Nietzsche K

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Suffering
Their criminalization of suffering precludes us from finding meaning in and growing from our pain. We must refuse moral condemnation of suffering in order to promote inner peace. Van Hooft, 1998, Stan Van Hooft, Stan is professor of philosophy at Deakin University, Melbourne, 1998, The Meanings of Suffering, http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3&hid=17&sid=9bcfda3c-98ba-4d27-a336e3eecab55613%40sessionmgr110&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db =rlh&AN=1178447, 7/04/2012, [AR]
Are such ways of giving meaning to suffering available in a postmodern secular age? What meaning is available for people without religious or even humanistic faith? A schematic answer can be found in the ancient Stoic

Nietzsche, who in different ways embraced a tragic sense of life. They held that there is no plan, no purpose, and no meaning to existence arising from reality itself. The cosmos does not run in accordance with a divine plan or an inherent goal. There is no overarching fate or justice. The world is just a vast dynamic system of change and becoming. Everything becomes what it is and changes in systems of mutual interaction and effect. Human beings are subject to "the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune." Whatever happens is caused by blind and purposeless processes. It is appropriate to do what we can to protect ourselves from bad luck and evil, but if we become victims we can only accept what has happened as inevitable. There is no transcendent meaning to be given to it. Nonetheless, to accept suffering as the result of blind fate, or even to love fate, as Nietzsche would put it, is to give meaning to one's suffering. To see suffering this way is still to exercise the contemplative and meaning-giving side of our existence, since to adopt such a view is still to insert our suffering into a larger theory of reality. It gives suffering the meaning of tragedy even while it says that suffering is meaningless. And so the tragic view of life is a real alternative among the various ways that the contemplative aspect of our being gives meaning to suffering. The Stoic philosophers encapsulated their view in saying that we should live life "in agreement with nature? By this they variously meant that we should live in accordance with human virtue or with natural law. To be moral was all. This in turn meant that we should seek good things, shun bad things, and be indifferent to things that are indifferent. Among the indifferent things is health,
philosophers and in since it can be used for good or for bad and so is in itself morally neutral.[ 9] Good things make us morally good and bad things make us morally bad, but of itself, health does neither. And so it is with the opposite of health. As Seneca put it, "That which is evil does harm; that which does harm makes a man worse.

But pain and poverty do not make a man worse; therefore, they are not evils." [ 10] Epictetus offers similar advice in paragraphs eight and nine of his Manual: Ask not that events should happen as you will, but let your will be that events should happen as they do, and you shall have peace. Sickness is a hindrance to the body, but not to the will, unless the will consent. Lameness is a hindrance to the leg, but not to the will. Say people who accept everything that befalls them in the physical world will live with equanimity, and second, that illness, lameness, and other forms of suffering are physical events; they affect the body but not the will or moral being of a person. Provided this moral being is kept intact, the person will experience inner freedom and
you.[ 11] Epictetus's thought is, first, that those

this to yourself at each event that happens, for you shall find that though it hinders something else it will not hinder

peace. Acceptance of fate, along with a focus on one's inner existence, are the guarantees of a peaceful mode of being. In this conception, suffering is something toward which the victim should remain indifferent. It is neither good nor bad. It is to be given no meaning. The contemplative dimension of our being should not trouble itself with it and should look beyond it toward an eternal and changeless nature conceived as moral and
transcendent. We can see the influence of Plato's Socrates on this view. The tragic view of life, as articulated by the Stoics, leads to a life that secures our moral being and integrity by withdrawing from our worldly existence. But it is not likely to be useful to us today. While we may view it with admiration, its emphasis on withdrawal ensures that it will not have much appeal to our modern sensibilities

Morality
The 1AC's drive towards eradicating suffering is an example of becoming enslaved to a totalizing system of morals for the sake of preserving value- this is inherently life negating and turns case Scott 98, Jacqueline Scott, Associate Professor Philosophy Department Loyola University Chicago, 1998, Nietzsche and decadence: The revaluation of morality 7/04/12, [AR]
For Nietzsche then, the best type of rationale is one whose goal is selfenhancement by way of an afrmation of ones life, and it is only the healthiest individuals who will be able create and live by such a rationale. It is their opposites, those who are distressed and weak, who have traditionally created rationales for preservation which they labeled systems of morality. According to Nietzsche, the philosopher was the man of the most comprehensive responsibility who has the conscience of the over-all development of man, and he will make use of religions for his project of cultivation and education. The philosopher, then, is responsible for creating the rationales for existence which are necessary for the over-all development of man. Nietzsche claimed that modern morality, as opposed to creating the conditions for both the enhancement of the species and for the production of people of great deeds, was leading to stagnation and even the decay of the species. This diminution was the greatest danger for everyone because it signaled the inability to carry out our most fundamental, distinctly human task. Our moralities no longer served to provide us with rationales for existence. Instead, modern moralities only made us feel a certain weariness for this world and for the species in general. The worst type of decadent, though, is one, like the Christian, who teaches that one must blame oneself this choice of being harmful to oneself is the formula for decadence. It teaches hatred of oneself, particularly hatred of ones instincts . One is taught that in order to do penance for the past sins of other humans, one must selessly devote ones life to serving others and to having pity for them, because one is not worthy of ones own attention. Nietzsche referred to this as un-selng or self-denial and contended that such an approach was unhealthy because the priestly leaders who created it made selfdestruction a sign of value and duty. A symptom of this type of decadence is assigning the unegoistic an absolute value, and considering the egoistic abhorrent.

Securitization
By constructing the fantasy of a stable world to which we must aspire, the affirmative participates in a hegemonic securitization of reality. This will to order vilifies life by positing suffering and uncertainty as inherently defective aspects of existence that must be eliminated. Saurette 96 (Paul, associate professor, University of Ottawa, I Mistrust all Systematizers and Avoid Them': Nietzsche, Arendt and the Crisis of the Will to Order in International Relations Theory, Millenium Journal of International Studies 25, http://mil.sagepub.com/contentI25/1/1.citation - oliver g)
According to Nietzsche, the philosophical foundation of a society is the set of ideas which give meaning to the phenomenon of human existence within a given cultural framework. As one manifestation of the Will to Power, this will to meaning fundamentally influences the social and political organisation of a particular community.' Anything less than a profound historical interrogation of the most basic philosophical foundations of our civilization, then, misconceives the origins of values which we take to be intrinsic and natural. Nietzsche suggests, therefore, that to understand the development of our modern conception of society and politics, we must reconsider the crucial influence of the Platonic formulation of Socratic thought. Nietzsche claims that preSocratic Greece based its philosophical justification of life on heroic myths which honoured tragedy and competition. Life was understood as a contest in which both the joyful and ordered (Apollonian) and chaotic and suffering (Dionysian) aspects of life were accepted and affirmed as inescapable aspects of human existence.' However, this incarnation of the will to power as tragedy weakened, and became unable to sustain meaning in Greek life. Greek myths no longer instilled the self-respect and self-control that had upheld the pre-Socratic social order. 'Everywhere the instincts were in anarchy; everywhere people were but five e steps from excess: the monstrum in animo was a universal danger'.' No longer willing to accept the tragic hardness and self-mastery of pre-Socratic myth, Greek thought yielded to decadence, a search for a new social foundation which would soften the tragedy of life, while still giving meaning to existence. In this context, Socrates' thought became paramount. In the words of Nietzsche, Socrates saw behind his aristocratic Athenians; he grasped that his case, the idiosyncrasy of his case, was no longer exceptional. The same kind of degeneration was everywhere silently preparing itself: the old Athens was coming to an endAnd Socrates understood that the world had need of him his expedient, his cure and his personal art of self-preservation.' Socrates realised that his search for an ultimate and eternal intellectual standard paralleled the widespread yearning for assurance and stability within society. His expedient, his cure? An alternative will to power. An alternate foundation that promised mastery and control, not through acceptance of the tragic life, but through the disavowal of the instinctual, the contingent, and the problematic. In response to the failing power of its foundational myths, Greece tried to renounce the very experience that had given rise to tragedy by retreating/escaping into the Apollonian world promised by

Socratic reason. In Nietzsche's words, 'Nationality was divined as a saviourit was their last expedient. The fanaticism with which the whole of Greek thought throws itself at rationality betrays a state of emergency: one was in peril, one had only one choice: either to perish, or be absurdly rational ....' Thus, Socrates codified the wider fear of instability into an intellectual framework.The Socratic Will to Truth is characterised by the attempt to understand and order life rationally by renouncing the Dionysian elements of existence and privileging an idealised Apollonian order . As life is inescapably comprised of both order and disorder, however, the promise of control through Socratic reason is only possible by creating a 'Real World' of eternal and meaningful forms, in opposition to an 'Apparent World' of transitory physical existence. Suffering and contingency is contained within the Apparent World, disparaged, devalued, and ignored in relation to the ideal order of the Real World. Essential to the Socratic Will to Truth, then, is the fundamental contradiction between the experience of Dionysian suffering in the Apparent World and the idealised order of the Real World. According to Nietzsche, this dichotomised model led to the emergence of a uniquely 'modern' understanding of life which could only view suffering as the result of the imperfection of the Apparent World . This outlook created a modern notion of responsibility in which the Dionysian elements of life could be understood only as a phenomenon for which someone, or something, is to blame. Nietzsche terms this philosophicallyinduced condition ressentiment, and argues that it signalled a potential crisis of the Will to Truth by exposing the central contradiction of the Socratic resolution. This contradiction, however, was resolved historically through the aggressive universalisation of the Socratic ideal by Christianity. According to Nietzsche, ascetic Christianity exacerbated the Socratic dichotomisation by employing the Apparent World as the responsible agent against which the ressentiment of life could be turned. Blame for suffering fell on individuals within the Apparent World, precisely because they did not live up to God, the Truth, and the Real World. As Nietzsche wrote,`I suffer: someone must be to blame for it' thinks every sickly sheep. But his shepherd, the ascetic priest tells him: 'Quite so my sheep! someone must be to blame for it: but you yourself are this someone, you alone are to blame for yourself,- you alone are to blame for yourselfThis is brazen and false enough: but one thing is achieved by it, the direction of ressentiment is altered." Faced with the collapse of the Socratic resolution and the prospect of meaninglessness, once again, 'one was in peril, one had only one choice: either to perish, or be absurdly rational....' The genius of the ascetic ideal was that it preserved the meaning of the Socratic Will to Power as Will to Truth by extrapolating ad absurdium the Socratic division through the redirection of ressentiment against the Apparent World! Through this redirection, the Real World was transformed from a transcendental world of philosophical escape into a model towards which the Apparent World actively aspired, always blaming its contradictory experiences on its own imperfect knowledge and action.This subtle transformation of the relationship between the dichotomised worlds creates the Will to Order as the defining characteristic of the modern Will to Truth. Unable to accept the Dionysian suffering inherent in the Apparent World, the ascetic ressentiment desperately searches for 'the hypnotic sense of nothingness, the repose of deepest sleep, in short absence of suffering'.` According to the ascetic model, however, this escape is possible

only when the Apparent World perfectly duplicates the Real World . The Will to Order, then, is the aggressive need increasingly to order the Apparent World in line with the precepts of the moral Truth of the Real World. The ressentiment of the Will to Order, therefore, generates two interrelated reactions. First, ressentiment engenders a need actively to mould the Apparent World in accordance with the dictates of the ideal, Apollonian Real World. In order to achieve this, however, the ascetic ideal also asserts that a 'truer', more complete knowledge of the Real World must be established, creating an ever-increasing Will to Truth. This selfperpetuating movement creates an interpretative structure within which everything must be understood and ordered in relation to the ascetic Truth of the Real World. As Nietzsche suggests,[t]he ascetic ideal has a goalthis goal is so universal that all other interests of human existence seem, when compared with it, petty and narrow; it interprets epochs, nations, and men inexorably with a view to this one goal; it permits no other interpretation, no other goal; it rejects, denies, affirms and sanctions solely from the point of view of its interpretation:4 The very structure of the Will to Truth ensures that theoretical investigation must be increasingly ordered, comprehensive, more True, and closer to the perfection of the ideal. At the same time, this understanding of intellectual theory ensures that it creates practices which attempt to impose increasing order in the Apparent World. With this critical transformation, the Will to Order becomes the fundamental philosophical principle of modernity.

The concept of security erects what it tries to defeat in its name, wars were waged and WMDs developed all in this search for complete security Der Derian 98 (James, Prof of PoliSci at the U of Massachusetts, "The Value of
Security: Hobbes, Marx, Nietzsche, and Baudrillard," Cianet, http://www.ciaonet.org/book/lipschutz/lipschutz12.html] The rapidity of change in the international system, as well as the inability of international theory to make sense of that change, raises this question: Of what value is security? More specifically, just how secure is this preeminent concept of international relations? This evaluation of security invokes interpretive strategies to ask epistemological, ontological, and political questions -questions that all too often are ignored, subordinated, or displaced by the technically biased, narrowly framed question of what it takes to achieve security. The goal, then, of this inquiry is to make philosophically problematic that which has been practically axiomatic in international relations. The first step is to ask whether the paramount value of security lies in its abnegation of the insecurity of all values. No other concept in international relations packs the metaphysical punch, nor commands the disciplinary power of "security." In its name, peoples have alienated their fears, rights and powers to gods, emperors, and most recently, sovereign states, all to protect themselves from the vicissitudes of nature--as well as from other gods, emperors, and sovereign states. In its name, weapons of mass destruction have been developed which have transfigured national interest into a security dilemma based on a suicide pact. And, less often noted in international relations, in its name billions have been made and

millions killed while scientific knowledge has been furthered and intellectual dissent muted.

Security creates a self fulfilling prophecy in which the rest of the world is an enemy to be destroyed turns case Der Derian 98 (James, Prof of PoliSci at the U of Massachusetts, "The Value of Security: Hobbes, Marx, Nietzsche, and Baudrillard," Cianet, http://www.ciaonet.org/book/lipschutz/lipschutz12.html]
We have inherited an ontotheology of security, that is, an a priori argument that proves the existence and necessity of only one form of security because there currently happens to be a widespread, metaphysical belief in it . Indeed, within the concept of security lurks the entire history of western metaphysics, which was best described by Derrida "as a series of substitutions of center for center" in a perpetual search for the "transcendental signified." 1 From God to Rational Man, from Empire to Republic, from King to the People--and on occasion in the reverse direction as well, for history is never so linear, never so neat as we would write it--the security of the center has been the shifting site from which the forces of authority, order, and identity philosophically defined and physically kept at bay anarchy, chaos, and difference. Yet the center, as modern poets and postmodern critics tell us, no longer holds. The demise of a bipolar system, the diffusion of power into new political, national, and economic constellations, the decline of civil society and the rise of the shopping mall, the acceleration of everything --transportation, capital and information flows, change itself--have induced a new anxiety. As George Bush repeatedly said--that is, until the 1992 Presidential election went into full swing--"The enemy is unpredictability. The enemy is instability." 2 One immediate response, the unthinking reaction, is to master this anxiety and to resecure the center by remapping the peripheral threats. In this vein, the Pentagon prepares seven military scenarios for future conflict, ranging from latino small-fry to an IdentiKit super-enemy that goes by the generic acronym of REGT ("Reemergent Global Threat"). In the heartlands of America, Toyota sledge-hammering returns as a popular know-nothing distraction. And within the Washington beltway, rogue powers such as North Korea, Iraq, and Libya take on the status of pariah-state and potential video bomb-site for a permanently electioneering elite. There are also prodromal efforts to shore up the center of the International Relations discipline. In a newly instituted series in the International Studies Quarterly , the state of security studies is surveyed so as to refortify its borders. 3 After acknowledging that "the boundaries of intellectual disciplines are permeable," the author proceeds not only to raise the drawbridge but also to caulk every chink in the moat. 4 Recent attempts to broaden the concept of "security" to include such issues as global environmental dangers, disease, and economic and natural disasters endanger the field by threatening "to destroy its intellectual coherence and make it more difficult to devise solutions to any of these important problems." 5 The field is surveyed in the most narrow and parochial way: out of 200-plus works cited, esteemed Third World scholars of strategic studies receive no mention, British and French scholars receive short shrift, and Soviet writers do not make it into the Pantheon at all. The author of the essay, Stephen Walt, has written one of the better books on alliance systems; 6 here he seems intent on constructing a new alliance

within the discipline against "foreign" others, with the "postmodernist" as arch-alien. The tactic is familiar: like many of the neoconservatives who have launched the recent attacks on "political correctness," the "liberals" of international relations make it a habit to base their criticisms on secondary accounts of a category of thinking rather than on a primary engagement with the specific (and often differing) views of the thinkers themselves. 7 In this case, Walt cites IR scholar Robert Keohane on the hazards of "reflectivism," to warn off anyone who by inclination or error might wander into the foreign camp: "As Robert Keohane has noted, until these writers `have delineated . . . a research program and shown . . . that it can illuminate important issues in world politics, they will remain on the margins of the field.' " 8 By the end of the essay, one is left with the suspicion that the rapid changes in world politics have triggered a "security crisis" in security studies that requires extensive theoretical damage control.

The affs constant search for security forces us to live life in a seatbelt action is discouraged because of fear of the unknown Der Derian 98 (James, Prof of PoliSci at the U of Massachusetts, "The Value of Security: Hobbes, Marx, Nietzsche, and Baudrillard," Cianet, http://www.ciaonet.org/book/lipschutz/lipschutz12.html ]
The fear of the unknown and the desire for certainty combine to produce a domesticated life, in which causality and rationality become the highest sign of a sovereign self, the surest protection against contingent forces. The fear of fate assures a belief that everything reasonable is true , and everything true, reasonable. In short, the security imperative produces, and is sustained by, the strategies of knowledge which seek to explain it . Nietzsche elucidates the nature of this generative relationship in The Twilight of the Idols : The causal instinct is thus conditional upon, and excited by, the feeling of fear. The "why?" shall, if at all possible, not give the cause for its own sake so much as for a particular kind of cause --a cause that is comforting, liberating and relieving. . . . That which is new and strange and has not been experienced before, is excluded as a cause. Thus one not only searches for some kind of explanation, to serve as a cause, but for a particularly selected and preferred kind of explanation--that which most quickly and frequently abolished the feeling of the strange, new and hitherto unexperienced: the most habitual explanations. 38 A safe life requires safe truths. The strange and the alien remain unexamined, the unknown becomes identified as evil, and evil provokes hostility--recycling the desire for security. The "influence of timidity," as Nietzsche puts it, creates a people who are willing to subordinate affirmative values to the "necessities" of security: "they fear change, transitoriness: this expresses a straitened soul, full of mistrust and evil experiences." 39 The unknowable which cannot be contained by force or explained by reason is relegated to the off-world. "Trust," the "good," and other common values come to rely upon an "artificial strength": " the feeling of security such as the Christian possesses; he feels strong in being able to trust, to be patient and composed: he owes this artificial strength to the illusion of being protected by a god." 40 For Nietzsche, of course, only a false sense of security can come from false gods: "Morality and religion belong altogether to

the psychology of error : in every single case, cause and effect are confused; or truth is confused with the effects of believing something to be true; or a state of consciousness is confused with its causes." 41

Economic Rationality
Their reduction of humanity to utility-seeking creatures reeks of herd mentality and renders itself unable to comprehend the noble few that commit themselves to goals that do not economically benefit them. Rony Guldmann, PhD from Michigan and Professor of Philosophy @ Hofstra, 2010, Between Cynicism and Idealism: Nietzsche and the Slanderers of Human Nature access via: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1651505

Nietzsches plain hostility to utilitarianism reveals that his sympathy for psychological egoism coexists with a powerful aversion to the notion that human beings are rational calculators of self-interest who, in the spirit of homo economicus, tough-mindedly employ social institutions , if not social interaction itself, as mediums through which to maximize gains. He famously claims that [m]an does not strive after happiness; only the Englishman does that. T33 Although Nietzsche sometimes suggests that individual egoism indirectly benefits the species,16 he does not have anything like Adam Smiths invisible hand in mind. Rather than being a Darwinian jungle in which the strongest, wiliest, or most adaptable prevail, commercial society represents the triumph of asceticism and herd instinct over self-realization and individuality. Only the contemptible bourgeois, not man as such, is a cool, cautious calculating machine. In The Gay Science, Nietzsche suggests that this overly pessimistic moral psychology is the hallmark of common natures: Common natures consider all noble, magnanimous feelings inexpedient and therefore first of all incredible. They blink when they hear of such things and seem to feel like saying: Surely, there must be some advantage involved; one cannot see through everything. They are suspicious of the noble person, as if he surreptitiously sought his advantage. When they are irresistibly persuaded of the absence of selfish intentions and gains, they see the noble person as a kind of fool; they despise him in his joy and laugh at his shining eyes . How can one enjoy being at a disadvantage? How could one desire with ones eyes open to be disadvantaged? Some disease of reason must be associated with the noble affection. Thus they think and sneer, as they sneer at the pleasure that a madman derives from his fixed idea. What distinguishes the common type is that it never loses sight of its advantage, and that this thought of purpose and advantage is even stronger than the strongest instincts; not to allow these instincts to lead one astray to perform inexpedient actsthat is their wisdom and pride.17

The powerful pursue the fulfillment of values, not the attainment of valuable objects. Rony Guldmann, PhD from Michigan and Professor of Philosophy @ Hofstra, 2010, Between Cynicism and Idealism: Nietzsche and the Slanderers of Human Nature access via: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1651505

The slaves resented the masters not only for wounding their self-esteem but, more importantly, for weakening their conviction in their right to self-esteem. Unlike homo economicus, Nietzschean agents are ultimately concerned with their value, not merely with getting things of value. As Robert Solomon put it, Nietzsche holds that human beings ultimately prefer a sense of selfimportance to mere satisfaction.24 Retaining this sense requires that one be partial to whatever worldview endows ones particular qualities with significance, and seek to convince oneself and others of its truth, even in the face of ones own doubts.

