C olu mn Shortening

Vertical Shortening & Structural Health Monitoring of

Lotte World Tower
3rd April 2013

C olu mn Shortening

Contents

I. Introduction II. Vertical Shortening of Lotte World Tower III. Structural Health Monitoring of Lotte World Tower

C olu mn Shortening

Contents

I. Introduction II. Vertical Shortening of Lotte World Tower III. Structural Health Monitoring of Lotte World Tower

C olu mn Shortening

Construction Stage Analysis

Why Construction Stage Analysis

In general structures are analyzed assuming that the structure is built and loaded in a moment. Construction of structures is a time taking process and during this period Material Properties, Loads and Boundaries conditions may change.

Dead Load + Live Load Wind

LL,WL,EQ Acts

Other Dead Loads (Partions, Finishes)

Self weight of slab Earthquake

Construction Completed Structure Sequence

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C olu mn Shortening

Construction Stage Analysis

Why Construction Stage Analysis

In general structures are analyzed assuming that the structure is built and loaded in a moment. Construction of structures is a time taking process and during this period Material Properties, Loads and Boundaries conditions may change.

8,000 4,500

9,000 4,500

8,000

9,400 9,400

End Moment of Girder by Stories (Wall Connection) 4

9,400

3,800

1,800

3,800

C olu mn Shortening

Column Shortening & Related Issues

The behavior of concrete structures are typically determined using Linear elastic analysis and/or summation of vertical column loads.
With the increase in building height the actual behavior of the structure increasingly diverges from the results of such conventional analysis.

Long-term, time-dependent deformations in response to the construction sequence, creep and shrinkage can redistribute the forces and gravity induced side sway that would not be detected by conventional methods.
When the time dependent effects of construction, creep, shrinkage, variation of concrete stiffness with time, sequential loading are not considered the predicted forces and deflections may be inaccurate.

With increased height of structures the effect of column shortening (Elastic & Inelastic) take on added significance and need special consideration in design and construction.
The strains in the columns of low as well as ultra-high rise buildings are similar if the stress levels are similar; however, the overall column shortening is cumulative and depends upon the height of the structure.

Elastic Shortening of 80 Storey Steel Structure ~ 180 mm to 255 mm.

Elastic Shortening of 80 Storey Concrete Structure ~ 65 mm. Total Shortening of 80 Storey Concrete Structure ~ 180 to 230 mm. Inelastic Shortening ~ 1 to 3 times Elastic shortening.
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C olu mn Shortening

Column Shortening & Related Issues

Concrete Structures
Stress Strain Strain is constant for a given Stress during loading & unloading

Steel Structures
- Linear elastic Behavior

Nonlinear Inelastic Behavior But in general Analysis and design behavior of concrete is treated as linear elastic material

Neither Stress Strain Nor Strain is constant for a given Stress During loading & unloading

Elastic Strain + Inelastic Strain

E = ( / ) L = (PL/A E)
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C olu mn Shortening

Column Shortening & Related Issues

Concrete Structures

Elastic Shortening

Inelastic Shortening
Creep Shortening. Shrinkage Shortening.

Ei = ( / ) L = (PL/A Ei)

Modulus of Elasticity changes with time.

C olu mn Shortening

Effects of Column Shortening

Absolute shortening is rarely of practical interest. Differential shortening between adjacent vertical elements is the most important factor for engineer. Axial Shortening of vertical elements will not effect those elements very much, horizontal elements like beams and slabs and non structural elements are affected.

Structural Effects
Slabs may not be truly horizontal after some time. Beams could be subjected to higher bending moments. Load transfer.

Non Structural Effects

Cracks in Partition Walls. Cracks in Staircases Deformation of Cladding. Mechanical Equipment. Architectural Finishes. Built in Furnishings.

C olu mn Shortening

Effects of Column Shortening

Deformation and breakage of Facades, windows & Parapet walls

Reverse Inclination of Drainage Piping System

Deformation of Vertical Piping System

Deformation and breakage of internal partitions

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C olu mn Shortening

Procedure for Accounting

Two basic prerequisites for accurately and efficiently predicting these effects are
Reliable Data for the creep and shrinkage characteristics of the particular concrete mix Analytical procedures for the inclusion of these time effects in the design of structure.

