Mathematical Theory and Modeling ISSN 2224-5804 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0522 (Online) Vol.3, No.

7, 2013

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-Mappings Contra
M.Lellis Thivagar School Of Mathematics, Madurai Kamaraj University Madurai-625021, Tamil Nadu,INDIA, mlthivagar@yahoo.co.in M.Anbuchelvi (Corresponding author) Department of Mathematics, V.V.Vanniaperumal College For Women Virudhunar-626001, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. rsanbuchelvi@gmail.com
-closed (resp.open) functions, contra -quotient Abstract: In this paper we intend to introduce contra -irresolute functions, by utilizing -closed sets. Also we find their basic properties and functions and contra some applications. -closed function, contra -quotient and -quotient functions. Keywords and Phrases : contra AMS subject classification 2010 : 57C05

1. Introduction [1] The notion of contra continuity was introduced by J.Dontchev. In 1991, M.Lellis Thivagar [7] extended the notion of quotient functions on -open sets, semi-open and pre-open sets in topological spaces. In -quotient functions, contra -closed functions this paper we introduce and investigate the properties of contra -open functions, by utilizing -closed sets. Also we find some applications of - quotient functions. and contra Preliminaries Throughout this paper a "space" means a topological space which lacks any separation axioms unless explicitly stated. For a subset A of X , cl( A ) , int (A ) and A c denote the closure of A , the interior of A and the O(X). (resp. -open (resp. -closed) sets of X is denoted by complement of A respectively.The family of all C(X) ) Let us recall the following definitions, which are useful in the sequel. Definition 2.1 A subset A of a space X is called a i) a -open set [3] if A int(cl(int ( A)).
- closed set [4] if cl( A ) U whenever A U and U is g -open in ( X, ) . ii) g -open in ( X, ) . -closed set [5] if acl( A ) U whenever A U and U is g iii) Definition 2.2 A function f : (X, ) (Y, ) is called
-continuous [8] if f 1 (V) is -closed subset of ( X, ) for every open set V of ( Y, ). i) contra -open (resp. -closed) [8] if f ( V ) is -open( resp. -closed) set of ( Y, ) for every open ii) ( resp.closed) set V of (X, ).

2.

)* -open ( resp. Strongly )* -closed) [8] if f ( V ) is -open or ( -closed or ( -open iii) Strongly -closed) set of ( Y, ) for every -open ( resp. -closed) set V of ( X, ). ( resp.
-continuous [8] if f 1 (V) is -open set of ( X, ) for every open set V of ( Y, ). iv) -Closed Functions 3. Contra -closed (resp.contra -open) if image of every Definition 3.1 A function f : (X, ) (Y, ) is said to be contra -open ( resp. -closed) subset of ( Y, ). closed ( resp.open) subset of (X, ) is -closed map (resp.strongly contra Definition 3.2 A function f : (X, ) (Y, ) is said to be strongly contra -open (resp. -closed) subset of open map) if image of every a -closed (resp. a -open) subset of (X, ) is ( Y, ). -closed map (resp.completely contra Definition 3.3 A function f : (X, ) (Y, ) is said to be completely contra -open map) if the image of every -closed (resp. -open) subset of ( X, ) is -open (resp. -closed) subset of ( Y, ). Also f is said to be -irresolute iff inverse image of every -open set is -open. (equivalently, -closed set is -closed.) inverse image of every -closed map (resp.completely contra -open map) is strongly contra Theorem 3.4 Every completely contra -open map) closed map.( resp.strongly contra