Deterrence
The imminent threat of nuclear annihilation has literally become a non-event, for the explosive energy of the nuclear has been programmatically integrated into the strategies of social and political implosion. The technologies of the nuclear, of a deterrence without any boundaries or objectives, are a fixture of a global power that levels out the possibility of any true conflict or event in order to incorporate the political into the totalizing logic of security. Even the most peaceful antinuclear movements are neutralized by the models of nuclear deterrence, which operate at the level of molecular and programmatic control Baudrillard 95 (Jean, Simulacra and Simulation: The Precession of Simulacra, pp. 34-37)
The apotheosis of simulation: the nuclear. However, the balance of terror is never anything but the spectacular slope of a system of deterrence that has insinuated itself from the inside into all the cracks of daily life. Nuclear suspension only

serves to seal the trivialized system of deterrence that is at the heart of the media, of the violence without consequences that reigns throughout the world, of the aleatory apparatus of all the choices that are made for us. The most insignificant of our behaviors is regulated by neutralized, indifferent, equivalent signs, by zero-sum signs like those

that regulate the "strategy of games" (but the true equation is elsewhere, and the unknown is precisely that variable of simulation which makes of the atomic arsenal itself a hyperreal form, a simulacrum that dominates everything and reduces all "ground-level" events to being nothing but ephemeral scenarios, transforming the life left us into survival, into a stake without stakes - not even into a life insurance policy: into a policy that already has no value). It is not the direct threat of atomic

destruction that paralyzes our lives, it is deterrence that gives them leukemia. And this deterrence comes from that fact that even the real atomic clash is precluded - precluded like the eventuality of the real in a system of signs. The whole world pretends to believe in the reality of this threat (this is understandable on the part of the military, the gravity of their exercise and the discourse of their "strategy" are at stake), but it is precisely at this level that there are no strategic stakes. The whole originality of the situation lies in the improbability of destruction. Deterrence precludes war - the archaic violence of expanding systems. Deterrence itself is the neutral, implosive violence of metastable systems or systems in involution. There is no longer a subject of deterrence, nor an adversary nor a strategy - it is a planetary structure of the annihilation of stakes. Atomic war, like the Trojan War, will not take place. The risk of nuclear annihilation only serves as a pretext, through the sophistication of weapons (a sophistication that surpasses any possible objective to such an extent that it is itself a symptom of nullity), for installing a universal security system, a universal lockup and control system whose deterrent effect is
not at all aimed at an atomic clash (which was never in question, except without a doubt in the very initial stages of the cold war, when one still confused the nuclear apparatus with conventional war) but, rather, at the much greater probability of any real event, of anything that would be an event in the general system and upset its balance. The balance of terror is the terror of balance.

Deterrence is not a strategy, it circulates and is exchanged between nuclear protagonists exactly as is international capital in the orbital zone of monetary speculation whose fluctuations suffice to control all global exchanges. Thus the money of destruction (without any reference to real destruction, any more than floating capital has a real referent of production) that circulates in nuclear orbit suffices to control all the violence and potential conflicts around the world . What is hatched in the shadow of this mechanism with the pretext of a maximal, "objective," threat, and thanks to Damocles' nuclear sword, is the perfection of the best system of control that has ever existed. And the progressive satellization of the whole planet through this hypermodel of security. The same goes for peaceful nuclear power stations. Pacification does not distinguish between the civil and the
military: everywhere where irreversible apparatuses of control are elaborated, everywhere where the notion of security becomes omnipotent, everywhere where the norm replaces the old arsenal of laws and violence (including war), it is the system of deterrence

that grows, and around it grows the historical, social, and political desert. A gigantic involution that makes every conflict, every finality, every confrontation contract in proportion to this blackmail that interrupts, neutralizes, freezes them all. No longer

can any revolt, any story be deployed according to its own logic because it risks annihilation. No strategy is possible any longer, and escalation is only a puerile game given over to the military. The political stake is dead, only simulacra of conflicts and carefully circumscribed stakes remain . The
"space race" played exactly the same role as nuclear escalation. This is why the space program was so easily able to replace it in the 1960s (Kennedy/Khrushchev), or to develop concurrently as a form of "peaceful coexistence." Because what, ultimately, is the function of the space program, of the conquest of the moon, of the launching of satellites if not the institution of a model of universal gravitation, of satellization of which the lunar module is the perfect embryo? Programmed microcosm, where nothing can be left to chance. Trajectory, energy, calculation, physiology, psychology, environment - nothing can be left to contingencies, this is the total universe of the norm - the Law no longer exists, it is the operational immanence of every detail that is law. A universe purged of all threat of meaning, in a state of asepsis and weightlessness - it is this very perfection that is fascinating. The exaltation of the crowds was not a response to the event of Rinding on the moon or of sending a man into space (this would be, rather, the fulfillment of an earlier dream), rather, we are dumbfounded by the perfection of the programming and the technical manipulation, by the immanent wonder of the programmed unfolding of events. Fascination with the maximal norm and the mastery of probability. Vertigo of the model, which unites with the model of death, but without fear or drive. Because if the law, with its aura of transgression, if order, with its aura of violence, still taps a perverse imaginary, the norm fixes, fascinates, stupefies, and makes every imaginary involute. One no longer fantasizes about the minutiae of a program. Just watching it produces vertigo. The vertigo of a world without flaws. Now, it is the same model of programmatic infallibility, of maximum security

and deterrence that today controls the spread of the social. There lies the true nuclear fallout: the meticulous operation of technology serves as a model for the meticulous operation of the social. Here as well, nothing will be left to chance,
moreover this is the essence of socialization, which began centuries ago, but which has now entered its accelerated phase, toward a limit that one believed would be explosive (revolution), but which for the moment is translated by an inverse, implosive, irreversible process: the generalized deterrence of chance, of accident, of transversality, of finality, of contradiction, rupture, or complexity in a sociality illuminated by the norm, doomed to the descriptive transparency of mechanisms of information. In fact, the spatial

and nuclear models do not have their own ends: neither the discovery of the moon, nor military and strategic superiority. Their truth is to be the models of simulation, the model vectors of a system of planetary control (where even the superpowers of this scenario are not free - the whole world is satellized ).*9 Resist the evidence: in
satellization, he who is satellized is not who one might think. Through the orbital inscription of a spatial object, it is the planet earth that becomes a satellite, it is the terrestrial principle of reality that becomes eccentric, hyperreal, and insignificant. Through the orbital instantiation of a system of control like peaceful coexistence, all the terrestrial microsystems are satellized and lose their autonomy. All energy, all events are absorbed by this eccentric gravitation, everything condenses and implodes toward the only micromodel of control (the orbital satellite), as conversely, in the other, biological, dimension, everything converges and implodes on the molecular micromodel of the genetic code. Between the two, in this forking of the nuclear and the genetic, in the

simultaneous assumption of the two fundamental codes of deterrence, every principle of meaning is absorbed, every deployment of the real is impossible.

Fear of Prolif
The belief that nuclear proliferation will result in sporadic and unprecedented accidents masks the underlying nature of the nuclear era. The expansion of nuclear technologies into all corners of the world is not a strategy of acceleration and imminent catastrophe, but one of implosion and technical control. Baudrillard 95 (Jean, Simulacra and Simulation: The Precession of Simulacra, pp. 41-42)
This is why nuclear

proliferation does not increase the risk of either an atomic clash or an accident - save in the interval when the "young" powers could be tempted to make a nondeterrent, "real" so prettily named, very quickly effaces (as unionization does in the working world) any inclination toward violent intervention. Responsibility, control, censure, self-deterrence always grow more rapidly than the forces or the weapons at our disposal: this is the
secret of the social order. Thus the very possibility of paralyzing a whole country by flicking a switch makes it so that the electrical engineers will never use this weapon: the whole myth of the total and revolutionary strike

use of it (as the Americans did in Hiroshima - but precisely only they had a right to this "use value" of the bomb, all of those who have acquired it since will be deterred from using it by the very fact of possessing it). Entry into the atomic club,

crumbles at the very moment when the means are available - but alas precisely because those means are available. Therein lies the whole process of deterrence. It is thus perfectly probable that one day we will see nuclear powers export atomic reactors, weapons, and bombs to every latitude. Control by threat will be replaced by the more effective strategy of pacification through the bomb and through the possession of the bomb. The "little" powers,
believing that they are buying their independent striking force, will buy the virus of deterrence, of their own deterrence. The same goes for the atomic reactors that we have already sent them: so many neutron bombs knocking out all historical virulence, all risk of explosion. In this sense, the nuclear everywhere inaugurates an accelerated process

of implosion, it freezes everything around it, it absorbs all living energy. The nuclear is at once the culminating point of available energy and the maximization of energy control systems. Lockdown and control increase in direct proportion to (and
undoubtedly even faster than) liberating potentialities. This was already the aporia of the modern revolution. It is still the absolute paradox of the nuclear. Energies freeze in their own fire, they deter themselves. One can no longer imagine what project, what power, what strategy, what subject could exist behind this enclosure, this vast saturation of a system by its own forces, now neutralized, unusable, unintelligible, nonexplosive - except for the possibility of an explosion toward the center, of an implosion where all these energies would be abolished in a catastrophic process (in the literal sense, that is to say in the sense of a reversion of the whole cycle toward a minimal point, of a reversion of energies toward a minimal threshold).

Anthropology and discourse analysis is key to studying nuclear sciencesocial sciences are a fundamental aspect of understanding the global society Gusterson 2008 (Hugh-, Associate professor at MIT, currently an anthropologist at GMU, specializes in nuclear culture and the anthropology of science, The virtual nuclear weapons laboratory in the New World Order, American Ethnologist Volume 28 Issue 2, 01/07/08, Acc: 07/05/12, LD)
I am not attempting to predict the future, but to make the point that anthropology

has a special contribution to make to the kinds of policy debates on nuclear proliferation and the international system analyzed here, and that their discussion by

anthropologists will enrich anthropology. The last decade in anthropology has seen the emergence of both the anthropology of science and the anthropology of the global system as energetic new fields of inquiry. In this article, located at the confluence of these two fields, I seek to show new kinds of questions that anthropologists might now investigate. If there is a danger in

the current rash of interest in globalization, it is that anthropologists will enact their new interest in studying global society in a way that subtly

reinforces old disciplinary divisions of labor in the academy while producing a skewed vision of global society. While the current global system is, as Arjun
Appadurai (1996) has pointed out, characterized by flows of migrants, capital, and culture that undermine the integrity of the nation-state and produce intriguing new forms of global hybridity, there are also processes at work

that are increasing the power and reach of state apparatuses, expanding the military firepower of national governments, and deepening the psychic hold of nationalist ideologies. The emergent neoliberal world order will surely be characterized not only by unprecedented mobility of capital, culture, and people, but also by new arms races, wars, and militarist ideologies. By coining the new term (adapted from Appadurai's own neologistic vocabulary on globalization) "securityscape,"
I have explored this second set of processes and joined those who caution against prematurely hailing the supposed withering away of the state in the era of globalization. For too long, anthropologists have conceded the

study of security to political scientists, with unfortunate consequences for both anthropology and discussions of security. This disciplinary division of labor emerged in the
academy after World War II and was reinforced by the painful fiasco of anthropology's secret involvement in Vietnama fiasco that, once revealed, produced an allergic response to security issues in many anthropologists. But armies, weapons,

wars, and military ideologies are also important facets of the new global system taking shape as Fordism and the Cold War security structure collapse and are remade by scientists, military officers, national bureaucrats, and NGOs. Until anthropologists make the evolution of post-Cold War military institutions and
ideologies integral to their narratives of globalization, they are not getting the whole story.

New methods of nuclear technology development privilege the international elite Gusterson 2008 (Hugh-, Associate professor at MIT, currently an anthropologist at GMU, specializes in nuclear culture and the anthropology of science, The virtual nuclear weapons laboratory in the New World Order, American Ethnologist Volume 28 Issue 2, 01/07/08, Acc: 07/05/12, LD)
His understatement of the gross physical menace of nuclear weapons backhandedly legitimates the system of deterrence he claims to oppose. Nevertheless, there is an important evolutionary insight in his writings on war, namely that, in an

international system partly organized around what Timothy Luke (1989) calls "postwarring," the use value of nuclear weapons has been superseded by their exchange value such that Strategic nuclear forces can be seen as elements of a code, texts enscribed with meanings. . . . Nuclear weapons have not been, and are not, called upon for use as weapons. Instead, they are made operational to be continually exchanged . . . in "shows of force," "displays of capability,"
"proofs of credibility," or "displays of determination." [Luke 1989:219, 223] Of course, "postwarring" is a luxury not everyone can afford. 16 Against Baudrillard's tendency to speak of the hyperreal as a blanket condition that has fallen uniformly on the world, I would counterpose the insight of Der Derian (1994) and Kroker (1994) that virtual spaces are spaces of power not accessible to all alike. Just as within nations, some spaces at the side of the roadto use Kathleen Stewart's (1996) evocative phraseare left behind by the information superhighway, so within the international system, some nations cannot afford the

massive simulacra of death the nuclear powers have used to sublimate their contests for precedence. And now, just at the moment when rogue states threaten to upset the stratification of the international system by acquiring nuclear weapons (the ultimate symbols of upward mobility in global society), a new zone of stratification has been added. Whether one sees stockpile stewardship as a way to develop
new nuclear weapons or just as a way to keep the old ones in good order, this new development in the international nuclear potlatch opens a space where India, Pakistan, Iraq, Iran, and North Korea cannot easily follow. A privileged few will have

expensively maintained, highly simulated advanced nuclear weapons supported by a massive infrastructure of weapons scientists kept in top shape by their nuclear exercise machines, while the rest willunless willing to risk the opprobrium
of their betters by engaging in the vulgar practice of nuclear testing be left to cobble together crude devices too large and clumsy to fit on missiles.

Marxism
Their rejection of the capitalist world as a bad one ignores that we only have one worldtheir pushes toward utopia ignore that we have to enjoy our world now Buccola 09(Nicholas, Political Science Professor at Linfield College, The Tyranny of the Least and the Dumbest: Nietzsches Critique of Socialism, Quarterly Journal of Ideology, Jstor]
Socialism is another in a long line of idealist systems that are , on Nietzsches view, inherently flawed. Idealists, in short, reject this world and embrace another. The mischief of idealism began with Socrates and Plato, who created a world of Truth, or realm of Being, and in so doing brought about a denaturalization of moral values. As you will see below, this move is problematic for Nietzsche for many reasons. For now, it will suffice to say he believed that overthrowing other-worldly ideals was central to his craft. Idealism, in his view, deprived reality of its value, its meaning, its truthfulness and, as such, Socrates represents a moment of the profoundest perversity in the history of values (EH 2 and WP 430). The Grandfather of Socialist Thought: Christianity Although much could be said about the relationship between Christianity and socialism, I will limit my consideration to two major points of contribution. First, I discuss the relationship between Christian and socialist idealism. This will include brief reflections on the striking parallels Nietzsche sees in the Christian and socialist rejection of this world. Second, I explore the socialist adoption of the Christian idea of the equality of souls before God. I will conclude this section with an exploration of why Nietzsche thought the socialist ideal represents nothing but a clumsy misunderstanding of [the] Christian moral ideal (WP 340). First, Nietzsche identifies Christianity as an idealist philosophy that, like Platonism, rejects this world for another. While Socrates and Plato contended that the realm of the Forms, or the World of Being, is what really matters, Christians emphasize the importance of an eternal Kingdom of Heaven for believers (WP 161). In both cases, it is worth noting that Bliss is not necessarily something that can be achieved through a transformation of this world. Rather, both Plato and Jesus can be interpreted as offering individuals a philosophy of life that they can establish within themselves. The essential point for Nietzsche is this: the Christian, in typical idealist fashion, condemns, disparages, [and] curses the world (WP 373). According to Nietzsche, Christs emphasis on personal transformation was not shared by St. Paul. Whereas primitive Christianity is, on Nietzsches reading, possible as the most private form of existence, the Christianity of St. Paul is much more public and, thus, more like a political doctrine (WP 211). Once we begin to view Christianity as a social doctrine instead of a personal one, we can see how it can be read as a forerunner to socialism. Nietzsche saw the Christian slave revolt in morality as quite similar to later political revolutions. Christianity offers the poor and lowly a gateway to happiness and, for Nietzsche, to this extent the rise of Christianity is nothing more than the typical socialist doctrine. The things of this world that the gospel passes judgment upon property, gain, fatherland, rank and status, tribunals, police, state, church, education, art, the army are all typical of the socialist doctrine (WP 209). The second foundational contribution of Christianity to the socialist

doctrine is the idea of equality of souls before God. It is important to point out that Nietzsche is not arguing that socialists accept the tenets of Christianity as a matter of faith. Rather, like so many political actors throughout history, he thinks socialists are adept at using Christian ideas for their own purposes: The socialists appeal to the Christian instincts; that is their most subtle piece of shrewdness (WP 765). In The Antichrist, Nietzsche calls the equality of souls before God the pretext for the rancor of all base-minded, this explosive of a concept which eventually became revolution, modern idea, and the principle of decline of the whole order of society (AC 162). Nietzsche traces the warpath of this idea quite explicitly in Will to Power: mankind was first taught to stammer the proposition of equality in a religious context, and only later was it made into morality: no wonder that man ended by taking it seriously, taking it practically! that is to say, politically, democratically, socialistically (WP 762). With these two foundational contributions the rejection of this world and the equality of all souls established, we can now turn to consider why it is that Nietzsche concludes the socialist ideal is nothing but a clumsy misunderstanding of [the] Christian moral ideal. While it is true that Nietzsche identified socialism and other progressive theories as cults of Christian morality under a new name, he thought that they fundamentally misunderstood Christianity (WP 340). What was it that he thought the socialists misunderstood about the Christian moral ideal? These doctrines represent misunderstandings of the Christian moral ideal because they transfer the arrival of the kingdom of God into the future, on earth, in human form (WP 339). In Nietzsches mind , the emergence of socialism and similar theories can, in part, be contributed to the death of God. Without the hope of glory in the next world, socialists and others seek to transform this one (WP 340). The emergence of the socialist ideal is, in Nietzsches mind, part of our payment for having been Christians for two thousand years (WP 30). For the complete development of the doctrine of thisworldly transformation, though, we must turn away from the Christians and to the philosopher who Nietzsche identified as the bridge between Platonic-Christian idealism and the socialist idealism of the nineteenth century Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Socialism/Communism is terrible it perpetuates political violence, rejects liberty, its very reactionary, and generates terrorism. Schutte 84 (Ofelia Schutte,1984, Professor of Existentialism at University of South Florida, Beyond Nihilism: Nietzsche Without Masks, Published by University of Chicago Press, 7/4/12, K.H.)
Nietzsche's objections are twofold: firstly, he regards socialism as a doctrine of political violence that is dangerous because it is based on a naive 'Rousseauian' morality of natural goodness; and, secondly, he considers the socialist ambition of abolishing private property to represent a serious and unnecessary attack on the liberty of the private person. He draws a connection between Plato and socialism, and argues that both attempts to get rid of the individual right to own private property would result in the destruction of the sentiments of vanity and egoism which must be allowed to play their part in social life. He argues, that' Plato's Utopian basic tune, continued in our own day

by the socialists, rests upon a defective knowledge of man' (WS 285). If all property is to become communal, then the individual will not bestow on it the same care and self-sacrifice as he would if he owned il himself; instead he will treat it 'like a robber or a dissolute squanderer' (ibid.). Nietzsche does not seek a completely politicized existence in which a private realm of existence is abolished. On the contrary, he wishes to preserve a private/public distinction. His quarrel with modern liberal society is that, although its ideology of the privatisation of politics allows individuals a tremendous degree of private freedom, it does so at the cost of undermining notions of culture and citizenship. A second and more serious charge Nietzsche makes against

socialism is that in its deepest instincts and tendencies it is a reactionary ideology. It is, he argues, 'the fanciful younger brother of the almost expired despotism whose heir it wants to be' (HAH 473). The reason for this, according to
Nietzsche, is that in order to bring about the transformation of society it desires, which will require a massive extension of social control over the private life of individuals (in order to guarantee that they are 'good socialists'), socialism must desire the kind of abundance of state power that one would normally associate with the most fearful despotism. He writes, socialism outbids all the despotisms of the past inasmuch as ii expressly aspires to the annihilation of the individual, who appears to it like an unauthorized luxury of nature destined to be improved into a useful organ of the cammuniljf,.. it desires a more complete subservience of the citizen to the absolute state than has ever existed before, (ibid.). The real danger of socialism, Nietzsche argues, lies in its

extreme terrorism. Given that religion has declined and there is no longer any ethical or divine basis to the state, socialism, considered as an impious and irreligious creed bent on the abolition of all existing states, can only exist through the exercise of terrorism. Nietzsche attacks socialists for cultivating an atmosphere of fear and for 'driving the word "justice" into the heads of the half-educated masses like a nail so as to rob them of their reason... and to create in them a good conscience for the evil game they are to play' (ibid.).

