METRICATION

OBJECTIVE Learning Outcome 8 Calculate Volume and Capacity of Square, Rectangular and Cylinderical Storage Tanks.

Assessment Criteria 8

8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4

State the quantities and units. State the formula symbols and formula data. State formula for measuring volume and capacity of square, rectangular and cylindrical storage tanks. State the direct relationship between Pressure and Height.

REFERENCES a. Manual of Firemanship Part 3: Hydraulics and Water Supplies.

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METRICATION
INTRODUCTION Metrication as use of the SI metric system,the international standard for physical measurements. This has involved a long process of independent and systematic conversions of countries from various local systems of weights and measures. QUANTITIES AND UNITS. Length Area Volume Capacity Mass Force Pressure Velocity Time = = = = = = = = = meter (m), millimeter (mm), kilometer (km) square meter (m 2), square millimeter (m2) cubic meter (m3) liter (1) kilogram (kg) Newton (N) Newton per square meter (N/m2) Bar meter per second (m/s), kilometer per hour (km/h) liter per second seconds

Quantity Flow =

THE FORMULA SYMBOLS AND FORMULA DATA FORMULA SYMBOLS. L B H P Q V G R = = = = = = = = Length in meter (m) or millimeters Breadth in meter (m) or millimeters Height in meter (m) or millimeters (mm) and also Head in meter (m) Pressure in Bar Quantity flow in liter per second (l/s) Velocity in meter per second (m/s) Acceleration in meter per second per second (m/s 2) Jet reaction in Newton

FORMULA DATA. 1 liter of fresh water has a mass of 1 liter of fresh water has a downward force of 1 cubic meter of fresh water volume of 1 cubic meter of fresh water Has mass of 1 kilogram (kg) 9.81 Newton (N) 9810 Newton per square has a meter (N/m2) 1000 kilograms (kg)

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FORMULA FOR MEASURING VOLUME AND CAPACITY OF SQUARE, RECTANGULAR AND CYLINDRICAL STORAGE TANKS Square and Cubes. If a number is multiplied by itself the result is the square of the number. The square of 3 is 9 3 = 9 A number multiplied by itself 3 times is said to be cubed. 3 cubed is 27 or 3 = 27 which is much easier to write than 3 x 3 x 3 = 27. It is very convenient in practical work to remember the squares of the first 25 numbers, this eliminates the multiplication process. They are set out as follows: 1 = 1 2 = 4 3 = 9 4 = 16 5 = 25 6 = 36 7 = 49 8 = 64 9 = 81 10 = 100 11 = 121 12 = 144 13 = 169 14 = 196 15 = 225 16 = 256 17 = 289 18 = 324 19 = 361 20 = 400 21 = 441 22 = 484 23 = 529 24 = 576 25 = 625

Square Roof. Squaring a number is a relatively simple process. Finding square roots is more difficult. The process of finding what number multiplied by itself will equal a certain number is called finding the square root. The symbol for square root is Thus 49 reads the square root at 49

Some square roots can be found by inspection 81 Or = 9 (9 x 9 = 81) 144 = 12 (12 x 12)

When the square roof is not readily apparent a process must be followed in order to work it out. VOLUME AND CAPACITY OF SQUARE OR RECTANGULAR TANKS . The volume of a rectangular tank is calculated by multiplying the length (L) by the breadth (B) by ht height (H). All dimensions must be of the some unit e.g. meters. Formula: Volume in cubic meters Where : L B H

= = = =

LBH Length in meters Breadth in meters Height in meters

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Figure. 1 Example 1: What is the volume of a rectangular diving pool 25 meters long, 20 meters wide and 5 meters deep? Volume = = = LxBxH 25 x 20 x 5 2500 cubic meters

As there are 1000 liters in a cubic meter by multiplying the volume by 1000 the result will be the capacity in liter. Example 2: How much water does the pool in Example 1 contain? Capacity = = = LxBxH 25 x 20 x 5 x 1000 2500 000 liters

Area of Circle and Capacity of Cylindrical Tanks. There are a number of methods that can be used to calculate the area of a circle. As nozzle size is given according to the length of the diameter it is usually more convenient to use the formula, diameter square multiplied by .7854 when calculating nozzle area? Formula: Area Where .7854 Example 1: What is the area of nozzle 19 mm in diameter? Area = = = = D x .7854 19 x .7854 361 x .7854 283.5294 square millimeters = = = D x .7854 Length of diameter constant