Some of the popular predictive methods for predicting creep and shrinkage strains are
ACI 209 -92 Bazant Bewaja B3 CEB FIP (1978, 1990) PCA Method (Mark Fintel, S.K.Ghosh & Hal Iyengar) GL 2000 (Gardner and Lockman) Eurocode

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C olu mn Shortening

Procedure for Accounting

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C olu mn Shortening

Procedure for Accounting

Analytical Measurement Experimental Measurement

Using Software or Manually (Manual calculation is almost impossible) Reflection of physical properties in calculation from material experiment: Youngs Modulus, Poissons Ratio, Mean Compressive strength, Volume to Surface ratio, Shapes, sizes etc. Reflection of effects of Climate on shortening: Average Temperature , RH etc. Construction Sequence: Stage duration, Additional Steps, Member Age, Load activation age, Boundary activation age etc. Reflection of the above effects on site masterschedule
5.0E-04 4.5E-04 4.0E-04 3.5E-04 3.0E-04
Strain

Field Measurements Installation of sensors or gages in members for determining the actual shortening. Understanding and noting the following: Curing procedure / Temperature, Actual Shortening, Change in Ambient Temperature (Important), Actual Humidity, Deviation from Defined Construction Stages, Manipulation of factors in analytical Calculation, Re-Analysis
Back Analysis Output(TA1-20F02) Stain Gauge Output(TA1-20F-02)

2.5E-04 2.0E-04 1.5E-04 1.0E-04 5.0E-05 0.0E+00 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Date 350 400 450 500 550

Deferent between analysis value and measurement 12

C olu mn Shortening

Procedure for Accounting

Field Measurements

Determination of Installation location

Installation of Gauge

After Installation

After Installation of Gauge

After Casting of Concrete

Field data collection

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C olu mn Shortening

Compensation at Site
Pre-slab installation shortenings
Shortenings taking place up to the time of slab installation

Post-slab installation shortenings Shortenings taking place after the time of slab installation

Reinforced Concrete Structure

Pre-slab installation shortenings has no importance

Compensation by leveling the forms Post-slab installation shortenings due to subsequent loads and creep/shrinkage :Compensation

Steel Structure
Columns are fabricated to exact length. Attachments to support the slabs Pre-slab installation shortenings need to be known.

: Design Level
: Pre-slab Installation shortening : Post-slab Installation shortening

Compensation for the summation of Pre-installation and Post-installation shortenings

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C olu mn Shortening

Compensation at Site

2nd correction 1st correction

1st correction

Column Column

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C olu mn Shortening

Compensation at Site

CON'C Casting face

Height of correction
SLAB THK.

The order of construction

installation of column forms

insertion of FILLER
Column Rebar

B (= Height of correction
filler

insertion of correcting FILLER

Installation of SLAB forms

securing the thickness of slab.

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C olu mn Shortening

Contents

I. Introduction II. Vertical Shortening of Lotte World Tower III. Structural Health Monitoring of Lotte World Tower

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C olu mn Shortening

Overview

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C olu mn Shortening

Overview

Lotte World Tower

Location Height No. of Floors Floor Area Function / Usage Structure Type Lateral load resisting system Foundation Type Construction Period Jamsil, Seoul, South Korea. Roof 554.6 m; Antenna Spire 556 m 123 304,081 m2 Office, Residential, Hotel, Observation Deck Reinforced Concrete + Steel Core Wall + Outrigger Truss + Belt Truss Mat Foundation March 2011 ~ 2015

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C olu mn Shortening

Overview

Lotte World Tower

Location Height No. of Floors Floor Area Function / Usage Structure Type Lateral load resisting system Foundation Type Construction Period Jamsil, Seoul, South Korea. Roof 554.6 m; Antenna Spire 556 m 123 304,081 m2 Office, Residential, Hotel, Observation Deck Reinforced Concrete + Steel Core Wall + Outrigger Truss + Belt Truss Mat Foundation March 2011 ~ 2015

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C olu mn Shortening

Overview
Horizontal Deformation Vertical Deformation

General

Height 555m / 123 floors

Deformation of the tower is a naturally occurring depending on material, construction

Tower Deformati on

method Vertical Deformation: Vertical Shortening / Settlement / Construction Errors Horizontal Deformation: Differential Shortening / Settlement Uneven load due to construction method Asymmetric floor plan / Construction errors

Concrete Structures deformation = = Elastic Strain 1 + Inelastic Strain 2 Inelastic Shortening ~ 1 to 3 times Elastic shortening.