Universal Equality
Attempts to universally dismantle hierarchy are symptoms of a hostility towards life. Only the alternative allows us to reject society without also rejecting reality. Owen 02 (David, Professor of Social and Political Theory at the University of Southampton., Fall 2002, Equality, Democracy, and Self-Respect: Reflections on Nietzsche's Agonal Perfectionism, Journal of Nietzsche Studies, No. 24, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20717793 oliver g)

The different degrees of repression to which nobles and slaves are subject have two consequences to which Nietzsche draws our attention. The first fea ture to which Nietzsche directs us is that precisely because the slave is more deeply repressed, "[a] race of such men of ressentiment will inevitably end up cleverer than any noble race, and will respect cleverness to a quite dif ferent degree as well: namely, as a condition of existence of the first rank" (GM . 10). It is in this respect that Nietzsche comments: "The history of mankind would be far too stupid a thing if it had not had the intellect [Geist] of the powerless injected into it" (GM .7). The initial significance of this cleverness emerges with respect to the second issue of importance, namely, the slave revolt in morality. In contrast to the noble's consciousness of power, which emerges from the pathos of distance that attends the social order of rank, the slave is characterised by a consciousness of lack of power, which is expressed as ressentiment. The need to make sense of their suffering as a class, on Nietzsche's account, drives the slaves both to reject the noble style of valuation in which the slave is figured as lacking value (GM 1:10) and to identify the nobles as the evil agents of their suffering (GM 1:13)? a move that requires the radical separation of agent and act, which raw bad conscience makes possible. The cleverness of the slave is given expression in the cre ative moment of ressentiment which says "no" to the hostile, external world and fabricates the idea of the freely choosing subject to allow the slave to engage in self-affirmation, albeit of a reactive type (GM . 10). It is precisely through the fiction of the freely choosing subject that the impotence of the slave can generate "that sublime self-deception " which construes "weakness itself as freedom, and their particular mode of existence as an accomplish menf (GM 1:13) and which simultaneously allows the construal of the noble as evil (the claim that Nietzsche mocks in the parable of the lamb and beasts of prey). The point I want to stress here is that the "imaginary revenge" through which the slave compensates for "being denied the proper response of action" (GM 1:10) involves a pathos of imaginary distance, a reactive consciousness of power predicated on an imaginary inversion of the social order of rank in which the highest virtues are those of "choosing" weakness (i.e., humility, patience, pity, obedience, etc.)?the attributes that characterise the slave?and the lowest virtues are those of "choosing" strength (Le, cruelty, murder, etc.)?the attributes that characterise the noble (particularly from the slave's perspective). The importance of this point for the purposes of this essay becomes clear with the movement from the slave revolt in morals to the construction of the ascetic ideal in Nietzsche's account. The relevant feature of this movement is the development of a transcendental notion of the freely choosing subject in which the slave's devaluation of the hostile external world is heightened

and secured through the construction of the distinction between real and apparent worlds. The imaginary inversion of the social order of rank is constituted as revealed metaphysical truth?"the first shall be last and the last shall be first." However, while this priestly move secures the reactive self-affirmation of the slave, it makes possible a further development that resolves a problem raised by the slave revolt in morals. The problem is that a mass characterised by ressentiment is unstable, facing "the ever-present threat of the disintegration of the herd" (GM 111:15). This instablity is the result of ressentiment itself in the context of the slave's experience of Ufe as suffering (GM 131:15). Hence, ressentiment threat ens sociality as such. It is to this problem that the priest's transcendental move provides a solution. The separation of soul and flesh, mind and body, rational will and empirical desires, allows the priest to redirect ressentiment: suffer, someone or other must be guilty' and every sick sheep thinks the same. But his shepherd, the ascetic priest, says to him, 'Quite right, my sheep! Somebody must be to blame: but you yourself are this somebody, you your self alone are to blame for it, you yourself alone are to blame for yourself . . . That is bold enough, wrong enough: but at least one thing has been achieved by it, the direction of ressentiment is, as I said?changed. (GM 111:15) Thus, the priest exploits "the bad instincts of all sufferers for the purpose of selfdiscipline, self-surveillance and self-overcoming " (GM 111:16). Why is this important? The cost is clear?a more thorough-going and radical devalu ation of thisworldly existence. But this redirecting of ressentiment has a fundamental implication for the possibility of a nobility (Le., standing to oneself as a sovereign individual) in which the overhuman is not tied to the inhuman. The implication is that the redirecting of ressentiment divorces the pathos of distance from any necessary relation to the social order of rank. Thus, while the original creative thrust of ressentiment is expressed through an imaginary inversion of the social order of rank, the consciousness of power that is manifest as "self-discipline, self-surveillance and self-overcoming" is articulated through a pathos of metaphysical distance in which the opposition of spirit to flesh, mind to body, rational will to empirical desires is given hierarchical and imperative form. What is crucial about this development is that it involves a reflexive ethical relationship of the self to itself, which is not mediated through forms of social hierarchy. The significance of this devel opment is twofold. On the one hand, it raises the possibility of a form of noble morality in which the consciousness of power is similarly not predi cted on relations of social hierarchy. On the other hand, it cultivates the capacities requisite to this possibility. Hence, the point of Nietzsche's presentation of the figures of the overman (i.e., one who stands to himself as a sovereign individual) and the last man (i.e., one who does not stand to him self as a sovereign individual) is to recommend an order of rank appropriate to our post-moral situation that allows for the reflexive construction of "inner distance" and, thus, in no way requires that the political form of society is aristocratic.

Revolutions
Their notion of revolution is ignorant to the inevitable resurfacing of violence and conflict. Schutte 84 (Ofelia Schutte,1984, Professor of Existentialism at University of South Florida, Beyond Nihilism: Nietzsche Without Masks, Published by University of Chicago Press, 7/4/12, K.H.)
t is here that Nietzsche first begins his archaeological excavation of the historical evolution of moral concepts and judgements. Casting off the comforts of Schopenhauerian metaphysics he now supports modern philosophy in its attack on all unexamined authority, whether that authority be religious and metaphysical, moral or political. He

supports the Enlightenment, but condemns any attempt to develop a philosophy of revolution out of its challenge to illegitimate authority. An opposition between 'enlightenment' and 'revolution ' is presented in terms of a contrast between Rousseau and Voltaire. For Nietzsche a philosophy of revolution surfers from the delusion that once a social order has been overturned then 'the proudest temple of fair humanity will at once rise up of its own accord*. The modern theory of revolution is derived from Rousseau's belief that beneath the layers of civilisation there lies buried a natural human goodness; the source of corruption lies not within man, in human nature, but in the institutions of the state and society, and in education. Against this theory Nietzsche offers the following warning and advice: The experiences of history have taught us, unfortunately, that every such revolution brings about the resurrection of the most savage energies in the shape of the long-buried dreadfulness and excesses of the most distant ages: that a revolution can thus be a source of energy in mankind grown feeble but never a regulator, architect, artist, perfector of human nature. It is not Voltaire's moderate nature, inclined as it was to ordering, purifying, and
reconstructing, but Rousseau's passionate follies and half-lies that called forth the optimistic spirit of the Revolution against which I cry:' Ecrasez Tin/ame J* It is this spirit that has for a long time banished the spirit of Enlightenment and of progressive evolution: let us see - each of us within himself - whether it is possible to call it back! {HAH 463)

Breaking Down Hierarchies

Hierarchy and domination are inevitable aspects of existence. Strides toward democracy and egalitarianism are merely consequences of a distortion of the will to power. Aydin 07 (Ciano, professor of Philosophy at Delft University of Technology and UD at University of Twente. 2007, Nietzsche on Reality as Will to Power: Toward an "Organization Struggle" Model, The Journal of Nietzsche Studies 33, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_nietzsche_studies/v033/33.1aydin01.html - oliver g)

Commanding is essential in both the concept of power and the concept of will. The "to power" does not add a separate element to the concept of will but, rather, accentuates an essential feature of it, namely, the always-being-on-theway toward subduing another will. "Will" and "power" presuppose and imply each other. "Will to power" is one word.4 A question that emerges here is whether obeying, the antonym of commanding, should be taken as a separate quality. That such is not the case is already implied by the inherent relationality of the will to power. Identifying a power quantum as commanding or as obeying depends on which relations are taken into account: in its relation to a weaker power quantum it is commanding, whereas, at the same time, in its relation to a stronger power quantum it is obeying. Another and probably a stronger argument against the conception that obeying is a separate quality is that obeying cannot be taken as a fundamental drive, motive, or "ground" of existence. For Nietzsche the "ground" of all living is activity; obeying is something secondary, an effect or result of that primary quality.5 That a will to power is subdued by another will to power is, in other words, not something that lies in its nature but, rather, is the result of their interaction (see KSA 13:14[79]). Both are intrinsically inclined to command, but the stronger subdues the weaker . Moreover, "submitting yourself" can, according to Nietzsche, sometimes also be a strategic move.6 This also expresses that the desire to command is the only primary motive. The same applies to another form of reactivity, which Nietzsche condemns frequently, namely, adaptation. According to him, "[L]ife is not adaptation of inner to outer conditions, but will to power, which from within subordinates and incorporates ever more of the 'external'" (KSA 12:7[9]). This does not change the fact that "hierarchical order," an order of commanding and obeying, has cardinal importance in Nietzsche's doctrine of the will to power. Hierarchical order is the result of an interaction between wills to [End Page 28] power, which is accompained by reciprocal assessment (cf.KSA 11:25[426]). According to Nietzsche, we have to attribute to all force a kind of intelligence, which he denotes as a preconscious "recognizing and inferring" (KSA 9:10[F101]). This recognizing and inferring involves reciprocally assessing or judging wills to power on the basis of strength, whereupon "decisions" are made to subdue or be subdued. This is no passive exploring, but rather involves immediate action. Recognizing and inferring is a unified process in which both elements are executed at the same time. These elements cannot be expressions of two different qualities; there is only one quality, one motive: the desire to overpower. A second implication of Nietzsche's homogenization of reality is that there is no fundamental difference between the organic and the inorganic: "the will to power [. . .] also dictates the

inorganic world, or rather, [. . .] there is no inorganic world" (KSA 11:34[247]; cf. KSA 11:26[274], 11:36[21]). The notion of recognizing and inferring presupposes that all forces are similar; otherwise recognizing and inferring would not be possible. The result of the reciprocal judging, accompanied by processes of submission, is a hierarchical order that manifests itself in different forms of reality. All reality is the result of these processes of measuring and subduing, respectively, of a continuously changing hierarchical order, of smaller and bigger coups (see KSA 13:14[81], 13:14[98]). Change can be the symptom of both the establishment of a new hierarchical order (which I call "substantializing") and the collapse of an old order (which I call "desubstantializing"). One should continuously keep in mind here that all these processesmeasuring, order, (de)substantializing, and the rise and fall of different forms of reality that accompany themhave no reality beside or outside the will to power. They are all manifestations of it. Will to power individualizes itself in different appearances.7 Nietzsche's ontology aims to clarify how the processes of individuation proceedthat is, how a variable and relational multiplicity arranges itself, decays, and rearranges itself in different directions and in multifarious ways, how different functions and phenomena form and decay, which we can see in Nietzsche's conception of organization.

Animals/Nature are people too!

Treating nature like an interactive subject is just a trick to solidify humanisms ability to determine the ontological status of all things. Let nature be an object, free of responsibility and expectations. Jean Baudrillard 94 (L'Autre par lui-mme , or professor at, Universit de Paris-X Nanterre, The Illusion of the End: Maleficent Ecology, Stanford University Press, Dec 1, 1994, ISBN: 0804725012, p 80)-JN-WE DO NOT ENDORSE GENDERED LANGUAGE.
Hence the recent proposal, following this same logic, from the moment it achieved the status of virtual wasteproduct, to accord nature international recognition of its rights, to elevate it to the status of a subject in law. Thus

the recognition of the rights of the unfortunate meant not their emancipation as citizens, but their liberation as the unfortunate. It is always the same with rights: the right to water, the right to air, the right to existence, etc. It is when all these fine things have disappeared that the law arrives to grant their disappearance official recognition. The law is like religious faith. If God exists, there is
the contra nature" amounts to a definitive recognition of nature as waste. Just as, in bygone days, away. Thus,

no need to believe in Him. If people do believe in Him, this is because the self-evidence of his existence has passed

when people obtain the right to life, the fact is that they are no longer able to live. When nature is recognized as a subject in law, as it is by Michel Serres, we have objectified it to death, and this ecological cover merely asserts our right to go on doing so. All this has been brought about by the highly dubious way in which the concept of nature has evolved. What was initially matter became energy. The modern discovery of nature consists in its liberation as energy and in a mechanical transformation of the world. After having first been matter, and then energy, nature is today becoming an interactive subject. It is ceasing to be an object, but this is bringing it all the more surely into the circuit of subjection. A dramatic paradox, and one which also affects human beings: we are much more compromised when we cease to be objects and become subjects. This is a trick that was pulled on us long ago, in the name of absolute liberation. Let's not pull the same one on nature. For the ultimate danger is that, in an interactivity built up into a total system of communication, there is no other; there are only subjects - and, very soon, only subjects without objects. All our problems today as civilized beings originate here: not in an excess of
alienation, but a disappearance of alienation in favour of a maximum transparency between subjects. An unbearable situation, all the more so for the fact that,

in foisting on nature the status of a subject in law, we are also foisting on it all the vices of subjectivity , decking it
out, in our own image, with a bad conscience, with nostalgia (for a lost object which, in this case, can only be us), with a range of drives - in particular, an impulse for revenge.

Environmentalism Link/Impact
Feeling bad about exploiting nature and attempting to reconcile with nature causes humans to hate themselves because we fail to stop catastrophes. We wonder why nature hurts us with catastrophe after catastrophe. This leads to biological and nuclear destruction because we begin to desire mass suicide. Jean Baudrillard 94 (L'Autre par lui-mme , or professor at, Universit de Paris-X Nanterre, The Illusion of the End: Maleficent Ecology, Stanford University Press, Dec 1, 1994, ISBN: 0804725012, p 81-84)
The 'balance' we hear so much of in ecology ('out of balance') is not so much that of planetary resources and their exploitation as the metaphysical one between subject and object. Now, that metaphysical subject object balance is being upset and the subject, armed as he is with all the technologies of advanced communication (technologies on whose horizon the object has disappeared), is the beneficiary. Once that balance is disrupted, it inevitably sparks violent reactions on the part of the object. Just as individuals counter the transparency and virtual responsibility
inflicted on them as subjects with unexplainable acts, acts of resistance, failure, delinquency and collective disorder, so

nature counters this enforced promotion, this consensual, communicational blackmail, with various forms of behaviour that are radically other, such as catastrophes, upheavals, earthquakes and chaos. It would seem that nature does not really feel a sense of responsibility for itself, nor does it react to our efforts to give it one. We are, admittedly, indulging in" a (bad) ecological conscience and attempting, by this moral violence, to stave off possible violence on nature's part. But if, by offering it the status of subject, we are handing it the same poisoned chalice as we gave to the decolonized nations, we ought not to be surprised if it behaves irrationally merely so as to assert itself as such. Contrary to the underlying Rousseauist ideology, which argues that the profound nature of the liberated subject can only be good and that nature itself, once emancipated, cannot but be endowed with natural equilibrium and all the ecological virtues , there
is nothing more ambiguous or perverse than a subject. Now, nature is also germs, viruses, chaos, bacteria and scorpions, significantly eliminated from Biosphere 2 as though they were not meant to exist. Where are the deadly little scorpions, so beautiful and so translucent, which one sees in the Desert Museum not far away, scorpions whose magical sting certainly performs a higher, invisible but necessary function within our Biosphere 1: the incarnation of evil, of the venomous evil of chance, the mortal innocence of desire (the desire for death) in the equilibrium of living beings?

What they have forgotten is that what binds living beings together is something other than an ecological, biospherical solidarity, something other than the homeostatic equilibrium of a system: it is the cycle of metamorphoses. Man is also a scorpion, just as the Bororo are araras and, left to himself in an expurgated universe, he becomes, himself, a scorpion. In short, it is not by expurgating evil that we liberate good. Worse, by liberating good, we also liberate evil. And this is only right: it is the rule of the symbolic game. It is the inseparability of good and evil which constitutes our true equilibrium, our true balance. We ought not to entertain the illusion that we might separate the two, that we might cultivate good and happiness in a pure state and expel evil and sorrow as wastes. That is the terroristic dream of the transparency of good, which very quickly ends in its opposite, the transparency of evil. We must not reconcile ourselves with nature. It seems that the more the human race reconciles itself with nature, the less it is reconciled with itself. Above and beyond the violence it inflicts on others, there is a violence specific to

the human race in general, a violence of the species against itself in which it treats itself as a residue, as a survivor - even in the present - of a coming catastrophe. As if it too were ready to repent of an evolution which has brought it such privileges and carried it to such extremes. This is the same conjuncture as the one to which Canetti refers, in which we stepped out of history, except that here we have not stepped out of history, but have passed a

point beyond which nothing is either human or inhuman any longer and what is at stake, which is even more immense, is the tottering of the species into the void. It is quite possible that, in this process, the species itself is commencing its own disappearance, either by disenchantment with - or ressentiment towards - itself, or out of a deliberate inclination which leads it here and now to manage that disappearance as its destiny. Surreptitiously, in spite of our superiority (or perhaps because of it), we are carrying over on to our own species the treatment we mete out to the others , all of which are virtually dying out. In an animal milieu which has reached saturation point, species are spontaneously dissuaded from living. The effects produced by the finite nature of the earth, for the first time contrasting violently with the infinity of our development, are such that our species is automatically switching over to collective suicide. Whether by external (nuclear) violence or internal (biological) virulence. We are subjecting ourselves as a human species to the same experimental pressure as the animal species in our laboratories. Man is without prejudice: he is using himself as a guinea-pig, just as he is using the rest of the world, animate or inanimate. He is cheerfully gambling with the destiny of his own species as he is with that of all the others. In his blind desire to know more, he is programming his own destruction with the same ease and ferocity as the destruction of the others. He cannot be accused of a superior egoism. He is sacrificing himself , as a species, to an unknown experimental fate, unknown at least as yet to other species, who have experienced only
natural fates. And, whereas it seemed that, linked to that natural fate, there was something like an instinct of selfpreservation - long the mainstay of a natural philosophy of individuals and groups - this experimental

fate to which the human species is condemning itself by unprecedented, artificial means, this scientific prefiguring of its own disappearance, sweeps away all ideas of a self-preservation instinct. The idea is, indeed, no longer discussed in the human sciences (where the focus of attention would seem, rather, to be on the death drive) and this disappearance from the field of thought signals that, beneath a frenzy for ecological conservation which is really more to do with nostalgia and remose, a wholly different tendency has already won out, the sacrificing of the species to boundless experimentation.

Survivalism
Our obsession with survival is unnatural death is the natural part of life. We are forced to live a dead life to survive. In our fear of death, we attempt to stabilize the earth, embalming ourselves in life. There must be some sort of accident, a break from the system, which smashes our stasis. Jean Baudrillard 7 (L'Autre par lui-mme, or professor at, Universit de Paris-X Nanterre, IJBS, Volume 4, Number 2; July, 2007; Darwins Artificial Ancestors and the Terroristic Dream of the Transparency of the Good; Jean Baudrillard; Paris, France)-JN-WE DO NOT ENDORSE GENDERED LANGUAGE.
It is generally thought that the obsession with survival is a logical consequence of life and the right to life. But, most of the time, the two things are contradictory. Life is not a question of rights, and what follows on from life is not survival, which is artificial, but death. It is only by paying the price of a failure to live, a failure to take pleasure, a failure to die that man is assured of survival. At least in present conditions, which the Biosphere principle perpetuates. This micro-universe seeks to exorcize catastrophe by making an artificial synthesis of all the elements of catastrophe. From the perspective of survival, of recycling and feedback, of stabilization and metastabilization, the elements of life are sacrificed to those of survival (elimination of germs, of evil, of sex). Real life, which surely, after all, has the right to disappear (or might there be a paradoxical limit to human rights?), is sacrificed to artificial survival. The real planet, presumed condemned, is sacrificed in advance to its miniaturized, air-conditioned clone (have no fear, all the earth's climates are air-conditioned here) which is designed to vanquish death by total simulation. In days gone by it was the dead who were embalmed for eternity; today, it is the living we embalm alive in a state of survival. Must this be our hope? Having lost our metaphysical Utopias, do we have to build this prophylactic one? What, then, is this species endowed with the insane pretension to survive not to transcend itself by virtue of its natural intelligence, but to survive physically, biologically, by virtue of its artificial intelligence? Is there a species destined to escape natural selection, natural disappearance in a word, death? What cosmic cussedness might give rise to such a turnabout? What vital reaction might produce the idea of survival at any cost? What metaphysical anomaly might grant the right not to disappear logical counterpart of the remarkable good fortune of having appeared? There is a kind of aberration in the attempt to eternalize the species not to immortalize it in its actions, but to eternalize it in this face-lifted coma, in the glass coffin of Biosphere 2. We may, nonetheless, take the view that this experiment, like any attempt to achieve artificial survival or artificial paradise, is illusory , not from any technical shortcomings, but in its very principle. In spite of itself, it is threatened by the same accidents as real life. Fortunately. Let us hope that the random universe outside smashes this glass coffin. Any accident will do if it rescues us from a scientific euphoria sustained by drip-feed.