Example 2:

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If the diameter of a cylindrical fuel storage tank is 35 meters, what is the surface area of the fuel within the tank? Area = = = = D x .7854 35 x .7854 1225 x .7854 962.115 square meters

Diameter (d)

Depth (h)

Fig. 3

The volume of a cylindrical tank is calculated by multiplying the surface area by the height. Volume = = = = D x .7854 x 11 102 x .7854 x 15 100 x .7854 x 15 1178.1 cubic meters

As there are 1000 liters in a cubic meter by multiplying the volume by 1000, the result will be the capacity in liter. Example 4 What is the capacity of the tank in Example 3 Capacity = = = = D x .7854 10 x .7854 100 x .7854 1178.100 liters x x x 11 15 15 x x x 1000 1000 1000

Fig. 5

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The preceding example demonstrates the method of calculating the capacity when all measurement is in meters. If one or more measurements are given in millimeter it is essential hat all measurements are suppressed in meters or part of a meter so that the volume can then be expressed in cubic meters. Example 5 What is the capacity in liter of 39 meters of 63.5 millimeter hose?

Fig. 6 Capacity = = = D2 x .7854 x .0635 x .0635 x 95.004 liters H .7854 x x 1000 30

1000

Therefore 30 m of 63.5 mm hose has a capacity of approximately 95 liters or 3.17 liters per meter. In the above example 63.5 mm has been expressed as .0635 m. Atmospheric Pressure. The atmosphere which envelopes the earth possesses definite weight. Since this weight is exacted uniformly over the earths surface, the following applies: a. A column of air 1 liter square that extends those upper limits of the atmosphere weights 101 300 Newton at sea level and therefore exerts a force of 101 Newton per square meter. b. For ease of calculation 100 000/m has been universally accepted for Fire Services application. c. Atmosphere is expressed as 100 000 Pascal and since we have elected to operate in Bar, this translates to 1 Bar at sea level. d. As this natural phenomenon is employed when working from open water the negative side (suction) of the compound gauge is calibrated to reflect 0.1 to 1 Bar. e. Since this expressed as a scientific condition, i.e. 1 Bar at sea level gives a theoretical lift of 10 m. It can be seen there is a direct comparison between pressure and Head and can be shown by the following formula: Pressure and Head. The term pressure and head may be expressed as; the downward pressure of water confined in a vessel in proportional to thee height of the water above its base outlet. There is a direct relationship between pressure and Head and can be shown by the following formula: P H = = H x 0.0981 P

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Where

P H 9.81

= = =

0.0981 Pressure in Bar Meter Head, or Head of Water in meters Constant i.e. Gravitational force 9.81 Newton

Example 1 If a branch man was operating 15 meters above the pump, what pressure would be required to overcome the loss due to head? P = = = 0r H x 0.0981 15 x 0.0981 1.47 bar 1.5 bar

Fig. 7 Example 2 If a pressure gauge above 7 bars is a pipe being fed an overhead storage tank, how high would the level of the water be above the gauge. H = = = 0r P 0.0981 7 0.0981 71.35 m 71 m

Jet Reaction. When water is discharge from a nozzle it exerts a backward force due to the velocity and mass of the water. This force is called jet reaction and it requires quite a considerable effort by a firefighter to overcome the effects of this force and to keep it under control. The amount of force exerted can be calculated by the following formula: R Where R 2 P A 10 = = = = = = 2 PA 10 Jet Reaction in Newton Constant Pressure at nozzle in Bar Area of nozzle in square millimeters Constant

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Fig. 9 Example 1 What is the jet reaction exerted by a jet or water from a 25 mm nozzle with a pressure of 7 bar at the nozzle. R = 2 PA 10 2 x7x25x0.7854 10 687.225 Newton

= Example 2

Calculate the jet reaction from at 12.5 mm nozzle with 2.5 bar pressure at the nozzle. R = 2 PA 10 2 x2.5x12.5x0.7854 10 687.225 Newton 61.36 Newton or 61.4 Newton

= =

CONCLUSION With education and knowledge will enable fire fighter to know amount of water contained in a container or reservoir for use particularly when fighting a fire.

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