlxcm~:o6g. vedd~gayajhadrutidharmakdvyakriydsa .mdrayanirn.aye.su sunideita "showing determination in decisions relating to the Vedic sciences, sacrifices, sacred learning, politics, law, and the composition of poetry". Cf. Dorotheus (in Hephaestio), 67~0obg -c~ ~96n~; Dorotheus (in Arabic), akhldqiMm wa da'atiMm .hasana "their characters and composure are good"; Ptolemy, 0eo~8~8~g; Firmicus, qui bene semper faeere eonsueverint; "Pythagoras", 6~,a0o6g, ~ctkocmg~o6Lovg. du.hprasaha "hard to assail". Cf. Firmicus, imperiosos. baddhajat.ordhvamf~rdha "whose hair is tied up, matted, and upright". Cf. Ptolemy, ge~6xgtZag; Firmicus, spissis eapillorum erinibus adornantur. prat@~ "majestic" (from the V.rddhayavanajdtaka). Cs Firmicus, magni animi magna appetentes gloriosos nobiles.

Mercury samparn,aviduddhabuddhi "whose intellect is full and pure". Cf. Ptolemy, Gowzo6G 67Zivoug, VO~llXOV~tg;Firmicus, eordatos ingeniosos. dftrvdlakadydmatanu (cf. pdlddavdsd) "whose body is dark like dfirv~tgrass". Cf. Dorotheus (in Hephaestio), cbzpo6g; Dorotheus (in Arabic), mu.sfarr "pale"; Ptolemy, ~teMZpoag (if Eastern), ge~.avog~,cbpoug (if Western); Firmicus, quorum faeiem tenuis pallor lividet. sunetra "having handsome eyes". Cf. Ptolemy, atTorco6g; Firmicus, oeulos vero ornat pulehritudinis honestate. kdvyakriyddilpakal@radhdna "pre-eminent in the composition of poetry, in craftsmanship, and in the arts". Cf. Ptolemy, rto~u~zogag; Firmicus, poetas; cuneta diseentes; omnium artium diseere seereta eupientes; "Pythagoras", ~6ypag~t~ztcr~t~voug;Anatotius, g~toocr(og~vct, ~6xoTra~Seu~. vildsahdsyddimanobhirdma "pleasing the mind with his gracefulness, laughter, and so forth". Cf. Ptolemy, eb960got~g; Firmicus, graeile. krdaMnav.rtta "weak, defective, and rotund". Cf. Dorotheus (in Hephaestio), ioZvo6g; Dorotheus (in Arabic), qa.dif "slender", mahz~l "weak"; Ptolemy, to%vo6q, ozctvo6g. sphut.ahr.st.avcikya "whose speech is clear and cheerful". Cf. Firmicus,

266

DAVID PINGREE

oratores; affiuentia grati sermon& ornatos; faeundos; "Pythagoras", ~v x~ )~ystv ~tZs~g; sO~)~oug; r~o~u)~6)~oug;Anatolius, sGkoya. ealasvabhdva (cf. parasvabhava and vigat6tmabhdva) "having an unstable nature". Cf. Dorotheus (in Arabic), laisa mustaqfm al-fikra "he is not straight in his thinking"; Ptolemy, s6ge~a136)~oug, dta-cdzoug, ~rl)~O~xtKo6g;"Pythagoras", ~t0szdg. m.rdumadhyarftpa "whose body is soft and of medium size". Cf. Dorotheus (in Hephaestio), ~ol~g~'cpoug; Ptolemy, ~vlalxg'cpoug zogg gs7g0s~t; Firmicus, corpus.., medium.