Resisting Power/Genealogy
In the same way that God died at the exact time that we thought his omnipresence was the greatest, power has now died; it is now no more than an effect of our desire we want it to continue to exist, and thus we imagine that it does. A continued discussion of power only serves to nostalgically preserve the power-zombie. Foucaults discourse is merely a seduction of power resuscitation. Jean Baudrillard 77 (L'Autre par lui-mme, or professor at, Universit de Paris-X Nanterre, Forget Foucault, ISBN 1-58435-041-5, p 65-67)-JN
WHEN ONE TALKS SO MUCH about power, it's because it can no longer be found anywhere. The same goes for God: the stage in which he was everywhere came just before the one in which he was dead. Even the death of God no doubt came before the stage in which he was everywhere. The same goes for power, and if one speaks about it so much and so well, that's because it is deceased, a ghost, a puppet; such is also the meaning of Kafka's words: the Messiah of the day after is only a God resuscitated from among the dead, a zombie. The finesse and the microscopic nature of the analysis are themselves a "nostalgia effect." And so everywhere we see power coupled with seduction (it's almost obligatory these days) in order to give it a second existence. Power gets its fresh blood from desire . And it's no longer anything more than a sort of "desire effect" at the confines of the social, or a sort of "strategy effect" at the confines of history. It is here also that "the" powers of Foucault come into play: grafted upon the privacy of bodies, the tracing of discourses, the facilitation of gestures, in a more insinuating, more subtle, and more discursive strategy which there too takes away power from history and brings it nearer to seduction. This universal fascination with power in its exercise and its theory is so intense because it is a fascination with a dead power characterized by a simultaneous "resurrection effect," in an obscene and parodic mode, of all the forms of power already seen exactly like sex in pornography. The imminence of the death of all the great referents (religious, sexual, political, etc.) is expressed by exacerbating the forms of violence and representation that characterized them. There is no doubt that fascism, for example, is the first obscene and pornographic form of a desperate "revival" of political power. As the violent reactivation of a form of power that despairs of its rational foundations (the form of representation that was emptied of its meaning during the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries), as the violent reactivation of the social in a society that despairs of its own rational and contractual foundation, fascism is nevertheless the only fascinating modern form of power: it is the only one since
Machiavelli to assert itself as such, as a challenge, by trifling with all forms of political "truth" and it is the only one to have taken up the challenge to assume power unto death (whether its own or that of others). Besides, it is because it has taken up the challenge that fascism has benefited from this strange consent, this absence of resistance to power.

Why have all the symbolic resistances failed in the face of fascism-a unique fact in history? No ideological mystification and no sexual repression a la Reich can explain it. Only challenge can arouse such a passion for responding to it, such a frenzied assent to play the game in return, and thus raise every resistance. This, moreover, remains a mystery: why does one respond to a challenge? For what reason does one accept to play better, and feel passionately

compelled to answer such an arbitrary injunction? Fascist power is then the only form which was able to reenact the ritual prestige of death , but (and most importantly here) in an already posthumous and phony mode, a mode of one-upmanship and mise-en-scene, and in an aesthetic mode-as Benjamin clearly saw- that was no longer truly sacrificial. Fascism's politics is an aesthetics of death, one that already has the look of a nostalgia fad; and
everything that has had this look since then must be inspired by fascism, understood as an already nostalgic obsceniry and violence, as an already reactionary scenario of power and death which is already obsolete the very moment it appears in history. Again, an eternal shift in the advent of the Messiah, as Kafka says. An eternal

inner simulation of power, which is never already (jamais deja) anything but the sign of what it was. We find the same nostalgia and the same simulation characteristic of nostalgia fads when we look today at "micro" fascisms and "micro" powers. The "micro" operator can only downshift from what fascism may have been without resolving it and transform an extremely complex scenario of simulation and death into a simplified "floating signifier," "whose essential function is denunciation" (Foucault). Its function is also invocation because the memory of fascism (like the memory of power), even in the micro-form, is still the nostalgic invocation of the political, or of a form of truth for the political; and its invocation
simultaneously allows us to save the hypothesis of desire, whose mere paranoiac accident power and fascism can always appear to be. IN ANY CASE, power lures us on and truth lures us on. Everything

is in the lightning-quick contraction in which an entire cycle of accumulation, of power, or of truth comes to a close. There is never any inversion or any subversion: the cycle must be accomplished. But it can happen instantaneously. It is death that is at stake in this contraction.

For Foucault, power is a polar and static entity that cannot be fluid. His analysis ignores resistance as a form of resistance, and ignores powers endpoint self-cancellation. Foulcauldian genealogies of power only serve to further the power they attempt to fight they dont posit reversibility. Jean Baudrillard 77 (L'Autre par lui-mme, or professor at, Universit de Paris-X Nanterre, Forget Foucault, ISBN 1-58435-041-5, p 47-50)-JN
This "veering away" in Foucault's writing occurs progressively since Discipline and Punish, going against Madness and Civilization and the whole original ordering of his genealogy. Why wouldn't sex, like madness, have gone through a confinement phase
in which the terms of certain forms of reason and a dominant moral system were fomented before sex and madness, according to the logic of exclusion, once more became discourses of reference? Sex once more becomes the catchword of a new moral system; madness becomes the paradoxical form of reason for a society too long haunted by its absence and dedicated this time to its (normalized) cult under the sign of its own liberation. Such is also the trajectory of sex in the curved space of discrimination and repression where a mise-en-scene is installed as a long-term strategy to produce sex later as a new rule of the game. Repression or the secret is

the locus of an imaginary inscription on whose basis madness or sex will subsequently become exchangeable as value.* Everywhere, as Foucault himself has so well demonstrated, discrimination is the violent founding act of Reason-why wouldn't the same hold true of sexual reason? This time we are in a full universe, a space radiating with power but also cracked, like a shattered windshield still holding together. However, this "power" remains a mystery-starting from despotic centrality, it becomes by the halfWay point a "multiplicity of force relations" (but what is a force relation without a force resultant? It's a bit like Pere Ubu's polyhedra that set off in all directions like crabs) and it culminates, at the extreme pole, with resistances (what a divine surprise on pp. 95-96!) so small and so tenuous that, literally speaking, atoms of power and atoms of resistance merge at this microscopic level. The same

fragment of gesture, body, gaze, and discourse encloses both the positive electricity of power and the negative electricity of resistance (and we wonder what the origin of that resistance might turn out to be ; nothing in the book prepares us for it except the allusion to some inextricable "force relations." But since we may ask ourselves exactly the same question concerning power, a balance is achieved in a discourse which in essence staunchly describes the only true spiral, that of its own power ). This is not an
objection. It is a good thing that terms lose their meaning at the limits of the text (they don't do it enough).** Foucault makes the term sex and its true principle ("the fictive point of sex") lose their meaning; the

analytics of power is not pushed to its conclusion at the point where power cancels itself out or where it has never been. As economic reference loses its strength, either the reference of desire or that of power becomes preponderant. The reference of desire, born in psychoanalysis, comes to maturity in Deleuzian antipsychoanalysis under the form of a shattered molecular desire. The reference of power, which has a long history, is discussed again today by Foucault at the level of dispersed, interstitial power as a grid of bodies and of the ramiform pattern of controls. Foucault at least economizes desire, as well as history (but being very prudent, he does not deny them), yet everything still comes back to some kind of powerwithout having that notion reduced and expurgated-just as with Deleuze everything comes back to some kind of desire, or with Lyorard to some kind of intensity: these are shattered notions, yet they remain miraculously intact in their current acceptance. Desire and intensity remain force/notions; with Foucault power remains, despite being pulverized, a structural and a polar notion with a perfect genealogy and an inexplicable presence, a notion which cannot be surpassed in spite of a sort of latent denunciation, a notion which is whole in each of its points or microscopic dots. It is hard to see how it could be reversed (we find the same aporia in Deleuze, where desire's reversion into its own repression is inexplicable). Power no longer has a coup de force-there is simply nothing else either on this side of it or beyond it (the passage from the "molar" or the "molecular" is for Deleuze still a revolution of desire, but for Foucault it is an anamorphosis of power). Only now Foucault does not see that power is dying (even infinitesimal power), that it is not just pulverized by
pulverulent, that it is undermined by a reversal and tormented by a reversibility and a death which cannot appear in the genealogical process alone.

Democracy Link/Alt
They fail to acknowledge the distinction between proactive and reactive democracy. Our links demonstrate the aff is the latter while the alternative is the former. Owen 02 (David, Professor of Social and Political Theory at the University of Southampton., Fall 2002, Equality, Democracy, and Self-Respect: Reflections on Nietzsche's Agonal Perfectionism, Journal of Nietzsche Studies, No. 24, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20717793 oliver g)

Conant's point -surely correct -is that we should not leap from the fact that Nietzsche offers pointed criticisms of the democratic movement (e.g., BGE 202-3) to the conclusion that Nietzsche is an anti-democratic thinker. Locating Nietzsche's criticisms in the context of the perfectionist strain within the tradition of democratic theory demonstrates that such a conclusion does not follow simply from the fact that Nietzsche engages in such criticism. In this context, consider the following passage (also cited by Conant) from the section "Man in Society" in Human, All Too Human: Two kinds of equality.? The thirst for equality can express itself either as a desire to draw everyone down to oneself (though diminishing them, spying on them, tripping them up) or to raise oneself and everyone else up (through recognizing their virtues, helping them, rejoicing in their success) . (HH 300) Against the background of Nietzsche's views on the two types of respect and self-respect, we can say that the first of these types of will to equality is com patible with recognition respect but not appraisive respect, whereas the sec ond type is compatible with, and requires, both kinds of respect to be in play. Nietzsche's endorsement of the second type of will to equality makes clear that he is not, as commonly supposed, an anti-egalitarian thinker, but an advo cate of, what we might call, the perfectionist view of equality in which every one is called on, and aided, to develop their capacities for self-government. In this respect, it would be entirely consonant with Nietzsche's view to endorse the view articulated by John Dewey (another ethical theorist who held the view that the end of ethical action is growth itself , not an end but the end, not growth towards X but growth itself): To 'make others happy' except through liberating their powers and engaging them in activities that enlarge the meaning of life is to harm them and to indulge ourselves under the cover of exercising a special virtue. Our moral measure for estimating any existing arrangement or any proposed reform is its effect upon impulse and habits. Does it liberate or suppress, ossify or ren der flexible, divide or unify interest? Is perception quickened or dulled? Is memory made apt and extensive or narrowed and diffusely irrelevant? Is imag ination diverted to fantasy and compensatory dreams, or does it add fertility to life? Is thought creative or pushed to one side into pedantic specialism? There is a sense in which to set up social welfare as an end of action only pro motes an offensive condescension, a harsh interference, or an oleaginous dis play when it is aimed at giving happiness to others directly, that is, as we can hand a physical thing to another. To foster conditions that widen the horizon of others and give them command over their own powers, so that they can find their own

happiness in their own fashion, is the way of 'social' action. Otherwise the prayer of a freeman would be to be left alone, and to be deliv ered, above all, from 'reformers' and 'kind' people. (1922: 293-94)

Democracy is not antithetical to Nietzsches thought political contestation can be a ground for the establishment of an individuals sovereignty and the fulfillment of the will to power Owen 02 (David, Professor of Social and Political Theory at the University of Southampton., Fall 2002, Equality, Democracy, and Self-Respect: Reflections on Nietzsche's Agonal Perfectionism, Journal of Nietzsche Studies, No. 24, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20717793 oliver g)

The principle of constitutionalism requires that the exercise of political power in the whole and in every part of any constitutionally legitimate system of political, social and economic cooperation should be exercised in accordance with and through a global system of principles, rules and procedures, includ ing procedures for amending any principle, rule or procedure. [...] The prin ciple of democracy requires that, although the people or peoples who comprise a political association are subject to the global constitutional system, they, or their entrusted representatives, must also impose the global system on them selves in order to be sovereign, and thus for the association to be democrati cally legitimate. The people or peoples 'impose' the constitutional system on themselves by means of having a say through exchanging reasons in democratic practices of deliberation, either directly or indirectly through their rep resentatives, usually in a piecemeal fashion by taking up some subset of the principles, mies and procedures of the system. These democratic practices of deliberation are themselves rule governed (to be constitutionally legitimate), but the rules must also be open to democratic amendment if they are to be democratically legitimate. (Tully, 2000: 2) The equiprimordiality of these critical and abstract norms leads to a second feature, namely, 'the Mobius-band character of political associations in late modernity': No sooner is a constitutional principle, rule or procedure laid down as the basis of democratic rights and institutions then it is itself open in principle to democratic challenge, deliberation and amendment.... In late modernity the implication of the equality of the two principles is that a legitimate political association is one in which democratic agreement and disagreement takes place not only within the mies of the game, but also over the rules of the game from time to time. Accordingly, a political association that strives to embody both principles in its way of life cannot be an end state or definitive ordering but must be seen as an ongoing activity, an open-ended set of democratic con stitutional processes. (Tully, 2000: 4) In conditions of pluralism, this?in turn?entails that 'democratic constitutional politics has, among other things, an irreducible agonistic dimension': Disagreement, dissensus and dissent among adversaries go all the way down. . . . Once the two principles are seen as equipri mordi al, then it follows that there will always be an unresolved and unresolveable tension between them. A people or association of peoples cannot, at one and the same time, be both sovereign over the mies (the principle of democracy) and subject to them (the principle of constitutionalism) ... the abstract character of the principles allows for an open-ended family of reasonable yet different and conflicting traditions of interpretation and application of

the principles in any case and over time. .. . This is not to say that people do not reach agreement and even consensus from time to time on principles, rules and procedures, as well as compromises and legitimate decisions taken by a majority or a court. It just means that no settlement is definitive or immune from reasonable disagreement. What makes a constitutional arrangement legitimate is not, therefore, its approximation to a consensus but its openness to democratic contestation (agonism). Agonistic deliberation among adversaries is not a flaw at the heart of democratic constitutionalism. The power of the democratic exchange of reasons to call into question and critically examine sedimented discourses, power practices and individual selfunderstandings requires disagreement and contestation to take effect. (Tully 5-6) "Agonistic deliberation" here refers to deliberative contestation within and over the terms of democratic citizenship. The importance of Tully's remarks for the concerns of this essay begins to become clear once we note that "the terms of democratic citizenship" are the terms of political recognition-respect. In other words, the terms of democratic citizenship are the terms of recognitionrespect accorded to members as beings capable of standing to them selves politically as sovereign individuals. In Nietzschean terms, struggles over the terms of democratic citizenship are struggles over what recognition respect is due to citizens as persons who can stand to themselves as sovereign individuals. How, though, does this point concerning recognition-respect connect up to the central concern of Nietzsche's focus on the agon as a way of cultivating nobility, i.e., those features worthy of appraisive respect? The crucial connection is this: Subjects become citizens not only in virtue of a set of constitutionally guar anteed rights and duties enabling them to participate in the institutions of their association. They also take on their identity or form of self-awareness and self-formation as citizens in virtue of participating in democratic-constitutional institutions and, more importantly, participating in the array of practices of deliberation over the existing institutions. (Tully 7) In other words, it is in and through agonistic engagements within and over the terms of democratic citizenship that citizens exercise and develop the capacities and dispositions that compose democratic nobility, i.e., standing to oneself politically as a sovereign individual. Consider that what is required for democratic nobility, on the Nietzschean account, is that citizens acquire and develop a will to political self-responsibility, which consists in cultivating one's capacity and disposition for political self-rule. But what it is to cul tivate this capacity and disposition is just to participate in struggles within and over the terms of democratic citizenship, to engage in the practices of exchanging reasons oriented to the two critical and abstract norms of con stitutionalism and democracy. More particularly, it is do so with the full acknowledgment that we are subject to political fortuna, i.e., that our struggles may fail, that we may (and probably will) find ourselves committed qua democratic citizen to accepting laws and policies to which we are commit ted qua private conception of the good to opposing . This is what Wollheim called "the paradox of democracy" (Waldron, 1999b: 126-29). In this regard, it is part and parcel of standing to oneself politically as a sovereign individual that one acknowledges both the openness of the terms of our political association to contestation and the demand that we submit ourselves to the rule of law even as we seek to contest democratically particular laws. In other words, what we may call political amor fati consists in

accepting (and affirming) that our political fate is to be subject to, what Waldron has called, "the circumstances of politics": The prospect of persisting disagreement must be regarded, I think, as one of the elementary conditions of modern politics. Nothing we can say about politics makes much sense if we proceed without taking this condition into account. . . . Here's an analogy. Consider John Rawls' idea of the circum stances of justice?the factual aspects of the human condition, such as mod erate scarcity of resources and the limited altruism of individuals, which make justice as a virtue and a practice both possible and necessary. We may say, along similar lines, that disagreement among citizens as to what they should do, as a political body, is one of the circumstances of politics. It is not all there is to the circumstances of politics, of course: there is also the felt need to act together, even though we disagree about what to do. Like scarcity and lim ited altruism in the case of justice, the circumstances of politics are a coupled pair: disagreement wouldn't matter if people didn't prefer a common decision; and the need for common decision would not give rise to politics as we know it if there wasn't at least the potential for disagreement about what the common decision should be. (Waldron 1999a, 153-4, see also 1999b, 105-6) In this context, to stand to oneself politically as a sovereign individual is to stand to oneself as a being who is engaged in the necessarily ongoing cultivation of one's power of democratic self-rule, powers which are manifest in the degree to which one can affirm the circumstances of politics -where it is this capacity to affirm the circumstances of politics that stands as the ground of political appraisive respect. These reflections on the character of the democratic agon clarify why polit ical servility is a fundamental democratic vice: to fail to recognise oneself as a democratic citizen with all that this entails is not only to undermine the terms of political recognition-respect in general, it is also to undermine the possibility of engagement in the democratic agon and, hence, of democratic nobility, that is, the realisation of the virtues (independence of mind, affir mation of the circumstances of politics, etc.) which comprise the appropri ate source of reverence for the democratic citizen.

Forgetting Link/Alt
The affirmatives fixation on identifying those who suffer enframes them as victims who can never escape the psychological pain of their suffering. Only forgetting the violence of the past allows us to overcome suffering and move forward with our lives. Alenka Zupancic 2003 (Ph.D, Visiting professor @ EGS grad school, The Shortest Shadow: Nietzsches Philosophy of the Two, MIT Press, 2003, VP)
It is true that there is also a rather dierent notion present in Christianity, a notion much closer to Nietzsches own positionnamely, the notion of mercy as situated beyond law( Jenseits des Rechts ). Nietzsche links to this notion nothing less than the possibility of an escape from the vicious circle of punishment and guilt. But

is not simply that of an act of forgiveness; it can spring only from a surplus of power and richness. Illustrating this with the example of actual
his notion of mercy

wealth, Nietzsche writes that the creditor be-comes more human to the extent that he has grown richer: so that, nally, how much injury he can endure without suering from it becomes the actual measure of his wealth. 24 Such a creditor can now allow himself the noblest luxury possible: letting those who harm him go unpunished. In this way, the justice which began with 55 everything is dischargeable, everything must be discharged ends by

self-overcoming of justice is called mercy, and remains the privilege of the most powerful . 25 We should be careful here not to believe that the terms rich and powerful refer simply to those who have a lot of money, and hold this or that position of power. As Nietzsche points out, it is the capacity not to be injured, and not to suer because of an injustice, that constitutes the measure of ones richness and powernot the capacity to endure suffering and injury, to bear pain, but the capacity not to let this suering as suering enter the constitution of ones subjectivity (which also means the capacity not to let oneself be subjectivized in the gure of the subject of injury, the gure of the victim). Those who can manage this are rich and powerful because they can manage it, not the other way around. There is also an important dierence between forgiving and (what Nietzsche calls) forgetting. Forgiveness has a perverse way of involving us even further in debt. To forgive somehow always implies to pay for the other, and thus to use the very occurrence of injury and its forgiveness as a new engagement ring.
winking, and letting those who are incapable of discharging their debt go free. This Nietzsche makes this very point in relation to Christianity: the way God has forgiven our sins has been to pay for them, to pay for them with His own esh. This is the fundamental perversity of Christianity: while forgiving, it simultaneously brandishes at us the cross, the instrument of torture, the memory of the one who suered and died so that we could be forgiven, the memory of the one who paid for us. Christianity forgives, but does not forget. One

with the eyes of the sinner xed on the cross, forgiving creates a new debt in the very process of this act. It forgives what was done, but it does not forgive the act of forgiving itself. On the contrary, the latter establishes a new bond and a new debt. It is now innite mercy (as the capacity of forgiving) that sustains the innite debt, the debt as innite. The debt is no longer brought about by our actions; it is brought about by the act of forgiving us these actions. We are indebted for forgiveness. The innite capacity to forgive might well become the infernal ame in which we temper our debt and guilt. This is why Nietzsche counters the concept of forgiving with the concept of forgetting (a good example of this in modern times is Mirabeau, who had no memory for insults and vile
could say that, actions done to him and was unable to forgive simply because heforgot). 26 This is perhaps the moment to examine in more detail what Nietzschean forgetting is actually about. What is the capacity of forgetting as the