Deferential Shortening

1
Conc Vertical Member
With Time

1 2

Core Shortening

Pre-slab Installation shortening

Column Shortening

Core wall

Column < Deferential Deformation >

Initial Curing

<Elastic>

<Inelastic>
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C olu mn Shortening High-rise Considerations

Vertical Shortening and Related Issue

Structural safety aspects
Cost increase due to Mega columns, outrigger additional stress Safety concerns, according to the tilt of the tower

Usability aspects
Elevators safety due to towers tilt

Wind Induced acceleration control

Optimum Structure System Construction Joint management Lateral-Displacement control High performance Concrete Spalling Concrete Pumping Technology Health Monitoring

Curtain wall and exterior materials deformation and failure occurs Deformation of Vertical piping and breakage problems Reverse Inclination of Drainage Piping System Inconvenience to residents may occurs due to the slope of the slab Defection problem due to breakage of finishes

Absence of a connection between tower and parking lot cause safety issue

Deformation of Material occurs due to Additional stress Safety problems of unequal deformation caused by the slab structure at the hotel area

Shortening Prediction Technology

Deformation of Vertical Piping System Elevators safety due to towers tilt

Additional Stress of Outrigger

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C olu mn Shortening

Shortening Review Process

Preliminary Analysis

Design

Material / Section Properties Applied Load, Schedule

Design with Additional Force

Material Experiment
Compressive strength Modulus of elasticity Creep & Shrinkage

Main analysis
Updating material properties from experiments Construction sequence considering the field condition

Applying Compensation to in-situ structure

Construction
Measurement
Measurement of strain for Column & Wall

1st, 2nd, 3rd Re-Analysis

Suggestion of compensation and details for nonconstructed part of structure

Final Report
4.0E-04
Back Analysis Output (103-1F-01)

Strain Gauge Output (103-1F-01)

3.0E-04

2.0E-04

Shortening, result from test, measurement Review

0 50 100 150 200 Day 250 300 350

0.0E+00

Strain

1.0E-04

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C olu mn Shortening

Pre-Analysis - Deformations
Lantern & Core
Horizontal deformation Vertical deformation
Top of tower Steel Frame: 368.7 mm Core wall: 314.0 mm

Pridiction
OW4 OW3

Y-Dir

OW2

OW1

OW1

A BOVE

OW11

OW6

X-Dir

F IRE SHUTTER A BOVE

X dir: 27.2mm Y dir: 115.5mm Safety check Elevators rails Vertical Pipes

OW4

OW12

OW5

OW7

OW7

OW8

OW9

OW10

OW10

Top of mega column Mega Col: 297.8 mm Core wall: 241.3 mm

M EGA COL.

Differential settlement CORE WALL

CORE WALL FOUNDATION

M EGA COL.
M EGA COL.

Deferential Shortening
Deferentia l Shortenin g

<initial>

M EGA COL.

FOUNDATION

Core Shortening

Column Shortening

<Complete>

M EGA COL.
M EGA COL.

CORE WALL

M EGA COL.
M EGA COL.

Core wall

Column

CORE WALL FOUNDATION

FOUNDATION

Deferential shortening btw Core & Column

Steel column: Max 18mm Mega column: Max 65mm

Core wall settlement: 35mm Column settlement: 16mm

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C olu mn Shortening

Pre-Analysis - Stresses

Slabs additional stress
Outriggers additional stress

Differential Deformation btw Slab-Column Slab has additional stress

L87~L103
Additional Stress without Delay Joint

Podiums additional stress

connection

1st outrigger (L39~L43): 3,600 tons 2nd outrigger (L72~L75): 4,700 tons required a delay joint installation Additional Stress with Delay Joint 1st outrigger (L39~L43): 1,700 tons 2nd outrigger (L72~L75): 2,000 tons

Additional stress btw tower & podium Max 100 ton.m Require Settlement Joint & Safety check

L72~L75

L39~L43 Tower
Podium

B06~B01
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C olu mn Shortening

Pre-Analysis Compensation
- Core wall: Absolute correction for securing design level - Column: Relative correction for deferential shortening

Lantern

TOP L120

Floor

Core

Column

L106-L123 L106~ L123

L76-L105 L76~ L105

Design + 1m m level+1mm Steel columns

Design + 2m m level+2mm Steel columns Design level+25mm + 3m m level+2mm + 25m m Core 2nd O /R
+ 3m m level+2mm + 30m m Core level+30mm Design + 3m m level+2mm + 35m m Core level+35mm Design + 2m m level+2mm + 40m m Core level+40mm Design + 2m m level+2mm + 45m m Core level+45mm Design + 2m m level+2mm + 50m m Core level+50mm Design + 3m m level+3mm + 55m m Core level+55mm Design + 3m m + 60m m Core 1stlevel+60mm O /R