Mars kugcitadfptake~a "having flaming, curly hair". Cf. Dorotheus (in Arabic), a.shab ash-sha'r "having red hair"; Ptolemy, ~av06xptzag, IXS~6xptzag; Firmicus, rubris capillis. tik.sn, ah. praean, d.a (of. sam. vegavikr6ntakum&abhi.sma, gftra, and sdhasavfryakarmd) "hot and passionate". Cf. Dorotheus (in Hephaestio), 7opTo6g; Dorotheus (in Arabic), h.adid an-naz.ar and h.adid al-la.h.za "looking sharply"; Ptolemy, 0ogtot3g, rc~pa136Loug, 15WoKtvS6voug, 6~e~g, a~0~tSstg, 697[)~o~g, d3go6g, dtvsXs/lgOWg; Firmicus, asperos invietos et qui nullis rationibus subiugentur; eontentiosos audaces periculosos violentos; ignitos; imperiosos; "Pythagoras", 7opTo6g, OpaasTg, ~v netvz~ ~p~typazt ~:tvlqxt~ofg. kapitogramfirti (cf. raktdmbara) "having a terrible red body". Cf. Dorotheus (in Hephaestio), ~av0obg; Dorotheus (in Arabic), ah.mar al-laun "having a red complexion"; Ptolemy, ~suKspbOpoug (if Eastern), ~pu0pobg (if Western). raktdntacak.su.h "the corners of whose eyes are bloodshot". Cf. Firmicus, oeulis sanguinolentis. Dorotheus (in Hephaestio) and Ptolemy say that the natives are 7)~au~oq00dkgoug. d.r.dhdhga "having firm limbs". Cf. Ptolemy, sb~r'mg, ~0svapo6g; Firmicus, fortes. spa.st.avi2uddhavdkya "whose speech is clear and pure". Cf. Ptolemy, ~ftra "hero". Cf. Ptolemy, dtp~t~:o6g, r Firmicus, ira. periosos. vadha and vighdtag~la "killer and murderer". Cf. Dorotheus (in Arabic), jar? 'ald adhan an-nas wa h.dshiyatihim "bold in injuring men and their retinues"; Ptolemy, q0t)~igo~g, ~t~ofpyoug; Anatolius, ~povs~g.

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267

prakdm? "lascivious" (from the V.rddhayavanajdtaka). Cf. "Pythagoras", got2ofg; Anatolius, dt~sL7f], n6pvot. udara "generous" (from the B.rhajjataka). Cf. Ptolemy, 7svva[oug.

Saturn pifigagabh~rad.r.st.i "having inscrutable, brown eyes". Cf. Dorotheus (in Arabic), s.agb_hiral-'ainfn "having small eyes"; Ptolemy, las~.~votp0d~4tovg,

ge~otp06~,goug; "Pythagoras", ~:otXoq~06~4toug. bali "strong". Cf. Ptolemy, e6s~'ctKofg. ~irobhahgatarahgitdhga "whose head hangs down and whose limbs tremble". Cf. Dorotheus (in Arabic), naz.ariM na.hwa al-ar.d "he looks down at the ground"; munkasir "broken, dejected". asitasthftlakharograkeda "having thick, black, rough, and dreadful hair". Cf. Dorotheus (in Arabic), kabfr ash-sha'r "having thick hair"; aqran "whose eyebrows have grown together"; Ptolemy, psLav6xplzag, obLo~s~0d~oug. k.sudra, atiraudraprak.rti, kukarmd, pradvesa~la, and pi~una "mean, very irascible, acting evilly, accustomed to hatred, malicious". Cf. Dorotheus (in Hephaestio), u6)~gqpo6g; Dorotheus (in Arabic), da'atiM wa akhldqiM yajard 'ald al-karndn wal-.hiyal "whose feelings and character are in favor of ambuscades and tricks"; kadh~b "liar"; Ptolemy, ]]tct[oug, 15unupo6~,gtKpo~t6%ug,Ka~:oyvcbgovag,~cy~zdvoug;Firmicus, maleficos venenarios malos periuros; vita vero eorum erit malitiosa; "Pythagoras", 7op7o6g, 6Z~qpo6g, K~Ko'cp6noug, ~caKotppovrl~dg,~v n6tm ty~uTvo6g , ~s6~zag; Anatolius, 8u~10rl, ~)~a~ep6. k.r.sn.&nbara (cf. a~jandbha) "in black garments". Cf. Dorotheus (in Hephaestio), p~Xavag; Dorotheus (in Arabic), aswad aMaun "having a dark complexion"; qad 'aldM .sufra "pale"; Ptolemy, lakLavetg, ge~.tZp6ag; Firmicus, pallidi; "Pythagoras", psLdyZpoag. tyaktamuda "who has abandoned joy". Cf. Ptolemy, dtveugpdwoug; Firmicus, vita vero eorum erit ... laboriosa sollieita et adsiduis doloribus
animi irnpBeata; quos intrinsecus collectus dolor adsidua ratione discrueiet ;

"Pythagoras", ~Ku0pcono6g. kr~a and alasa "thin and lazy". Cf. Dorotheus (in Arabic), qa.s~f "frail"; misqdm "sickly"; Ptolemy, ~nwebSstg, gtnflo6g; Firmicus,
modici languidi.