Nietzsche claims that memory entertains some essential relationship with pain. This is what he describes as the principle used in human mnemotechnics: If something is to stay in the memory it must be burned in: only that which never ceases to hurt stays in the memory. 27 Thus, if memory is essentially related to pain (here it seems that Nietzsche claims the opposite of what
basis of great health? psychoanalysis is claiming: that traumatic events are the privileged objects of repression; yet pain is not the same thing as trauma, just as forgetting is not the same thing as repressing), then forgetting refers

above all to the capacity not to nurture pain. This also means the capacity not to make pain the determining ground of our actions and choices. What exactly
is pain (not so much physical pain, but, rather, the mental pain that can haunt our lives)? It is a way in which the subject internalizes and appropriates some traumatic experience as her own bitter treasure. In other words, in relation to the traumatic event, pain is not exactly a part of this event, but already its memory (the memory of the body). And Nietzschean oblivion is not so much an eacement of the traumatic encounter as a preservation of its external character, of its foreignness, of its otherness. In Unfashionable Observations, Second Piece (On the Utility and Liability of History for Life), Nietzsche links the question of forgetting (which he employs as a synonym for the ahistorical) to the question of the act. Forgetting, oblivion, is the very condition of

possibility for an act in the strong sense of the word. Memory (the 57 historical) is eternal
sleeplessness and alert insomnia, a state in which no great thing can happen, and which could even be said to serve this very purpose. Considering the common conception according to which memory is something monumental that xes certain events, and closes us within their horizon, Nietzsche proposes a signicantly dierent notion. It is precisely as an eternal openness, an un-ceasing stream,

that memory can immobilize us, mortify us, make us incapable of action . Nietzsche invites us to imagine the extreme example of a human being who does not possess the power to forget. Such a human being would be condemned to see becoming every-where: he would no longer believe in his own being, would see everything ow apart in turbulent particles, and would lose himself in this stream of becoming . He would be like
the true student of Heraclitus. A human being who wanted to experience things in a thoroughly historical manner would be like someone forced to go without sleep. 28 Memory holds us in eternal motionit keeps opening numerous horizons, and this is precisely how it immobilizes us, forcing us into frenetic activity. Hence, Nietzsche advances a thesis that is as out of tune with our time as it was with his own: every living thing can

become healthy, strong and fruitful only within a dened horizon; if it is incapable of drawing a horizon around itself and too selsh, in turn, to enclose its own perspective within an alien horizon, then it will feebly waste away or hasten to its timely end. 29 Of course, Nietzsches aim here is not to preach narrow-mindedness and pettiness, nor is it simply to arm the ahistorical against history and memory. On the contrary, he clearly states that it is only by thinking, reecting, comparing, analyzing, and synthesizing (i.e. only by means of the power to utilize the past for life, and to reshape past events into history) that the human being becomes properly human. Yet, in the excess of history, the human being ceases to be human once again, no longer able to create or invent. This is why Nietzsche insists that every great
historical event is born in the ahistorical atmosphere, that is to say, in conditions of oblivion and closure: the ascetic ideal. Imagine a man seized and carried away by a vehement passion for a woman or for a great idea; how his world changes! Looking back-ward he feels he is blind, listening around he hears what is unfamiliar as a dull, insignicant sound; and those things that he perceives at all he never before perceived in this way; so palpable and near, colorful, resonant, illuminated, as though he were apprehending it with all his senses at once. All his valuations are changed and devalued; ...It is the most unjust condition in the world, narrow, ungrateful to the past, blind to dangers, deaf to warnings; a tiny whirlpool of life in a dead sea of night and oblivion; and yet this conditionahistorical, antihistorical through and through is not only womb of the unjust deed, but of every just deed as well; and no artist will create a picture, no general win a victory, and no people gain its freedom without their having previously desired and striven to accomplish these deeds in just such an ahistorical condition.... Thus, everyone who acts loves his action innitely more than it

deserves to be loved, and the best deeds occur in such an exuberance of love that, no matter what, they must be unworthy of this love, even if their worth were otherwise incalculably great. 30 If we read this passage carefully, we
note that the point is not simply that the capacity to forget, or the ahistorical condition, is the condition of great deeds or events. On the contrary: it is the pure surplus of passion or love (for something) that brings about this closure of memory, this ahistorical condition. In other words, it is not that we have rst to close ourselves within a

The closure takes place with the very (passionate) opening toward something (a woman or a great idea). Nietzsches
dened horizon in order then to be able to accomplish something. point is that if this surplus passion engages us in the midst of life, instead of mortifying us, it does so via its inducement of forgetting. Indeed, I could mention a quite common experience here: whenever something

important happens to us and incites our passion, we tend to forget and dismiss the grudges and resentments we might have been nurturing before . Instead of forgiving those who might have injured us in the past, we forget and dismiss these injuries. If we do not, if we work on our memory and strive to keep these grudges alive, they will most probably aect and mortify our (new) passion. It could also be interesting to relate Nietzsches reections from the
quoted passage to the story of Hamlet, in which the imperative to remember, uttered by Hamlets fathers Ghost, plays a very prominent role. Remember me! Remember me!, the Ghost repeats to Hamlet, thus engaging him in the singular rhythm that characterizes the hero of this playthat of the alternation between resigned apathy and frenetic activity or precipitate actions (his killing of Polonius, as well as that of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern; his engagement in the duel with Laertes ...). This movement prevents Hamlet from carrying out the very deed his fathers Ghost charges him with. Many things have been said and written about the relationship between action and knowledge in this play, and about how knowledge prevents Hamlet from acting. Although the two notions are not unrelated, it might be interesting to consider this also in terms of memory (not only in terms of knowledge). It could be worthwhile to contemplate the role played by the imperative of memory. Could we not say that one of the fundamental reasons for the diculty of Hamlets position is precisely the structural incompatibility of memory and action that is to say, the fact that action ultimately always betrays memory? And do we not encounter something similar in the wider phenomenon of melancholy (in the play, Hamlet is actually said to be melancholic) as a never-ending grief that keeps alive, through pain, the memory of what was lost? Additionally, although we

can recognize in this kind of melancholy a form of delity (for in-stanceto use Nietzsches wordsdelity to a woman or a great idea), this kind of delity, bound to memory, should be distinguished from delity to the very event of the encounter with this woman or idea. Contrary to the rst form, this second form of delity implies and presupposes the power to forget. Of course, this does not mean to forget in the banal sense of no longer remembering the person or the idea in question, but in the sense that forgetting liberates the potential of the encounter itself, and opens up precisely through its closure the possibility of a new one. If we return to the question of the ascetic ideal, we
can easily see its link to the imperative of memory: the sleeplessness it generates is very closely related to the state of being everlastingly awake that Nietzsche identies as one of the essential features of the ascetic ideal. The same is true of frenetic activity as the very impossibility of actually acting and of the obsession with the fact that every-thing that happens to us, or everything we do, has to be registered somewhere.

Impacts

Sadism
The inability to accept suffering and conflict as arising from chaos produces a sadistic desire to inflict suffering, because forcing others to suffer gives us a false illusion of control Kain 7, Phillip Kain, Professor of Philosophy (Ph.D., University of California at San Diego, 1974, Eternal Recurrence and the Categorical Imperative, http://content.ebscohost.com/pdf19_22/pdf/2007/2GW/01Mar07/24887421.pdf? T=P&P=AN&K=24887421&S=R&D=a9h&EbscoContent=dGJyMNXb4kSeprI4yOvqOLCmr0 qep7RSsay4TbeWxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGqsE60rrVKuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA, 7/04/12, [AR]
We live in an empty and meaningless cosmos, a cosmos that does not care about us, and we cannot face this. Suffering we can handle, but meaningless suffering, suffering for no reason at all, we cannot handle. So what do we do? Nietzsche thinks we give suffering a meaning. We invent a meaning. We create an illusion. The Greeks constructed gods for whom wars and other forms of suffering were festival plays and thus occasions to be celebrated by the poets. Christians imagine a God for whom suffering is punishment for sin. Nietzsche even thinks we used to enjoy inflicting suffering on others. To see others suffer does one good, to make others suffer even more.... [I]n the days when mankind was not yet ashamed of its cruelty, life on earth was more cheerful than it is now.... Today, when suffering is always brought forward as the principal argument against existence, as the worst question mark, one does well to recall the ages in which the opposite opinion prevailed because men were unwilling to refrain from making suffer and saw in it an enchantment of the first order, a genuine seduction to life. Why was the infliction of suffering so enjoyable? Why was it a seduction to life? The answer is not, I do not think, that people of past ages were just sadists, as Danto and others seem to think. Rather, since meaningless suffering is unbearable, we give it a meaning. We make it a punishment and inflict it ourselves. In doing so, suffering is no longer meaningless; it is made to participate in the web of meaning we have created. That is why it is so enjoyable to inflict suffering. That is why it is a seduction to life. We keep meaninglessness at bay. We engage in practices that invest suffering with the meaning it must have for us. We unconsciously participate in the imposition of meaning. But we are not content, in Nietzsche's opinion, merely to inflict suffering on others. We go further. We inflict it upon ourselves. As society develops and we are unable to discharge our instincts outwardly, we direct them within. We create guilt. And priests are quick to nurture this new development.^" Just as we inflict suffering on others to keep meaningless suffering at bay, so we inflict it upon ourselves. We give all suffering a meaning. No meaningless suffering is allowed to remain anywhere. Meaninglessness is eradicated. And just as inflicting suffering on others was a seduction to life, so in inflicting it on ourselves, "life again became very interesting ... one no longer protested against pain, one thirsted for pain; 'more pain! Nietzsche finds all of this highly objectionable. And he

will not accept any of it. He rejects it completely . He wants to restore the innocence of existence. He wants to rid the world of guilt and punishment.

Ressentiment Impacts
Their imagination of a better world is a continuation of the ascetic ideal. This association of all that is good at not of this world expresses a hatred for the only one weve got turns case. Fantasizing about a world without suffering produces creative impotence only our relationship to life can escape this paradox of resentment Aydan Turanli, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences @ Istanbul Technical University, 2003 [journal of nietzche studies 26 (2003) 55-63 p.muse]-AC
The craving for absolutely general specifications results in doing metaphysics. Unlike Wittgenstein, Nietzsche provides an account of how this craving arises. The creation of the two worlds such as apparent and real world, conditioned and unconditioned world, being and becoming is the creation of the ressentiment of metaphysicians. Nietzsche says, "to imagine another, more valuable world is an expression of hatred for a world that makes one suffer: the ressentiment of metaphysicians against actuality is here creative" (WP III 579). Escaping from this world because there is grief in it results in asceticism. [End Page 61] Paying respect to the ascetic ideal is longing for the world that is pure and denaturalized. Craving for frictionless surfaces, for a transcendental, pure, true, ideal, perfect world, is the result of the ressentiment of metaphysicans who suffer in this world. Metaphysicians do not affirm this world as it is, and this paves the way for many explanatory theories in philosophy . In criticizing a philosopher who pays homage to the ascetic ideal, Nietzsche says, "he wants to escape from torture" (GM III 6). The traditional philosopher or the ascetic priest continues to repeat, "'My kingdom is not of this world'" (GM III 10). This is a longing for another world in which one does not suffer. It is to escape from this world; to create another illusory, fictitious, false world. This longing for "the truth" of a world in which one does not suffer is the desire for a world of constancy. It is supposed that contradiction, change, and deception are the causes of suffering; in other words, the senses deceive; it is from the senses that all misfortunes come; reason corrects the errors; therefore reason is the road to the constant. In sum, this world is an error; the world as it ought to be exists. This will to truth, this quest for another world, this desire for the world as it ought to be, is the result of unproductive thinking. It is unproductive because it is the result of avoiding the creation of the world as it ought to be. According to Nietzsche, the will to truth is "the impotence of the will to create " (WP III 585). Metaphysicians end up with the creation of the "true" world in contrast to the actual, changeable, deceptive, selfcontradictory world. They try to discover the true, transcendental world that is already there rather than creating a world for themselves. For Nietzsche, on the other hand, the transcendental world is the "denaturalized world" (WP III 586). The way out of the circle created by the ressentiment of metaphysicians is the will to life rather than the will to truth. The will to truth can be overcome only through a Dionysian relationship to existence. This is the way to a new philosophy, which in Wittgenstein's terms aims "to show the fly the way out of the fly-bottle" (PI 309).

THE AFFIRMATIVES ATTEMPT TO ESCAPE THE STATUS QUO IS A NAVE DISPLAY OF THEIR HATRED OF LIFE. LIVING DANGEROUSLY ALLOWS US TO GAIN VALUE FROM THE DANGERS OF LIFE THAT THEY HIDE FROM. BRAMAN IN 2004 [Jorn, Nietzsche: The Dark Side of Things http://faculty.frostburg.edu/phil/forum/Nietzsche.htm ]-AC
One reason why people devalue the physical world, according to Nietzsche, is their fear of life--of lifes innumerable uncertainties, sufferings, and its inescapable finality. It is because of this deep-seated fear that people seek refuge in an ideal and imaginary world where they seem to find everlasting peace and relief from all the ailments that besiege them on earth. People do this either naively, by imagining "another world" in which people somehow continue to exist in the way they do in this world , only more perfectly, or they do it in more sophisticated ways, the ways philosophers like Plato or other teachers of a spiritual life recommend. But in whatever way people try to escape the imperfections of the physical world, their retreat is always a manifestation of weakness, an inability to face reality in the way strong individuals would. Strong persons would not only take suffering and other adversities in stride, they would in a sense even welcome them as inevitable aspects of the very nature of life. As there is no life without death, there is also no experience of health without sickness, no enjoyment of wealth without poverty, and no appreciation of happiness without a real knowledge of pain. Live dangerously is one of Nietzsches well known pieces of advice.(2) It is his reminder that the most exuberant and ecstatic experiences of life do not grow out of a well protected existence where risks and extremes are anxiously kept at bay, but out of a courageous exposure to the forces and conditions of life that activates the best of a persons powers. A good horseback rider will not beat a spirited horse into submission to have an easy ride, but rather learn how to handle a difficult mount. Similarly, a strong and healthy person will not shun the dark and often dangerous sides of the world by retreating to some metaphysical realm of comfortable peace, but rather embrace life in its totality, its hardships and terrors as well as its splendors and joys.

Nietzsche Security Impact

The attempt to find blame for international insecurity leads to a state of emergency and pre-emptive war the arbitrary backlash against Afghanistan after 9/11 proves. James Der Derian, Director of the Global Security Program and Research Professor of International Studies @ the Watson Institute for International Studies of Brown, 2005 National Security: An Accident Waiting to Happen Harvard International Review fall RJ
According to the legal philosopher of Nazi Germany, Carl Schmitt, when the state is unable to deliver on its traditional promissory notes of safety, security, and well-being through legal, democratic means, it will necessarily exercise the sovereign "exception:" declaring a state of emergency, defining friend from foe, and, if necessary, eradicating the threat to the state. But what if the state, facing the global event, cannot discern the accidental from the intentional? An external attack from an internal auto-immune response? The natural as opposed to the "planned disaster"? The enemy within from the enemy without? We can, as the United States has done since September 11, continue to treat catastrophic threats as issues of national rather than global security, and go it alone. However, once declared, bureaucratically installed, and repetitively gamed, national states of emergency grow recalcitrant and become prone to even worse disasters. As Paul Virilio, master theorist of the war machine and the integral accident once told me: " The kill-scale accident is now the prolongation of total war by other means. '*

VTL Outweighs
BIOLOGY IS NOT THE EXTENT OF LIFE. ESTABLISHING VALUE TO LIFE IS A PRIOR CONCERN TO CONCERNS ABOUT PRESERVING LIFE
POLOKOVA 2004 [Jolana, chapter 2: struggle for human dignity in extreme situations, http://www.crvp.org/book/Series04/IVA-18/chapter_ii.htm ]-AC

An animal which finds itself in a life endangering situation tries to escape quite unambiguously and at any cost, although sometimes in a mediated fashion as dictated by the instinctive attachment to ones offspring, mate or herd. Under such a situation humans do not always behave so unequivocally. Their attitude to their own life is not determined solely by instinct, but is freer and more complicated. Humans are capable not only of saving their own life, but also of sacrificing it; they are capable of running the risk of losing their life and even of giving it up in passive resignation. Such a free and differentiated approach attests to the fact that humans do not identify what they intrinsically are with their physical existence; somehow they can confirm their humanity independently of their own survival, sometimes even against it. Evidently, they strive to exist somewhat differently than a biological entity, trying to transcend their physical existence. To put it in positive terms: they strive for a spiritually independent existence. Only on such a basis is it possible to compare life with other values and freely avail oneself of it. This spiritual existence implements a purely human possibility of self-transcendence through a principal attachment to values. Humans can sacrifice or save their life because of something that exceeds the value of biological life. That is, because of values towards which their life aspires, on which it is based, in which humans invest, with which they identify themselves, and to which they attach supreme meaning. Only a threat to such values "sublime" or "mundane", but always vitally important constitutes an extreme situation characteristic of man. If the principal values of his life have been destroyed or devalued, ones bare life retains value only if and as one is capable of retaining at least some hope of discovering or creating new values. Then life becomes, provisionally, a supreme value only in the name of those unknown values and in linkage with them. From a human viewpoint, mere survival does not appear to be an end in itself. It is not something absolute or unconditioned, but rather something to which one can assume a personal attitude; that is, one which is not arbitrary but spiritually free and connected with values. The fact that one carries within oneself something one protects more than ones own life and without which ones life would lose its meaning and humanity points to the conclusion that, unlike other live beings, ones specific extreme situation involves a threat to values which one regards as supreme. A threat to life is perceived by humans as an extreme situation only insofar as it

jeopardizes also their possibility of living for certain values. In a situation of a total value vacuum and hopelessness life tends to become virtually irrelevant to a human person. Thus, one may attach to a certain value, rather than to ones bare life, that which is intrinsically ones own, ones most profound identity, namely, independence and integrity. This reveals the ontologically unique spiritual nature of the person. What seems to be significant in extreme human situations, therefore, is not any boundary of human potential for biological survival, but rather a limit of this or that individuals value orientation and attachment.

Alternatives

Devaluing Values
To break down the nihilistic barriers of the affirmative, a devaluation or critical rejection of the political methodology of the aff must be rejected because it recognizes the foundations of that flawed methodology and helps identify how it can be broken down. Reginster 06 (Bernard Reginster, 2006, Philosophy professor at Brown, The Affirmation of Life: Nietzsche on Overcoming Nihilism, Harvard Press, 7/5/12, K.H.)
I showed in the previous chapter that Nietzsche's strategy for overcoming despair is a revaluation of those highest values of which it is the logical conclusion. Presumably, the revaluation of the highest life-negating values will effectively overcome nihilism only if it actually devaluates them: "Once we have devaluated [these highest values), the demonstration that they cannot be applied to the universe is no longer any reason for devaluating the universe " (WP 12). The devaluation {Entwertbung) of the highest values can assume different forms. The meta-ethical form of devaluation consists in arguing that the life-negating values are devaluated because all values are devaluated. A value enjoys normative authority by virtue of possessing a certain standing: it must be objective. The meta-ethical form of devaluation denies this objective standing to all values. The substantive form of devaluation, in contrast, finds something wrong with the particular content of the life-negating values. In the present chapter, I consider the meta-ethical form of devaluation. To devaluate the highest values is, here, to challenge their objective standing and expose their origin in some contingent perspective. If this challenge is successful, nihilistic despair is avoided, since we would no longer have a reason to despair over the unrealizability of values that have become devaluated. This strategy of revaluation is supposed to reach the following "final conclusion": "All the values by means of which we have tried so far to render the world estimable for ourselves and which then proved inapplicable and therefore devaluated the worldall these values are, psychologically considered, the results of certain perspectives of utility, designed to maintain and increase human constructs of dominationand they have been falsely projected into the essence of things" (WP 12).