2nd B/T

L110
L100 L90

L72-L75 L72~ L75

L69~ L71 L69-L71 L66~ L68 L66-L68 L63~ L65 L63-L65

L80

L60~ L62 L60-L62 L57~ L59 L57-L59 L54~ L56 L37-L56

2nd O/R 1st B/T

L70 L60 L50

Relative correction between core and column

L37~ L53 L54-L56 L34~ L36 L34-L36 L31~ L33 L31-L33 L28~ L30 L28-L30 L25~ L27 L25-L27

+ 3m m level+3mm + 55m m Core level+55mm Design + 3m m level+3mm + 50m m Core level+50mm Design + 3m m level+3mm + 50m m Core level+50mm Design + 3m m level+3mm + 45m m Core level+45mm Design + 3m m level+3mm + 40m m Core level+40mm Design + 3m m level+3mm + 35m m Core level+35mm Design + 3m m level+3mm + 30m m Core level+30mm Design + 3m m level+3mm + 25m m Core level+25mm Design + 3m m level+3mm + 20m m Core level+20mm Design + 3m m level+3mm + 15m m Core level+15mm Design + 3m m level+3mm + 10m m Core level+10mm Design + 3m m level+3mm + 5m m Design

pre-Analysis Material Test Analysis

Measurement

1st correction

1st O/R

L40

L30

L22~ L24 L22-L24 L19~ L21 L19-L21

2nd correction

L20

L16~ L18 L16-L18 L13~ L15 L13-L15

L10

L10~ L12 L10-L12 L7~ L9 L7-L9

Re-analysis 1~6 times

Additional correction for unconstructed

L01 B06

L4~ L6 L4-L6 B6~ L3 B6-L3

Core level+5mm

correction due to measurement

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C olu mn Shortening

Material Testing
Matertial Testing ( Construction Materials, Chungnam National University Engineering Laboratory)

Compressive strength / modulus of elasticity / drying shrinkage / creep experiments. Generate formulations based on the test and update the model Need on-site materials testing according to the construction progress

Specimens created Curing

to reflect Site Conditions at a given time

CREEP

Testing

Drying Shrinkage Strain Gauge Attachment

Elastic Modulus

Compressive strength of 80, 70, 60MPa concrete. Chungnam National Laboratory (Period: 2011.01 ~ 2013.01)
Strain Gauge

Primary Modulus test

Secondary Modulus test

2 years

2 Years
Third order Modulus test

Measure Deformation

Measure Deformation

Final Report

<Circular Specimens(Ec, Fc, Creep)>

Loading of Specimens

<Material Testing Procedure>

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C olu mn Shortening

Material Testing

Error minimization through material testing performed

Measurement/Analysis in the future through error correction

(30~40%) Property
Elastic Modulus /Concrete Strength Water Cement ratio Aggregate Characteristics Degrees of Compaction

Shortening Factor

(15~25%)

Loading
Schedule change Design load vs Construction load Construction error Differential settlement in foundation

(30~40%)

Environment
Temperature Relative humidity

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16

1) The case of a pre-interpretation(Analysis) is proceed based on assumptions about the processes, materials, and environmental.

14

(x103)

12 10 8 6 4
2

Safety review reflected as a result of conservative

(PCA)

Pre-analysis results reflect only the correction due to usability degradation concerns 2) Therefore, material test/ measurement / analysis step are suggested to perfome shorten process of project 3) In the step of Construction, compensated during construction and verification needed through service company

0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

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Measured vs Analytical

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C olu mn Shortening

Vertical Shortening Measurement

Deferent between analysis value and measurement value

Analysis
Reflection of physical properties in calculation from material experiment: Youngs Modulus, Poissons Ratio, Mean Compressive strength, Volume to Surface ratio, Shapes, sizes etc.

Measurement
Installation of sensors or gages in members for determining the actual shortening. Understanding and noting the following: Curing procedure / Temperature, Actual Shortening, Change in Ambient Temperature (Important), Actual Humidity, Deviation from Defined Construction Stages, Manipulation of factors in analytical Calculation, Re-Analysis
5.0E-04 4.5E-04 4.0E-04 3.5E-04 3.0E-04
Strain

Reflection of effects of Climate on shortening: Average Temperature , RH etc.