Dicethrow
The affirmative tries to shape the world by escaping disorder and chaos. Thus our alternative is to reject the affirmatives attempt at mastering the world by embracing uncertainty with a simple roll of the dice. Deleuze 83, Giles Deleuze, Prof of Philosophy @ U of Lyon, Paris, and Lycees, Nietzsche and Philosophy, p. 25-27, 7/04/12, [AR]
The game has two moments which are those of a dicethrow the dice that is thrown and the dice that falls back. Nietzsche presents the dicethrow as taking place on two distinct tables, the earth and the sky. The earth where the dice are thrown and the sky where the dice fall back: "if ever I have played dice with the gods at their table, the earth, so that the earth trembled and broke open and streams of fire snorted forth; for the earth is a table of the gods, and trembling with creative new words and the dice throws of the gods" (Z III "The Seven Seals" 3 p. 245). "0 sky above me, you pure and lofty sky! This is now your purity to me, that there is no eternal reason-spider and spider's web in you; that you are to me a dance floor for divine chances, that you are to me a god's table for divine dice and dicers" (Z III "Before Sunrise" p. 186). But these two tables are not two worlds. They are the two hours of a single world, the two moments of a single world, midnight and midday, the hour when the dice are thrown, the hour when the dice fall back. Nietzsche insists on the two tables of life which are also the two moments of the player or the artist; "We temporarily abandon life, in order to then temporarily fix our gaze upon it." The dicethrow affirms becoming and it affirms the being of becoming. It is not a matter of several dicethrows which, because of their number, finally reproduce the same combination. On the contrary, it is a matter of a single dicethrow which, due to the number of the combination produced, comes to reproduce itself as such. It is not that a large number of throws produce the repetition of a combination but rather the number of the combination which produces the repetition of the dicethrow. The dice which are thrown once are the affirmation of chance, the combination which they form on falling is the affirmation of necessity. Necessity is affirmed of chance in exactly the sense that being is affirmed of becoming and unity is affirmed of multiplicity. It will be replied, in vain, that thrown to chance, the dice do not necessarily produce the winning combination, the double six which brings back the dicethrow. This is true, but only insofar as the player did not know how to affirm chance from the outset. For, just as unity does not suppress or deny multiplicity, necessity does not suppress or abolish chance. Nietzsche identifies chance with multiplicity, with fragments, with parts, with chaos: the chaos of the dice that are shaken and then thrown. Nietzsche turns chance into an affirmation. The sky itself is called "chance-sky", "innocence-sky" (Z III "Before Sunrise"); the reign of Zarathustra is called "great chance" (Z IV "The Honey Offering" and III "Of Old and New Law Tables"; Zarathustra calls himself the "redeemer of chance"). "By chance, he is the world's oldest nobility, which I have given back to all things; I have released them from their servitude under purpose . . . I have found this happy certainty in all things: that they prefer to dance on the feet of chance" (Z III "Before

Sunrise" p. 186); "My doctrine is `Let chance come to me: it is as innocent as a little child!' " (Z III "On the Mount of Olives" p. 194). What Nietzsche calls necessity (destiny) is thus never the abolition but rather the combination of chance itself. Necessity is affirmed of chance in as much as chance itself affirmed. For there is only a single combination of chance as such, a single way of combining all the parts of chance, a way which is like the unity of multiplicity, that is to say number or necessity. There are many numbers with increasing or decreasing probabilities, but only one number of chance as such, one fatal number which reunites all the fragments of chance, like midday gathers together the scattered parts of midnight. This is why it is sufficient for the player to affirm chance once in order to produce the number which brings back the dice- throw. To know how to affirm chance is to know how to play. But we do not know how to play, "Timid, ashamed, awkward, like a tiger whose leap has failed. But what of that you dicethrowers! You have not learned to play and mock as a man ought to play and mock!" (Z IV "Of the Higher Man" 14 p. 303). The bad player counts on several throws of the dice, on a great number of throws. In this way he makes e of causality and probability to produce a combination that he sees as desirable. He posits this combination itself as an end to be obtained, hidden behind causality. This is what Nietzsche means when he speaks of the eternal spider, of the spider's web of reason, "A kind of spider of imperative and finality hidden behind the great web, the great net of causality we could say, with Charles the Bold when he opposed Louis XI, "I fight the universal spider" (GM III 9 ). To abolish chance by holding it in the grip of causality and finality, to count on the repetition of throws rather than affirming chance, to anticipate a result instead of affirming necessity these are all the operations of a bad player. They have their root in reason, but what is the root of reason? The spirit of revenge, nothing but the spirit of revenge, the spider (Z II "Of the Tarantulas"). Ressentiment in the repetition of throws, bad conscience in the belief in a purpose. But, in this way, all that will ever be obtained are more or less probable relative numbers. That the universe has no purpose, that it has no end to hope for any more than it has causes to be known this is the certainty necessary to play well (VP III 465). The dicethrow fails because chance has not been affirmed enough in one throw. It has not been affirmed enough in order to produce the fatal number which necessarily reunites all the fragments and brings back the dicethrow. We must therefore attach the greatest importance to the following conclusion: for the couple causality-finality, probability-finality, for the opposition and the synthesis of these terms, for the web of these terms, Nietzsche substitutes the Dionysian correlation of chance- necessity, the Dionysian couple chance-destiny. Not a probability distributed over several throws but all chance at once; not a final, desired, willed combination, but the fatal combination, fatal and loved, amor fati; not the return of a combination by the number of throws, but the repetition of a dicethrow by the nature of the fatally obtained number.

Embrace Suffering
Our alternative is to reject the affirmative for their rationale of suffering. Instead of understanding suffering as being caused by an external force, we embrace suffering as an integral part of lifeonly through this mindset can we truly affirm life and give ourselves value because by fearing suffering we only serve to construct an aversion to life itself Scott 98, Jacqueline Scott, Associate Professor Philosophy Department Loyola University Chicago, 1998, Nietzsche and decadence: The revaluation of morality 7/04/12, [AR]
The decay of the species is the reason why Nietzsche thought that the problem of decadence was so important and why it preoccupied [him] more profoundly than any other problem. The species preserves and enhances its will by creating rationales for existence. Without this periodic trust in life, the race cannot ourish, and so the assignment of value to life is a necessary condition for life. The creation of rationales is of the utmost importance because there is no inherent meaning in life to be discovered, and so we must create it. Nietzsche contended that our main problem is not suffering itself, but instead, the inexplicability of suffering. This is precisely what the ascetic ideal means: that something was lacking, that man was surrounded by a fearful void he did not know how to justify, to account for, to afrm himself; he suffered from the problem of his meaning. He also suffered otherwise, he was in the main a sickly animal: but his problem was not suffering itself, but that there was no answer to the crying question why do I suffer? If we could create rationales for suffering, then we might be able to afrm our individual lives, and view suffering as a necessary, or even desirable, part of life. For Nietzsche, the noblest rationale for existence was one which was rooted in a triumphant Yes said to oneself it is selfafrmation, selfglorication of life. This sort of rationale is noble not only because its goal is life afrmation, but more importantly because it seeks afrmation of a particular life. Afrmation is the declaration that life is worth living despite its inherent meaninglessness. This judgment on life must be understood as a judgment on an individual life, and not on all lives (i.e. on life itself). At the same time, while self-afrmation was for Nietzsche the noblest goal, he claimed that most people have sought the less noble and easier goal of self-preservation. These values of self-preservation represent an aversion to life and are a rebellion against the most fundamental presuppositions of life. Nevertheless, as rationales although they essentially will nothingness, they are a will and thereby preserve the species. Man would rather will nothingness than not will. The problem with self- or speciespreservation as a goal is that the true and proper goal of life is expansion, not preservation: The wish to preserve oneself is the symptom of a condition of distress, of a limitation of the really fundamental instinct of life which aims as the expansion of power and, wishing for that, frequently risks even sacrices self-preservation.

Ontological Disarmament
The Alternative is to render ourselves vulnerable to international danger and conflict. Attempting to moralize our approach to conflict guarantees depoliticized annihilation of those we deem immoral barbarians ontological disarmament is critical to peace of mind. Nietzsche 1879 (Friedrich, Chair of Classical Philology at the University of Basel, Human, All Too Human, The Nietzsche Channel, The Wanderer and His Shadow, http://www.geocities.com/thenietzschechannel/was.htm, ]-AC
The means to real peace. No government admits any more that it keeps an army to satisfy occasionally the desire for conquest. Rather the army is supposed to serve for defense, and one invokes the morality that approves of self-defense. But this implies one's own morality and the neighbor's immorality ; for the neighbor must be thought of as eager to attack and conquer if our state must think of means of self-defense. Moreover, the reasons we give for requiring an army imply that our neighbor, who denies the desire for conquest just as much as does our own state, and who, for his part, also keeps an army only for reasons of self-defense, is a hypocrite and a cunning criminal who would like nothing better than to overpower a harmless and awkward victim without any fight. Thus all states are now ranged against each other: they presuppose their neighbor's bad disposition and their own good disposition . This presupposition, however, is inhumane, as bad as war and worse. At bottom, indeed, it is itself the challenge and the cause of wars, because, as I have said, it attributes immorality to the neighbor and thus provokes a hostile disposition and act. We must abjure the doctrine of the army as a means of self-defense just as completely as the desire for conquests. And perhaps the great day will come when people, distinguished by wars and victories and by the highest development of a military order and intelligence, and accustomed to make the heaviest sacrifices for these things, will exclaim of its own free will, "We break the sword," and will smash its entire military establishment down to its lowest foundations. Rendering oneself unarmed when one had been the bestarmed, out of a height of feelingthat is the means to real peace, which must always rest on a peace of mind; whereas the so-called armed peace, as it now exists in all countries, is the absence of peace of mind. One trusts neither oneself nor one's neighbor and, half from hatred, half from fear, does not lay down arms. Rather perish than hate and fear, and twice rather perish than make oneself hated and fearedthis must someday become the highest maxim for every single commonwealth . Our liberal representatives, as is well known, lack the time for reflecting on the nature of man: else they would know that they work in vain when they work for a "gradual decrease of the military burden." Rather, only when this kind of need has become greatest will the kind of god be nearest who alone can help here. The tree of war-glory can only be destroyed all at once, by a stroke of lightning: but lightning, as indeed you know, comes from a cloudand from up high.

2NCs

Suffering Good
We are more indebted to our suffering than our pleasure. Schutte 84 (Ofelia Schutte,1984, Professor of Existentialism at University of South Florida, Beyond Nihilism: Nietzsche Without Masks, Published by University of Chicago Press, 7/4/12, K.H.)
In the preface to the second edition of The Gay Science {1887) Nietzsche speaks of philosophy in

terms of an 'art of transfiguration*. In this preface Nietzsche speaks as a convalescent. The goal of life, he suggests, is to transform sickness into good health. The only way in which we can ultimately overcome sickness is by affirming the necessity of pain and suffering as essential ingredients of life. For Nietzsche, philosophy is 'maternal1 in that it rests on a unity of body and soul. The work of every philosopher, he holds, represents an unconscious, involuntary memoir of their existence, of who they are (D Preface). The true philosopher, for Nietzsche, is one who recognises that his or her thoughts are born out of the pain of experience which, like the experience of giving birth, should be endowed with 'blood, heart, fire, pleasure, passion, agony, conscience, fate, and catastrophe'. 'Life' is about transforming everything that we are, including that which wounds and hurts us, ' into light and flame \ 11 is only the experience of great pain that affords us the deepest insights into the human lot. Nietzsche points out that this experience does not necessarily make us 'better* human beings, but
only 'more profound' ones. From our 'abysses' and 'sicknesses' we are to 'return* to life 'newborn* (GS Preface).

Nihilism = Human condition

The affirmatives attempts to resolve the problems of the world are shrouded in nihilistic disorientation. They try to abide by the societal morals that were arbitrarily created and they believe that this will alleviate suffering. However, this only confuses and frustrates us more. Instead of allowing this system to perpetuate itself, we should observe the suffering induced through skepticism and contrast it with policies today. Reginster 06 (Bernard Reginster, 2006, Philosophy professor at Brown, The Affirmation of Life: Nietzsche on Overcoming Nihilism, Harvard Press, 7/5/12, K.H.)
The distinction between two conditions of meaningfulness points to a fundamental ambiguity in Nietzsche's conception of nihilism that has been largely overlooked. By and large, the most prevalent view among recent scholars is that nihilism is a claim about our values: "Nihilism: the goal is lacking; 'why?* finds no answer. What does nihilism mean? that the highest values devaluate themselves [dass die obersten Werthe sich entwerthen]" (WP 2). Nihilism is the view that all our values are devaluated. To be sure, Nietzsche only speaks here of the devaluation of the so-called highest values, but the criticisms he offers are clearly applicable to all values. As most commentators agree, indeed, the devaluation of which he speaks follows from the recognition that no value is objective.7 In this regard, they follow closely the contemporary notion of moral nihilism: "Nihilism is the doctrine that there are no moral facts, no moral truths, no moral knowledge.'*'* Nietzsche explicitly endorses this view: moral values, he claims, arc "false projections" onto a world that is empty of them [WP 12; GS 301; Z, I 15; ISGE 108), and he approvingly refers to the Greek Sophists who maintain that "it is a swindle to talk of 'truth' in this field" (WP 428). Along with moral values, Nietzsche denies the existence of other "moral facts," such as, for example, the freedom of the will, on which judgments of moral praise and blame arc supposed to depend (TI, VII 1). And he also rejects the idea of objective moral reasons, such as those dictated by the "categorical imperative," which he dismisses as merely "an assumption, a hunch, indeed a kind of 'inspiration'most often a desire of the heart that has been filtered and made abstract" (BGE 5; cf. 186)." But Nietzsche's conception of nihilism understood as a claim about values differs from the contemporary notion in one important respect. It is not merely the purely theoretical recognition that facts of a certain (moral, evaluative) kind do not exist, but the practical sense of loss or disorientation that proceeds from this recognition: " 'why?' finds no answer." Nihilistic devaluation of values indeed follows from the acknowledgment that they lack objective standing: "among the forces cultivated by morality was truthfulness: this eventually turned against morality, discovered its teleology, its partial perspective" (WP 5). If there are no objective moral facts for our moral judgments to report, these must be the expressions of a merely subjective "perspective." And if this is all they are, they lose their normative authority. But this inference rests on the assumption that the legitimacy of our values depends on their objective standing, their independence from our subjective perspectives. I will call this assumption normative objectivism. For those who endorse normative objectivism, nihilistic

disorientation is therefore the implication of the rejection of the objectivity of the highest values. We may get a better idea of this nihilistic sense of disorientation by contrasting it with the distress caused by thoroughgoing skepticism. Thoroughgoing skepticism is the view that, if there are objective facts about value, we are irrevocably denied access to them. A predictable response to skepticism is a feeling of pervasive blindness. There may be a fact of the matter about what the good life is, but we are hopelessly deprived of any access to it. We expect the sense of blindness that results from thoroughgoing skepticism to be a source of distress, which is motivated by a belief in the possible existence of objective evaluative facts.

Language = Constitutive of Reality

It is impossible, ontologically, to separate things from linguistic mediation. Paul de Man, PhD from Harvard and former professor @ Cornell, Johns Hopkins, and last faculty at Yale, 1975 Action and Identity in Nietzsche Yale French Studies, No.52
It could be objected that, in the passage now under discussion (section 477), it is not the reality of action in general that is being put in question but specifically the act of thinking and, further- more, that the linkage between the act and the performing subject (the principle of intentionality) is being deconstructed rather than action as such. But Nietzsche is not concerned with the distinction between speech (or thought) acts and, on the other hand, acts that would not be verbal. He is interested in the distinction between speech acts and other verbal functions that would not be per- formative (such as knowing). Non-verbal acts, if such a thing were to be conceivable, are of no concern to him, since no act can ever be separated from the attempt at understanding, from the interpretation, that necessarily accompanies and falsifies it. The fictional truths, which are shown to be acts, are always oriented towards an attempt "to understand (my italics) the actual world... to make it easier to formalize and to compute (berenchenbar machen)..." and, in the later passage, thought is also described as "an artificial adjustment for the purpose of understanding (my italics)..." (eine kiinstliche Zurechtmachung zum Zweck der Verstdndlichung) [1296, 11. 8-9]. Even in the Genealogy the pure act that is said to be all there is, is conceived as verbal: its paradigm is denomination and the deconstruction of its genesis is best carried out by means of etymology.

AT: Alt = Does Nothing

The alternative is not passivity forcing people to understand the historical grounding of their values can positively ground action not based in nihilism. Schutte 84 (Ofelia Schutte,1984, Professor of Existentialism at University of South Florida, Beyond Nihilism: Nietzsche Without Masks, Published by University of Chicago Press, 7/4/12, K.H.)
In order to further the cause of moderation and progressive evolution Nietzsche calls for a new mode of philosophising which begins from the assumption that there are no eternal facts and no absolute truths. Philosophers lack an historical sense. The recognition that man has evolved should guide the philosophy of the future. Nietzsche writes, on the way toward * a genealogy of morals': Now, everything essential in the
development of mankind took place in primeval times, long before the four thousand years we more or less know about; during these years mankind may well not have altered very much. But the philosopher here sees 'instincts' in man as he is now and assumes that these belong to the unalterable facts of mankind and to that extent provide a key to the understanding of the world in general: the whole of teleology is constructed by

speaking of the man of the last four millenia as of an eternal man towards whom all things in the world have had a natural relationship from the time he began. (HAH a) Nietzsche's attempt to carry out a critique of metaphysics and philosophical authority reflects what he sees as significant political changes taking place in modern European societies. For him the growing liberalisation and democratisation of society generates the need for a new 'historical' mode of philosophising which is to be both enlightened and critical. He becomes an advocate of both programmes of change and development, the philosophical and the political.

AT: Security/Predictions Good

Small events may be predictable and contained, but earth-threatening catastrophes follow non-linear patterns that render national management useless. James Der Derian, Director of the Global Security Program and Research Professor of International Studies @ the Watson Institute for International Studies of Brown, 2005 National Security: An Accident Waiting to Happen Harvard International Review fall RJ

However, between the mixed metaphors and behind the metaphysical concepts given voice by US Homeland Security Director Michael Chertoff earlv into the Katrina crisis, there lurks an uneasy recognition that this admin istrationand perhaps no national governmentis up to the task of managing incidents that so rapidly cascade into global events. Indeed, they suggest that our national plans and preparations for the "big one"a force-five hurricane, terrorist attack, pandemic disease -have become part of the problem, not the solution. His use of hyperbolic terms like "ultra-catastrophe" and "fallout" is telling: such events exceed not only local and national capabilities, but the capacity of conventional language itself. An easy deflection would be to lay the blame on the neoconservative faithful of the first term of US President George W. Bush, who, viewing through an inverted Wilsonian prism the world as they would wish it to be, have now-been forced by natural and unnatural disasters to face the world as it really isand not even the most sophisticated public affairs machine ol dissimulations, distortions, and lies can close this gap. However, the discourse of the second Bush term has increasingly returned to the dominant worldview of national security, realism . And if language is. as Nietzsche claimed, a prisonhouse, realism is its supermax penitentiary. Based on linear notions of causality, a correspondence theory of truth, and the materiality of power, how can realism possibly account- let alone prepare or provide remediesfor complex catastrophes, like the toppling of the World Trade Center and attack on the Pentagon by a handful of jihadists armed with box-cutters and a few months of flight-training? A force-five hurricane that might well have begun with the flapping of a butterfly's wings? A northeast electrical blackout that started with a falling tree limb in Ohio? A possible pandemic triggered by the mutation of an avian virus ? How, for instance, are we to measure the immaterial power of the CNN-effect on the first Gull War, the Al-Jazeera-effect on the Iraq War, or the Nokia-effect on the London terrorist bombings? For events of such complex, non-linear origins and with such tightly coupled, quantum effects, the national security discourse of realism is simply not up to the task.

Furthering a false sense of security amplifies the damage catastrophe causes. James Der Derian, Director of the Global Security Program and Research Professor of International Studies @ the Watson Institute for International Studies of Brown, 2005 National Security: An Accident Waiting to Happen Harvard International Review fall RJ

Worse, what if the "failure of imagination" identified In the 9/1 1 Commission is built into our national and home- land security systems? What it the reliance on planning for the catastrophe that never came reduced our capability to flexibly respond and improvise for the "ultra-catastrophe" that did? What if worse-case scenarios, simulation training, and disaster exercisesas well as border guards, concrete barriers and earthen levees not only prove inadequate but might well act as force-multiplierswhat organizational theorists identify as "negative synergy" and "cascading effects" that produce the automated bungling (think Federal Emergency Management Agency) that transform isolated events and singular attacks into global disasters? Just as "normal accidents" are built into new technologies from the Titanic sinking to the Chernobyl meltdown to the Challenger explosion we must ask whether "ultra-catastrophes" are no longer the exception but now part and parcel of densely networked systems that defy national management; in other words, "planned disasters."

AT: Realism/State centered focus

Their understanding of IR is incorrect the world is increasingly compromised of a multitude of actors, acting on the basis of fractured identities. James Der Derian, Director of the Global Security Program and Research Professor of International Studies @ the Watson Institute for International Studies of Brown, 2005 National Security: An Accident Waiting to Happen Harvard International Review fall RJ
What, then, is to be done? A first step is to move beyond the wheel-spinning debates that perennially keep security discourse always one step behind the global event. It might well be uni-, bi-, or multi-polar, but it is time to recognize that the power configuration of the states-system is rapidly being subsumed by a heteropolar matrix, in which a wide range of different actors and technological drivers arc producing profound global effects through interconnectivity. Varying in identity, interests, and strength, these new actors and drivers gain advantage through the broad bandwidth of information technology, for networked communication systems provide the means to traverse political, economic, religious, and cultural boundaries, changing not only how we interpret events, but making it ever more difficult to maintain the very distinction of intended from accidental events.

AT: Nietzsche = a Racist/ Holocaust

Their reading of Nietzsche is highly convenient and ignores all of Nietzsches writings to the contrary. Daniel W. Conway, Professor of Philosophy @ Texas A&M, 2002 The Great Play and Fight of Forces: Nietzsche on Race Philosophers on Race:Critical Essays Pg. 173
We may safely conclude, then, that Nietzsche is far more interested in "spirit" than in "blood" as a determinant of racial purity and cultural advancement." Racehood and racial identity secured not (simply) through birth, but through cultural practices conducive to the production of "spirit." This means not merely that Nietzsche attaches little importance to the so-called "purity" of blood, but also that he openly applauds the cultural advancements achieved by Jews, Poles, and other allegedly "inferior" races. Indeed, immediately after praising the "splendid blond beast" that resides in all "noble races," he explicitly mentions the Roman, Arabian, and Japanese cultures as (non-Aryan) examples of racial nobility (CM, 1:11).1 So whatever it is that makes this noble beast "splendid" and "blond " it cannot be blood alone - Aryan or otherwise.

Arguments that we cause the holocaust are intellectually dishonest the holocaust was a result of the slave morality we criticize Gupta 1 (Akaash, holland and knight charitable foundation, "2001 Holocaust Remembrance Project," http://holocaust.hklaw.com/essays/2001/2001-11.htm]
As the Nazi regime of Germany followed Nietzsches favored "noble morality" or nihilism, it seems as though the German citizens themselves followed the "slave morality" which Nietzsche denounced. Slave morality is based upon values taught to people as they grow up. According to Nietzsche, these values are unfounded and "To admit a belief merely because it is a custom. but that means to be dishonest, cowardly, lazy!" The anti-Semitic beliefs that had been rooted in Germany took custom in Germany because of popular opinion. The propaganda of Adolf Hitler captivated the masses and created a population of uniform beliefs where people consented to Nazi actions. The German public became a slave to Hitlers regime as Nazi actions went unquestioned. This slavery was only possible because of the populations belief that they did not own moral responsibility for the actions of Nazi Germany.

The holocaust was a result of ressentiment and the Nazi States hatred of a chaotic world beyond control Peachy 03 (Paul, Senior Lecturer U Cardiff U, POST-SOVIET SOCIETIES: CHAUVINISM OR CATHARSIS?, March 30, http://www.crvp.org/book/Series04/IVA-7/chapter_ix.htm]

Resentments against Marxist-Leninist rule have long smoldered in the Soviet lands. Grievances are complex, profound, and varied and have hastened the breakup of the old Union. To refer to those grievances, I shall use the original, more robust, French term, ressentiment, originally proposed as a technical term in another context by Friedrich Nietzsche, and later refined by Max Scheler. The latter used the term early in the present century to refer to deeply repressed "emotions and affects . . . (of) revenge, hatred, malice, envy, the impulse to distract, and spite."6 Both the concept and the condition to which it refers deserve greater specification than is possible here. In any case, ressentiment consists of deep-seated and persistent rancor and thirst for revenge. The Soviet regime originally seized control of, and extended, the multi-national, czarist empire. The non-Russian peoples in the Union were thus doubly-yoked by both an ideologically alien and an imperial rule. In his paper (chapter I above), Ghia Nodia notes one specific dimension of the resulting trauma, namely the loss incurred in seventy-year interruption in the historical development of peoples of the former Union. But beyond the seventy-year loss, "Communist rule does not provide anything useful to be kept in the period of transition to modernity and leaves after itself a kind of social desert. There is nothing real on which an attempt to build a modern (`democratic,' `free market,' etc.,) society may be based." This contrasts, in his view, with modernization elsewhere that "occurred on the basis of elements which emerged in traditional societies." Instead, formerly Soviet societies "can only be founded on ideas: recollection of national past and imitating pre-given models" (presumably, other already-modern societies). Questions may be raised regarding so sweeping a verdict, though Nodia presumably refers specifically to the salient features of the communist system, rather than to the whole life of the era. In any case, the democratic energies now exploding in the former Soviet sphere had been growing for decades beneath the Soviet burden. Mikhail Gorbachev did not simply fall unannounced from the sky, a fact that he recognized from the outset. In that sense, modernization in the Soviet sphere, as modernization in the West earlier, "occurred on the basis of elements that emerged" in the existing society. In the end, though acknowledgement of positive achievements during the Soviet era is part of the healing process, unspeakable trauma remains, and in some respects recurs. Nico Chavchavadze, head of the Institute of Philosophy in the Georgian Academy of Sciences, on his first visit to the United States in 1989, stated publicly that a moral renewal must precede any political rebirth in what then was still the Soviet Union. Subsequent Georgian turmoil appears to confirm his assessment. Nor is it merely or primarily a Georgian problem. Reports out of Czechoslovakia, for example, indicate new and persisting forms of distrust, recrimination, and revenge, despite the nobility of spirit articulated by Vaclav Havel, the dissident turned president.7 CATHARIS OR CHAUVINISM? Can the monstrous wounds of the Soviet era, indeed of this century generally the wars, the gulags, the genocide, the recriminations, the ressentiment, be absolved? In this regard, the Jewish holocaust has often been treated, as it were, prototypically. Elie Wiesel, himself a survivor, has emphasized, that the victims of that obscenity are in some sense doomed to silence. When we speak, Wiesel observes, we describe by means of comparison. An event, hitherto unknown, is explained in terms of another of which we have some knowledge. But the Holocaust is sui generis, beyond anything comparable. Wiesel writes: "By its uniqueness the Holocaust defies literature.8 If obscenities, such as the

Jewish holocaust or the traumas of the Soviet era, defy our communicable grasp, absolution of the resulting ressentiment may be similarly handicapped. Without presuming to resolve the conceptual problem, I here employ two "shorthand" terms: chauvinism, for the venting of ressentiment in pre-political ethnic nationalism; catharis for absolution and healing.

AT: Nietzsche = Sexist

Despite prejudices, Nietzsches alternative is key to breaking down patriarchy Helm 04 [Barbara Prof @ Institute for Philosophy, University of Tbingen, and MaxPlanck Research Centre for Ornithology, Andechs, Germany, "Combating Misogyny? Responses to Nietzsche by Turn-of-the-Century German Feminists," The Journal of Nietzsche Studies 27 (64-84), Muse]-AC In 1896, Simmel called Nietzsche's "deed" of centering ethics in the self "the Copernican revolution of moral philosophy," an allusion to Kant. 97 Nietzsche's worldly approach to politics and ethics traced truth and morality to the interests of those in power and yielded analytical tools for social change. What was formerly considered "truth" was now discussed as social construction and subject to change. 98 Contemporary feminists were quick to realize that his contextual and perspectival approach could help them identify and combat power structures that served women's oppression . Nietzsche's approach made room for new concepts of ethics and gender relations, implying great promises for future improvements of society, 99 and was thus explosively liberating to Wilhelmine women who had been expected to perpetuateeven improvethe moral basis of society. Some of the most radical feminists adumbrated new ethical and religious programs. 100 Clearly Nietzsche's ethics appealed to progressive women while appalling the more conservative. In accordance with his perspectivism, Nietzsche repeatedly encouraged others to find approaches of their own in order to move "beyond" contemporary standards. His emphasis on "self-creation," "higher development," and individualism was a great source of inspiration, attractive to feminists of all backgrounds. Conservatives emphasized "aristocracy of the spirit" and "self-transcendence" as goals for female character development. Unorthodox socialists regarded "self-overcoming" as "revolutionary practice" in anticipation of a new society. 101 Bourgeois conservatives and unorthodox socialists tried to temper "Nietzschean" individualism by humanist values that they either claimed to find in Nietzsche's own writing or brought, a "female addition," to bear on his male approach.

Nietzsche is able to solve the problem of misogyny Helm 04 [Barbara Prof @ Institute for Philosophy, University of Tbingen, and Max-Planck Research Centre for Ornithology, Andechs, Germany, "Combating Misogyny? Responses to Nietzsche by Turn-of-the-Century German Feminists," The Journal of Nietzsche Studies 27 (6484), Muse]-AC
I conclude that, overall, women effectively analyzed and challenged misogynous and antifeminist remarks in Nietzsche's writing. After coming to terms with these aspects of his philosophy, they were able to make use of it in ways that benefited the development of feminist theory. It is interesting to note that various topoi of today's Nietzsche appropriation, although phrased differently, often resemble those of the turn of the century. It is harder to weigh the pros and cons of the feminist embrace of Nietzschean biological views. His affirmation of worldly, bodily subjects and

his overtly gendered writing helped bring up in a theoretical context feminist issues that were concealed in reason-centered traditional thought. However, such gendered structures were risking essentialist associations of a feminine nature and made feminist discourse vulnerable to biological instrumentalization. 104 It is in this context that misogynous elements of his thought have come to bear on contemporary feminist theory.

AT: Will to Power bad

The will to power is historically contingent - a might is right mentality is only one of its possible manifestations. Jenkins 2005 (Martin, BA [Hons], MA, PGCE, Cert Coun., Aristocratic Radicalism or Anarchy? An Examination of Nietzsches Doctrine of Will to Power, www.philosophypathways.com/fellows/jenkins.pdf - oliver g)
The final criticism is that Will to Power as instantiated in Life and overcoming, is an aggressive philosophy. It appears to be about expansion, conflict, about having power, mastery and domination over what presumably, must be weaker people and things. This is unavoidable as it is naturalistic -- it naturally and inexorably follows from out of the nature of Life itself. A person is perpetually going to be subject to the overcomings of others and will be subject to overcoming others. This objection highlights a problem with the ontology of Will to Power. Namely, it fails to recognise the distinction between de Jure and de Facto: that something is the case does not entail that it ought to be the case. As with Thrasymachus, there is a failure to recognise that Might is not Right.27 This objection is not to reject Nietzsche and his doctrine of Will to Power, it is to recognise the questions he is asking and to think with him. The emphasis on 'Right' employed by the objection seek a sanction, a higher sanction. But where is this Higher Sanction, this higher and objective truth? Is it found in Reason, God, the Forms - in short, in a Transcendental Other World? The onus is on the advocates of Reason etc to justify the objective, absoluteness of Moral 'Right'. Assuming they cannot [for Nietzsche claims that all transcendent metaphysics collapses with. Life the death of God] Nietzsche offers an alternative explanation for the immanent and not transcendent construction and following of values based on Will to Power or Will to Power expresses itself in the values of those values which emanate from out of itself. Analysing the nature of values past and present is precisely Nietzsche's project. Indeed, it is Nietzsche himself who makes the famous call for the re-valuation of all values following the death of God. The Will to Power is central to this re-valuation. Furthermore, the ontology of Will to Power does not necessarily entail a brutish, aggressive philosophy where 'might is right' -- as proposed above. In his writings, Nietzsche develops and qualifies its activities demonstrating that it is not a simple, crude matter of 'might is right'. Whilst Nietzsche frequently concentrates on the struggles between Will to Power at the lower level of drives or affects in the organic body, he demonstrates how it is subject to sublimation and social development. Thus Nietzsche describes how the primitive drives are not given free play but are repressed by society to create 'Conscience' and 'Bad Conscience'; he writes of how Laws are made by the stronger to protect themselves and other, from the rancour of the weaker;28 he writes of how drives become sublimated so that the primitive passions of the barbarian become the sophisticated 'Love of Truth' of the philosopher.29

Will To Power/AT: self-preservation

The will to power is the fundamental enabler of existence. It cannot be withdrawn from or denied. By positing themselves as the saviors of humanity, the affirmative merely prioritizes the will to self-preservation an inferior manifestation of the will to power that secures an illusory ego at the expense of a meaningful existence. Aydin 07 (Ciano, professor of Philosophy at Delft University of Technology and UD at University of Twente. 2007, Nietzsche on Reality as Will to Power: Toward an "Organization Struggle" Model, The Journal of Nietzsche Studies 33, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_nietzsche_studies/v033/33.1aydin01.html - oliver g)

From the beginning of the second half of the 1880s Nietzsche proclaimed explicitly that all reality is will to power: "The world viewed from inside, [. . .] it would be simply 'will to power' and nothing else " (BGE 36; cf. Z II: "SelfOvercoming"; BGE 13). His homogenizing of reality as will to power implies that all reality has the same character. Reality has only one intrinsic quality: the will to power. At the same time, the will to power is the only principle of interpretation (Deutungsprinzip) for reality. Attributing to reality as few qualities as possible is, according to Nietzsche, dictated by the principle of economy, the "morals of the method" itself: "The hypothesis that explains the temporal world with the lowest expenditure of presuppositions and means" has primacy (KSA 7:23[30]). Principles are unproven maxims, that is, presuppositions accepted as foundations: axioms. The fewer axioms, the better. As long as one causal or teleological principle is sufficient to understand reality, one should not adopt more (see BGE 13, 36). This does not preclude that the will to power could be understood as a teleological principle or as a substantial cause. Furthermore, one could think that the homogenization of reality involves a negation of diversity and richness. In addition, Nietzsche calls his notion of the will to power repeatedly a hypothesis. How should we understand all this? [End Page 25] We can begin with some elaboration of Nietzsche's notion of "power." " Power" in "will to power" is a peculiar concept. It is characterized, and this is a crucial point, by intrinsic relationality: power is only power in relation to another power . Nietzsche says: "A power quantum is characterized by its effect and its resistant" (KSA 13:14[79]; cf. KSA 12:2[159], 12:9[151]). The concept "power" would be meaningless if a power were detached from an opposite power. That power is inherently relational implies further that it is characterized by a relation without relata that precede it or that can exist independent of it. Nietzsche's principle of the will to power implies that relation is not an additional element of things but, rather, something that constitutes in a fundamental way what a thing is. In other words, there are no first things, which then have relations with each other; rather, things are what they are by virtue of their relations. Furthermore, Nietzsche's concept of power implies that reality is dynamic in the strongest meaning of the word. Power, in Nietzsche's view, entails a directedness or causation without there being something (durable), a fixed cause, that can be separated from that directedness or causation; power is in its essence "something" that does not coincide with itself. It is an always-being-on-the-way. Additionally, this

structure implies that power must be understood as a necessary striving for more power (see KSA 13:14[82]). Power is a necessary striving to expand itself. Power is only power insofar as it can maintain itself against other powers and strives to predominate over them. There is in Nietzsche's worldview nothing that has existence and meaning outside the "game" of power relations. Because of this, there is no withdrawal from this "game." Even rejecting the claim that reality is will to power is an expression of will to power. Also making a statement about the cause or (pre-given) goal of a thing is nothing else than the formulation of a will to power, which always can be questioned by other wills to power. Every account is understood as a power seizure or as the effect of it. Although the necessary striving for more power can be called teleological, it is not teleological in the traditional Aristotelian sense. What we have here is, in a certain sense, a teleology without telos. The crucial point is that the "teleological" character of the will to power not only has no pre-given, fixed end but also precisely precludes such an end. Such a pre-given end that is precluded, and that Nietzsche frequently attacks, is self-preservation. Nietzsche characterizes the notion of selfpreservation as one of those "redundant teleological principles" (BGE 13). At the same time, this conception is exposed as an attempt to negate the reality of becoming. The statement that all life strives for selfpreservation presupposes that there is a substantial self that wants to preserve itself. Nietzsche repudiates that there is such a self.

Aff Answers

2AC Nietzsche Perm

-- Perm Endorse the parts of the alt that arent reject the aff and the aff. Perm solves -- Local normative opinions are consistent with Nietzsche White, 90 (Professor of philosophy at Williams College, Within Nietzsches Labyrinth,
p. 24-5) If the question of justification or purpose or meaning is irrelevant to the whole, does it follow that it is irrelevant to the parts? If I acknowledge that it makes no sense to ask about the purpose or meaning of the world, must I also hold that it makes no sense to ask about the purpose or meaning of, let us say, the fact that I am pursuing philosophy rather than herpetology? The Doctor in Camus's The Plague certainly denies that there is meaning or purpose to the world as a whole. He also realizes that he cannot save all little children from suffering; but he proposes to save some from suffering. Does the denial of purpose or meaning to the whole make that position ethically indistinguishable from that of one who, while unable to torture all little children, vows to torture all that he can? Differently stated, is it not the case that, in the words of Ivan Karamazov, "If God is dead, then all is permitted," or, in Nietzsche's own words, "Everything is false! Everything is permitted!" (N:VII:25[505]
What, then, is to be said about the parts? / WP:602; cf. N:VII:25[304], N:26[25], N:31[51], N:32[8(34)]). My answer -- introduced in the chapter devoted to Zarathustra, and developed in those that come thereafter -- is that

everything is indeed permitted, but that universal permissibility does not make ethical reflection impossible or trivial; on the contrary, it makes such reflection the more pressing. Simply put: to say that everything is permitted is to say, at least, that there is no one -- better, no One -- around to forbid or prohibit anything. It is not to say that we cannot make distinctions, that all acts are equally admirable, or honorable, or desirable. If we take our ethical bearings by what is permitted and what is forbidden, we may pay little attention to what is noble. Likewise, even if everything is permitted, that does not mean that all answers to the question, "What should I do," are equally good. Instead, it makes the question more pressing , more difficult, and more
interesting. As I attempt to decide what I am to do, how I am to live my life, it makes little difference whether "everything is permitted" or not.

If some ways of living were prohibited, I would still have to decide which of the remaining ways to adopt as my own; if no ways are prohibited, the question becomes the more pressing -- even if all ways are somehow open, I must still decide which I am to follow. Differently stated: just as acceptance of a universal moral code -- denial that "everything is permitted" -- does not entail decent or admirable behavior, neither does the denial of such codes entail indecent of despicable behavior. We have all, I suspect, encountered moral absolutists who, while adhering strictly to
their accepted laws, allow themselves extraordinary latitude with respect to acts not specifically covered by the codes. Appropriately,

Nietzsche insists explicitly that just as the identification of prohibitions does not guarantee moral be havior, the denial of prohibitions does not preclude it: I deny morality as I deny alchemy, that is, I deny their premises: but I do not deny that there
have been alchemists who believed in these premises and acted in accordance with them. -- I also deny immorality:

It goes without saying that I do not deny -- unless I am a fool -- that many actions called immoral ought to be avoided and resisted, or that many called moral ought to be done and encouraged -- but I think the one should be encouraged and the other avoided for other reasons
not that countless people feel themselves to be immoral, but that there is any true reason so to feel.

than hitherto. (D:103) This discussion of morality and permissibility points back toward my first question. If some things are not permitted, then avoidance of those things -- called "morality" -- may be based in fear of the consequences of transgression; if everything is permitted, then doing what nobility requires -- which Nietzsche refuses to call "morality" -- cannot be a matter of such fear. It may instead be a matter of strength. The problem of strength and weakness, introduced above, "constitutes the tragic age" (N:9[107] / WP:37); the problem therefore leads us to The Birth of Tragedy.

2AC Nietzsche A2 -- Suffering Link (General)

-- Domination undermines individual joy and pride Nietzsches endorsement of violence shatters his ability to affirm life Schutte, 84 (Professor of philosophy at the University of South Florida, PhD from

Yale, Beyond Nihilism: Nietzsche Without Masks, p. 159-0) Nietzches fascination with dominationitself a project of Western valuesruptured the intent of his project and brought the transvaluation of all values to a halt . The
concrete result of Nietzsches alienation can be seen in the way he handles the relationship of the elite to the masses as well as that of men to women in his mature and late works. Some of the psychological and political aspects of this problem will be discussed in Chapter 7. It should be clear so far, however, that

the psychology of domination calls for the war of all against all. Out of distrust for the people , out of distrust for women, out of distrust for ones own body, the authoritarian conscience establishes the need for obedience regardless of the absurdity of the rule. Under the psychology of domination, the contribution to personal well-being that grows out of a healthy and life-affirming morality is replaced by the commanding voice of a despot who would very much like to rule the world. This reversion to repression undermines all the liberating aspects of Nietzsches philosophy. The Dionysian affirmation of self-transcendence is contradicted by the implementation of rigid boundaries in human life (leader and herd). The joy and pride in ones own values (it is our worklet us be proud of it) is undermined by the defense of breeding and slavery. Above all, the union of truth and life which was the aim of the Dionysian transvaluation of values is completely shattered when the doctrine of the overcoming of morality is used to sever truth from life.

-- Suffering may be prevalent but its not natural or necessary. Schutte, 84 (Professor of philosophy at the University of South Florida, PhD from
Yale, Beyond Nihilism: Nietzsche Without Masks, p. 102-3) One cannot deny that there are conditions of domination in human reality. There is oppression, there is slavery, there is competition for power and privilege, and so forth. Some individuals
dominate others, while others allow themselves to be dominated or are forced to submit to a power beyond their control. Nietzsche is especially astute when he observes the many manifestations of these phenomena.

But should one make an ontological model of this condition and project these conflicts unto the structure of the entire universe? Would it not be better to suggest that where domination occurs new conflicts are brought into existence which would otherwise have no reason for being? Is not domination a nihilistic attempt to rewrite history and to deny the reality of what is? If the notion of order were reevaluated, one would notice that the world does not need to be ordered through domination for stability to be maintained. In fact, where order is maintained through domination and exploitation, the stability of life tends to be severely impaired. For example, the selected exploitation of natural resources has been shown to lead to
severe cases of disbalance in the ecosystem. When Nietzsche uses the paradigm of domination as a natural or an ontological category, his perspective needs to be questioned.

The commanding-obeying notion of reality is not a given, although it is an important facet of social reality. Human knowledge can help to lend perspective to the uses and abuses of the concepts of mastery, domination, and command. For this to happen, knowledge must itself be free from being defined in terms of a structure of domination. Knowledge must be freed from having to fit the pattern of mastery over the unknown or over chaos (control and/or exploitation of

the other) as is demanded by a domination of a theory of power. The analysis of knowledge as the assimilation of chaos (which Heidegger attributes to Nietzsche) reminds one of the terrifying myth of Saturn devouring his children. One need not accept the charge that Nietzsches theory of knowledge conforms to this paradigm. A Nietzschean interpretation would show precisely the opposite. Knowledge is childbirth and self-overcoming; it is the result of the

closeness between ourselves and the world. In knowledge the closeness and continuity between ourselves and the world can be experienced critically, imaginatively, and creatively. One sees this life-affirming view of knowledge, for example, in Zarathustras dialogues with life, just as it is more analytically manifested in Nietzsches critique of logic. A rejection of the model of knowledge as mastery of reality is essential to the

liberation of Nietzsches will-to-power theory from a fixation upon willing as commanding.