Construction Sequence: Stage duration, Additional Steps, Member Age, Load activation age, Boundary activation age etc. Reflection of the above effects on site masterschedule

Back Analysis Output(TA1-20F02) Stain Gauge Output(TA1-20F-02)

2.5E-04 2.0E-04 1.5E-04 1.0E-04 5.0E-05 0.0E+00 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Date 350 400 450 500 550

Deferent between analysis value and measurement 29

C olu mn Shortening

Vertical Shortening Measurement

: Mega Column

: B006~L070 : B006~L050

: External Core
: Internal Core
A BOVE F IRE SHUTTER A BOVE

L90
L76

400 gauges (30~60 per floor)

A-A

L70 L60
L50

Gauges Location in Plan

<Gauge location in Mega Columns>

L38

: Pressure cell : Level surveying

L28

: Strain Gauge

L18 L10

L01 B03 B06

Foundation settlement

Gauges Location of settlement

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C olu mn Shortening

Structural Safety Review

Outrigger Structural Safety issues and alternatives proposed
Effect & Countermeasure due to shortening
additional stress due to differential shortening between core and column Reinforcement counter measure by stress exceed Provides reinforcement due to stress exceed Provide outrigger delay joint provide optimal days if delay Joint require

Additional Stress 4700 kN 2nd Outrigger (L72~L75)

Steel Outrigger Delay Joint

Steel Outrigger Adjustment Joint
Additional Stress 3660 kN 1st Outrigger (L39~L43) 31

(Securing safety under construction)

C olu mn Shortening

Structural Safety Review

Tower Slab Structural Safety issues and alternatives proposed

Effect & Countermeasure due to shortening

additional stress due to differential shortening between core and column Reinforcement countermeasure by stress exceed provide Detail of reinforcement in each area
Slabs additional stress check
L

Reinforcement
STORY

26F~35F 2-HD19 2-HD19 2-HD19 1-HD19 3-HD19 2-HD19

Connecting member

Differential Shortening

Column

Core Wall

Additional Force induced by differential shortening

Example of reinforcement due to additional force 32

C olu mn Shortening

Structural Safety Review

Lower Levels Structural Safety issues and alternatives proposed
Effect & Countermeasure due to shortening
Phase difference=Diff. shortening + Foundation Dif. settlements - Diff. shortening: difference between columns & podium - Dif. settlements : difference between podium & foundation Additional force due to phase difference Alternative - Structural reinforcement & Control Joint - Settlement Joint

Reinforcement for moment

The Side of Tower

Jack Support

The Side of Podium

Settlement Joint
Control Joint

The Side of Podium

The Side of Tower

BEAM & GIRDER a + b 1/5 to 1/4 t

t
b

Detail of reinforcement

Detail of Control Joint

Moment & Shear force due to phase difference

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C olu mn Shortening

Structural Safety Review

Curtain Wall Correction
Effect & Countermeasure due to shortening
To prevent damage / elimination of curtain wall due to differential shortening among columns To prevent damage / elimination of curtain wall due to Stack Joint

Thermal expansion

Elastic Shortening

Joint Control

Inelastic Shortening

Curtain Wall

Stack Joint Plan

HORIZONT AL SE CT ION DE T AIL

HORIZONT AL SE CT ION DE T AIL (ST ACK JOINT )

Required Stack Joint plan considering vertical shortening value

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C olu mn Shortening

Structural Safety Review

Partition Wall Correction
Crack

PARTITION

time elapsed

PARTITION

Column

Core

Column

Core

Masonry Type

Partition Panel Type

THK10 VIBRATION PROF RUBBER FIRE SEALANT

1.0B SOLID BRICK T18 MORTAR

1.0B SOLID BRICK T18 MORTAR

: Location of target partition

<detail of partitions joint>

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C olu mn Shortening

Structural Safety Review

Correction for Vertical Piping
Shortening impact and solutions
Review vertical piping deformation Appropriate deformation absorbing joint details and location suggests Review Reverse Inclination due to deferential settlement

h v1

v2

<understanding towers vertical /horizontal deformation>

v3 Expansion Joint : v = (v1 + v2 + v3)

< Alternative against deformation >

Joint : h

vertical pipings joint

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C olu mn Shortening

Structural Safety Review

Elevator Equipment calibration
<Sliding Clip> Shortening impact and solutions
Drop of clip position due to Core collapse Deformation of the elevator rails due to Core collapse Rails the lower part of the bumper beam Review in Buffer section require for the lower bumper beam of rails

<Wiring tray>

Sliding Clip derailed

Derail rail clips due to shortening Decrease supporting capacity of guide rail <Rails Jack Bolt >

Securing 5mm free space

in every floor

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C olu mn Shortening

Contact Us
+82-31-789-4206 Email : ravi@midasit.com

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