2AC Nietzsche A2 Ressentiment/Pity Link

-- Nietzsche doesnt categorically reject pity the agent of pity must be self-commanding and not based in ressentiment. Ferkany, 5 (Philosophy PhD Wisconsin,

http://web.archive.org/web/20050218030954/philosophy.wisc.edu/ferkany/nietzsche _on_pity_and_self-formation.htm) In general pity is a painful emotion that takes the suffering of others (or ourselves) as its object, often accompanied by the feeling that one should do something about the situation. That is , in pity (in its other regarding mode) we concern ourselves with the suffering of others. In this mode, pity is often considered to be interchangeable with compassion .[3] Nietzsches German does not clearly distinguish the two.[4] I argue that, appearances to the contrary,[5] (A) Nietzsche does not unequivocally object to pity on grounds that it causes us to concern ourselves with the suffering of others, and according to him concerning ourselves with suffering others can have value (BGE 293; WP 928). However, the value of any particular act of pity crucially depends on the nature of the persons and misfortune involved . Who is the
agent of pity? Is he self-commanding or does he also suffer in some way (BGE 221, 293; WP 365)? And what troubles the patient? Does his suffering reveal hedonistic/nihilistic value ideals or the frustration of self-creative potential (BGE 225; WP 367)? The impression that Nietzsche categorically denies that pity can have value is the effect of two related criticisms he makes. First, (B) Nietzsche holds that agents or patients are subject to harmful thought or behavior in pity, e.g. excessively valuing what he would otherwise value less, or increasing rather than relieving suffering.

If the agent of pity is not self-commanding, his pity is likely to involve these errors and is of little value. Secondly, (C) Nietzsche also held that pitys frequent footing in Christian ressentiment tends to make its indulgence undermine attainment of the self-formation and command that would overcome ressentiment and give our pity value. If this conception of Nietzsches critique of pity were plausible, it would seem to provide evidence that despite all his vitriol over active pity for all the failures and all the weak, he is not utterly callous with respect to the suffering of others . According to this conception, Nietzsches critique is not committed to some principled nonbeneficence, i.e. that one should never help others directly, but only indirectly if ever (as a side effect of self-benefit).[6] Rather, according to this conception Nietzsches critique is partly consequentialist in character, and partly characterlogical. The improvement of self and others are ends normative for the behavior of all, and such improvement can sometimes include pity (see Z I 6, and discussion below). However, the value of particular cases largely
depends on the character of the person whose pity it is (BGE 221, 293; WP 365).

-- The generosity of gift-giving is the highest virtue - it is the Nietzschean affirmation of the fullness of life. Coles, 97 [Romand, Rethinking Generosity: Critical Theory and the Politics of Caritas,
p. 22-3] The gift-giving virtue is what is highest. Yet its greatest possibility for emergence "arises,"
paradoxically, underneath "the greatest weight"- the thought of eternal return (which is hence the greatest gift?).

The greatest weight presses us generously into the depth, of our surroundings as the oblique path of ascension. Hence Zarthustra says to himself that, in contrast to those who are

"obtrusive with [their] eyes, and who are stuck: to the "foreground surface of things, you, O Zarathustra, wanted to see the ground and background of all things," wanted to plunge into the depths of beings, into those aspects and possibilities which are concealed beneath immediate appearances (TSZ. '53). "It is with man as it is with the tree. The more he aspires to the height and light, the more strongly do his roots strive earthward, downward, Into the dark, the deep-into evil" (42), Into evil because the background depth of beings is barred from generous approach by the taboos of evil (race, sexualities, classes. practices, desires, thoughts, bodily expressions, and so forth). Yet, in the Stream of Nietzsches thinking that I'm following here, the striving into evil is to b. animated and

It is through this agonistic living and receiving in depth that one can best affirm life and possibly rise
circumscribed by that generous respect for otherness which is solicited by the highest virtue.

toward a joy capable of dancing in the face of the eternal question of the eternal return. A suppleness and interrogative comportment is vital to the virtues Nietzsche would have us pursue. Hence it is fitting that Zarathustra, appears to reject the idea of
eterna1 return articulated by the animals for if it were to become a doctrine and not a question-engendering question, it would cease to animate the very receptivity strived for. The ideal always partly suffers in its articulation and incarnation, even as It must be Incarnated. Its logos is always wounded." Finally, therefore, receptive

generosity remains a soliciting ideal whose realization is "not yet. " It is a direction toward
which we bring forth children. a direction from which they .re coming. Like Zarathustras children, who shall be "taciturn even when [they] speak, and yielding so that in giving [they] receive," these children shall be capable of friendship (161). These children are still coming to be on the final page: near, but not yet here.

2AC Nietzsche Nuclear War Outweighs

-- Modern Tech & nuclear weapons mean we cant afford to live beyond good and evil ethical norms are key to prevent the apocalypse. Fasching, 93 professor in USF's religious studies department 1993 (Darrell, The Ethical Challenge of
Auschwitz and Hiroshima : Apocalypse or Utopia?, Pg. 28) Our modern technological civilization offers us seemingly infinite utopian opportunities to recreate ourselves (e.g., genetic engineering, behavioral engineering) and our societies (social engineering) and our world (chemical engineering, atomic engineering). But having transcended all limits and all norms, we seem bereft of a normative vision to govern the use of our utopian techniques. This normlessness threatens us with demonic self-destruction. It is this dark side of technical civilization that was revealed to us not only at Auschwitz and but also at Hiroshima. Auschwitz represents a severe challenge to the religious traditions of the West: to

Christians, because of the complicity of Christianity in the anti-Judaic path that led to Auschwitz renders its theological categories ethically suspect; to Jews, because their victim status presses faith in the God of history and in humanity to the breaking point. But the path to Auschwitz, and from Auschwitz to Hiroshima, represents a challenge, equally severe, for the scientific and technical, secular culture of the Enlightenment. We do not seem to have fared any better under a secular ethic than we did under a religious one. Indeed we have fared worse. Genocide it seems is a unique product of the modern secular world and its technically competent barbarians. Auschwitz stands for a demonic period in modern Western civilization in which the religious, political and technological developments converged to create a society whose primary purpose was the most efficient organization of that entire society for the purpose of exterminating all persons who were regarded as aliens and

The Nazi vision of the pure Aryan society represents a utopian vision of demonic proportionsa vision that inspired an apocalyptic revolutionary program of genocide. It reveals at once both a time of "The Death of God" in the Nietzschean sense and yet the resurgence of religion , that is, a demonic
strangersespecially the Jews. religiosity that creates a new public order in which all pluralism is eliminated from the public square and in which virtually nothing is sacrednot even human life.

The period of the Holocaust stands as prophetic warning to a technological civilization that has no other norm than the will to power. If Auschwitz embodies the demonic use of technology against targeted populations to commit genocide, Hiroshima and Nagasaki represent the last such use of technology. For with the coming of Nuclear warfare, technology has outstripped human intentionality so that if the bomb is ever used again, genocide will be transformed into collective suicide or omnicidethe destruction of all life. Having enemies is a luxury no community on the face of the earth can any longer afford

Even if their K is right and we should ignore value-based judgment, extinction still comes first. Wapner, '3 (Director -- Global Environmental Policy Program @ American, Winter,
Dissent) Even the most radical postmodernist must acknowledge the distinction between physical existence and non-existence. As I have said, postmodernists accept that there is a physical
All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions-except one.

substratum to the phenomenal world even if they argue about the different meanings we ascribe to it. This acknowledgment of physical existence is crucial. We can't ascribe meaning to that which doesn't appear. What doesn't exist can manifest no character . Put differently, yes, the postmodernist should rightly worry about interpreting nature's expressions. And all of us should be wary of those who claim to speak on nature's behalf (including environmentalists who do that). But we need not doubt the

preserving the nonhuman world-in all its diverse embodiments-must be seen by eco-critics as a fundamental good. Eco-critics must be supporters, in some fashion, of environmental preservation. Postmodernists reject the idea of a universal good. They rightly acknowledge the
simple idea that a prerequisite of expression is existence. This in turn suggests that

difficulty of identifying a common value given the multiple contexts of our value-producing activity . In

vehemently scorn, it is the idea that there can be a value that stands above the individual contexts of human experience. Such a value would present itself as a metanarrative and, as Jean-Franois Lyotard has
fact, if there is one thing they explained, postmodernism is characterized fundamentally by its "incredulity toward meta-narratives." Nonetheless,

I can't see how postmodern critics can do otherwise than accept the value of preserving the nonhuman world. The nonhuman is the extreme "other"; it stands in must involve ensuring that the "other" actually continues to exist. In our day and age, this requires us to take responsibility for protecting the actuality of the
At the very least, respect

contradistinction to humans as a species. In understanding the constructed quality of human experience and the dangers of reification, postmodernism inherently advances an ethic of respecting the "other."

nonhuman. Instead, however, we are running roughshod over the earth 's diversity of plants, animals, and ecosystems. Postmodern critics should find this particularly disturbing. If they don't, they deny their own intellectual insights and compromise their fundamental moral commitment.

2AC Nietzsche Holocaust Turn

-- Turn Nietzsches philosophy is a precondition of the Holocaust his beliefs were a decisive force in radicalizing anti-Semitism into an unlimited extermination effort Aschheim, 96 (Associate Professor of History at the Hebrew University, Culture and
Catastrophe: German and Jewish Confrontations with National Socialism and Other Crises, p. 75)
Historical transmission belts the ways in which thought, ideas, moods and sensibility become translated into policy are complex indeed and all this is not meant to draw a casually straight line between Nietzsche, his

epigones and the destruction of European Jewry. As we have already pointed out, Nietzsches influence was like his writings, always multivalent and never simplistically reducible to any single political or cultural current or direction. Nevertheless, I would argue that these texts and the mediated sensibility they could embody possess a

formed an explicit ingredient of and a particularly radical way of canalizing this kind of anti-Semitic consciousness, an influence that (for many, though obviously not for all) was openly acknowledged, and which constituted a crucial element of a radicalized mind-set that was a kind of precondition for what was to come. This, at any rate, is how some recent historians have viewed the matter. Thus, as Conor Cruise OBrien has argued, it was Nietzsche who was the decisive force in the fateful switch from a limited Christian theological Jew-hatred to an unlimited, secular brand and who thus concretely paved the way to the Holocaust. Hitler, he writes, learned from Nietzsche that the traditional Christian limit on anti-Semitism was itself part of a Jewish trick. When the values that the Jews had reversed were restored, there would be no limits and no Jews. (We do not know if Hitler knew of the following Nietzschean passage but his
relevance to the problem at hand. They utterances certainly echoed such sentiments: Decadence is only a means for the type of man who demands power in Judaism and Christianity, the priestly type: this type of man has a life interest in making mankind sick and in so twisting the concepts of good and evil, true and false, as to imperil life and slander the world.) And, as George

only when Nietzschean ideas antithetical to the Judeo-Christan inheritance and its humanist offshoots had slowly percolated through and successfully gripped certain German minds did Auschwitz become possible: It is not too much to say that but for Nietzsche the SS Hitlers shock troops and the core of the whole movement would have lacked the inspiration which enabled them to carry out their programme of mass murder in Eastern Europe.
Lichtheim would have it,

2AC Nietzsche Agonism Turn

-- Turn Political action is life-promoting --- institutions channel destructive forces into productive agonism Hatab 02 (Lawrence, Professor at ODU, Prospects for a Democratic Agon, Journal
GM II,11, where Nietzsche offers some interesting reflections on justice and law. He indicates that the global economy of nature is surely not a function of justice; yet workable conceptions of justice and injustice are established by the historical force of human law. Nietzsche does not indict such forces as slavish infirmities.

of Nietzsche Studies, 24) Those who take Nietzsche to be diagnosing social institutions as descendants of slave morality should take note of Legal arrangements are "exceptional conditions" that modulate natural forces of power in [End Page 126] social directions, and that are not an elimination of conflict but an instrument in channeling the continuing conflict of different power complexes. Surprisingly, Nietzsche attributes the historical emergence of law not to reactive resentment but to active, worldly forces that check and redirect the "senseless raging of revenge," and that are able to reconfigure offenses as more "impersonal" violations of legal provisions rather than sheer personal injuries. Here Nietzsche
analyzes the law in a way analogous to his account of the Greek agon and its healthy sublimation of natural impulses for destruction.

A legal system is a life-promoting cultural force that refashions natural energies in less savage and more productive directions. Finally, those who read Nietzsche as an anti-institutional transgressor and

creator should heed TI ("Skirmishes of an Untimely Man," 39), where Nietzsche clearly diagnoses a repudiation of institutions as a form of decadence. Because of our modern faith in a foundational individual freedom, we no longer have the instincts for forming and sustaining the traditions and modes of authority that healthy institutions require.

1AR -- Perm Extensions

-- Complete rejection is unnecessary the permutation reclaims their link arguments Parkes, 96 (Professor of philosophy at the University of Hawaii, former senior fellow
at the Harvard University Center for the Study of World Religions, The Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche, edited by Bernd Magnus and Kathleen Higgins, p. 370-1)
A brief sketch of the premises of Nishitanis discussion of amor fati may suffice as an illustration. Nietzsches equation of the self with fate is, for most readers, an enigma. While this idea (adumbrated in the Untimely Meditations and developed more fully in Human, All Too Human) plays an important role in Zarathustra and recurs as late as Nietzsche contra Wagner, Nishitani begins his discussion by quoting a posthumously published note from 1884 which ends with the emphasized words, Ego fatum. (Nishitani is, like Watsuji, something of a lumper.) If one approaches this idea from the perspective of the karmic doctrine that all actions proceeding from the self eventually perhaps only after numerous cycles of reincarnation come back on it, the equation of the self with fate immediately becomes more comprehensible. In discussing a passage from the epilogue to Nietzsche contra Wagner in which Nietzsche emphasizes that only great pain is the ultimate liberator of the spirit, Nishitani writes

What Nietzsche calls the abyss of the great suspicion and the ultimate depths is nihilism. In this rebirth from the depts. with a higher health and with a second and more dangerous innocence ones innermost nature bursts forth like a natural spring from which the covering debris has been removed. At this point the spring proclaims as its liberator the sharp pick-axe of necessity that has pierced down through the debris and brought it pain And ultimately the spring will come to affirm even the debris it burst through
as follows: of the philosopher and which now floats in it (SN 51) The image of the pick-axe a graphic analogue of Nietzsches hammer is very much in the spirit of Zen.

When ones inner creativity is able to burst through the overlay of conventional values and conceptualizations, the resultant condition is not one of pristine purity but rather one in which the pool of the psyche is still polluted by debris from the barriers that have been breached. The point is that such debris need not be rejected, but may rather be used in the reconstruction of the new self. Though Nishitani does not himself suggest this, the selfs affirmation of the debris from an earlier obstruction would point up the idea that, for Nietzsche, certain features of a tradition previously regarded as repressive may in fact be reappropriated after the appropriate transformation of the self has taken place.

1AR Suffering Bad

-- Nietzsches framework alone does not affirm life rejecting violence and domination are prerequisites because they enable a societal balance free from human alienation. Schutte, 84 (Professor of philosophy at the University of South Florida, PhD from
Yale, Beyond Nihilism: Nietzsche Without Masks, p. 96-7)
The rhetorical (still unreflective) effect of the personified use of the will to power is the elevation of natural forces to a type of consciousness like ours. As a result, all the less rational aspects of human beings (for example, procreation, aggression, violence) are elevated to the status of will, of consciousness. Given this elevation, what used to be considered less than human aspects of human beings are now considered on the same level as

through the will-topower personification of nature, natural forces may even acquire priority over the value of human purposiveness from which they take their name of will. In the Genealogy of Morals, for example, Nietzsche argues that just as in animal life the strong predators must overcome their prey and fully enjoy their spoils, so must the strong and noble among human beings derive satisfaction from overtaking the weaker. In the end, the glorification of the untamed will becomes an implicit assumption in an argument of much larger scope wherein irrationality and violence , especially if uncorrupted by a so-called decadent reason, are celebrated both in the natural world and that of human relations. What starts out as a personification (and thereby humanization) of extrahuman forces tends to turn around and effect a dehumanization of human beings or , at the very least, a devaluation of rationality. Nietzsches elevation of nature through attributes such as nobility and strength
rationality and morality (each drive or instinct within us is a will to power). In fact, should therefore be read quite critically. In subsequent chapters we will have the opportunity to see in more detail

Nietzsches erasure of the distinction between human and natural forces may further the dehumanized notion of humanity. But even though we note the danger in Nietzsches view,
how

we also observe that other, less guarded, interpretations of Nietzsches theory can be offered. For example, a justifiable line of argument is to maintain that, if Nietzsche sought an overcoming of humanity, his goal was not to dehumanize humanity but to lift human beings from the illness or incapacitating character of nihilism. It cannot be

he does not always sustain this perspective. Therefore, to keep us from being swept away by an idealistic interpretation of
denied that there is some truth to this view. The problem in Nietzsche, as I see it, is that Nietzsche, we must emphasize that Nietzsches affirmation of life and nature cannot be viewed uncritically.

Affirmation of life, in the full sense of the term, is only attained when there is a state of integration and creative balance between human consciousness and life. For this to be
achieved there must be freedom from a nihilistic consciousness, as exemplified in the overcoming of otherworldly values. But there must also be freedom from a view of life that dwells on irrationality and violence or that legitimizes these as natural goods. Indeed, Nietzsche criticized human nature for the resentment bred within its consciousness and argued that human beings cannot be healed from alienation and nihilism unless they accept their finite place in nature with the full affirmation of life implicit in his teaching of amor fati. What this argument requires for its completion, in spite of what Nietzsche may sometimes say to the contrary, is the stipulation that

nihilism is not overcome unless human beings overcome the need for domination in their relations with each other, with their own bodies, with nature, and with the universe. To heal the What is also necessary and ultimately indispensable, is to cancel the ideology of conquest that is responsible for having alienated and continuing to alienate human beings from nature , from each other, from temporal existencein short, from the meaning of the earth.
cancellation is in itself a good start.

resentment that drives human beings to a condition of alienation it is not enough to cancel the boundaries between mind and body, self and world, or good and evil, although if the boundaries rest on relations of dominance, their

Religion Good
Religion is tight and can help people cope with inevitable suffering. Schutte 84 (Ofelia Schutte,1984, Professor of Existentialism at University of South Florida, Beyond Nihilism: Nietzsche Without Masks, Published by University of Chicago Press, 7/4/12, K.H.)
With the decline in religious belief, modern societies lack the traditional means for legitimating authority. He argues, for example, that 'where law is no longer tradition, as is the case with us, it can only be commanded, imposed by constraint, so we have to put up with arbitrary law, which is the expression of the necessity of the fact that there has to be law' (ibid.
459). The decisive occurrence of the modern period for Nietzsche is the decline of a religious basis to the state. One of the major passages in Human, All Too Human, absolutely central for understanding Nietzsche's political thought during this period, is devoted to this topic. It reveals sentiments that make it possible to connect Nietzsche to a certain extent with the political thinking of the early liberal tradition of Hobbes and Locke. The passage,

entitled 'Religion and Government', begins by noting that the significance of religion in the life of a culture lies in the fact that it consoles the hearts of individuals in times of loss, deprivation, and fear; that is, in times when a government is powerless to alleviate the psychical sufferings of its people in the face of inevitable and unavoidable events such as famines and wars (or at least what appeared in earlier times as unavoidable). Religion is useful in that, through the
cultivation of popular sentiment and a common identity, it secures internal civil peace and fosters the continuous development of a culture. Nietzsche claims that 'absolute tutelary government and the careful preservation of religion necessarily go together', because it is impossible - as Napoleon recognised - for political power to gain legitimacy without the assistance of the priestly class. However, this close association between religion and politics only holds good in a situation where the governing classes know the advantages they can accrue from religion and feel superior to it. Religion simply serves them as a useful instrument of popular control and political discipline. But in a democratic state the situation is quite different, for here it is more than likely that religion will be regarded as an instrument of the popular will, not as an 'above' in relation to a 'below', but merely as a function of the sole sovereign power, 'the people'. In this political framework, control of society through religious teaching will not be so easy, because teaching will be open to rational and enlightened debate and scrutiny.

Moral Values = Good

Moral Values can be interpreted as Nietzsches noble goals. Reginster 06 (Bernard Reginster, 2006, Philosophy professor at Brown, The Affirmation of Life: Nietzsche on Overcoming Nihilism, Harvard Press, 7/5/12, K.H.)
The concept of nihilism is most naturally associated with the second interpretation of the idea of a meaningful life. In the first place, in Nietzsche's analysis, the terms meaningless [sinnlos] and valueless \Wertblos] are used interchangeably. In other words, the idea of a meaningful life is simply the idea of a life worth living, and so nihilism is the recognition of its valuelessness ("nun sieht die Welt wcrthlos aus" |WP 121). Nietzschean nihilism concerns the meaning of life in general: it is the view that "all that happens is meaningless" (WP 36; my emphasis).

Nietzsche declares that life is worth living only if there are inspiring goals, or goals that inspire to live: accordingly, nihilism may be deemed as goalessness: "What does nihilism mean? | . . . | The goal is lacking; 'why?' finds no answer" (WP 2; cf. 55). Strictly speaking, we must distinguish a goal from its value: the goal designates the state of affairs that an action or a process is intended to bring about, whereas the value provides the reason why such a state of affairs is worth bringing about. However, in ordinary usage, the terms goal and value tend to designate both the state of affairs intended by an action and the reason for the action. We will, for example, describe democracy as a value, although it also clearly designates a state of affairs. And we will talk of moral goodness as a goal, although it refers also (and perhaps prop erly only) to the reason why we pursue certain goals.