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-closed ( resp. Proof. Let F -be any a -closed (resp. a -open) subset of (X, ). By [5] Proposition 3.2 (i), F is a -closed) subset of ( X, ) and hence by hypothesis, f ( F) is -open (resp. -closed) subset of ( Y, ). Thus, f is -closed map.( resp.strongly contra -open). strongly contra Remark 3.5 Reversible implication is not always true as seen from the following example. Example 3.6 Let X = {a , b, c, d} = Y, = {,{a},{a , b}, X} , = {,{b, c},{a , b, c},{b, c, d}, Y} . Define f as an identity -closed map but not completely contra -closed map as function. Then, f is strongly contra f ({b, c, d}) = {b, c, d} is not a -open subset of ( Y, ) whereas {b, c, d} is a -closed subset of ( X, ). -closed map and strongly contra -closed map (resp.completely contra Remark 3.7 The notion of contra closed map) are independent is understood from the following examples. Example 3.8 Let X = {a , b, c, d} , = {,{a},{a , b}, X} , Y = {a , b, c, d} = {,{b, c},{a , b, c},{b, c, d}, Y} . Define -closed map, but not f : ( X, ) ( Y, ) as f (a ) = a , f ( b) = b, f (c) = c and f (d ) = d. Then, f is strongly contra -closed map . contra Example3.9 Let X = {a , b, c, d} , = {,{a},{b},{a , b}, X} , Y = {a , b, c, d} = {,{a},{c},{a , b},{a , c},{a , b, c},{a , c, d}, Y} .Define f : ( X, ) ( Y, ) as f (a ) = c, f ( b) = c, f (c) = b and f (d ) = a . -closed map, but a strongly contra -closed map. Then, f is contra Example 3.10 Let X = {a , b, c, d} , = {,{b, c},{a , b, c},{b, c, d}, X} , Y = {a , b, c, d} = {,{a},{c},{a , b}{a , c},{a , b, c},{a , c, d}, Y} . -closed map, but Define f : (X, ) (Y, ) as f (a ) = a , f (b) = c, f (c) = c and f (d ) = b. Then f is completely contra -closed map as f ({d}) = {b} is not a open subset of ( Y, ) whereas {d} is a closed subset of ( X, ). not contra -closed (resp.strongly Remark 3.11 From the following Examples, it is known that composition of contra -closed, completely contra -closed contra -closed) mappings is not always contra -closed contra -closed, completely contra -closed contra -closed) mapping. (resp.strongly contra Example 3.12 Let X = Y = Z = {a,b,c,d} and topologies endowed on them are = {,{a},{b},{a , b}, X} , = {,{a}, Y} , = {,{b, c},{a , b, c},{b, c, d}, Z} respectively. Define f : ( X, ) ( Y, ) as f(x) = a for all x in X and -closed maps. If define g : (Y, ) ( Z, ) by g(a) = a, g(b) = b, g(c) = g(d) = c. Then, f and g are contra g o f : ( X, ) ( Z, ) is defined by ( g o f )(x) = g(f(x)) for all x in X, then g o f is not a contra -closed map. Example 3.13 Let X = Y = Z = {a,b,c,d}, = {,{a},{a , b}, X} , = {,{a},{b},{a , b}, Y} and = {,{a},{b},{a , b},{a , b, c},{a , b, d}, Z} . Define f : ( X, ) ( Y, ) as f(x) = a for all x in X and define -closed maps g : ( Y, ) ( Z, ) by g(a) = c, g(b) = c, g(c) =a, g(d) = b. Then, f and g are strongly contra -closed). If g o f : ( X, ) ( Z, ) is defined by ( g o f )(x) = g(f(x)) for all x in X, then (resp.completely contra -closed map (resp.completely contra -closed). g o f is not a strongly contra

Theorems on Compositions. -closed map and g : ( Y, ) ( Z, ) is strongly -open Theorem 3.14 If f : (X, ) (Y, ) is completely contra -closed map (resp.strongly contra -closed map) map, then g o f : (X, ) ( Z, ) is completely contra -closed (resp. a -closed) subset of ( X, ). By [5] Proposition 3.2 (i), every a-closed Proof. Let F be any -closed subset of ( X, ) and since f is completely contra -closed map, f( F ) is -open subset of subset is -open map, (g o f )( F) = g (f ( F)) is -open subset of ( Z, ). Thus, g o f is ( Y, ). Since g is strongly -closed map ( resp.strongly contra -closed map ) completely contra -closed map and g : ( Y, ) ( Z, ) is strongly -open Theorem 3.15 If f : (X, ) (Y, ) is strongly contra -closed map. map, then g o f : (X, ) ( Z, ) is strongly contra -closed map, f ( F) is -open Proof. Let F -be any a -closed subset of (X, ). Since f is strongly contra -open map, (g o f )( F) = g (f ( F)) is -open in ( Z, ). Thus, g o f is subset of ( Y, ). Since g is strongly -closed map. strongly contra -continuous, surjective map and g : ( Y, ) ( Z, ) is any map such that Theorem 3.16 If f : (X, ) (Y, ) is -closed map, then g : ( Y, ) ( Z, ) is contra -closed map. g o f : ( X, ) ( Z, ) is completely contra
-continuous, f 1 (F) is -closed subset ( X, ) and Proof. Let F be any closed subset of ( Y, ). Since f is -closed, g(f (f 1 (F))) is -open in ( Z, ). Since f is surjective, g( F) is since g o f is completely contra open subset of ( Z, ). Thus, g is contra -closed map. -irresolute map and g : ( Y, ) ( Z, ) is any map such that Theorem 3.17 If f : (X, ) (Y, ) is surjective

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-closed map, then g : ( Y, ) ( Z, ) is completely contra -closed g o f : ( X, ) ( Z, ) is completely contra map. closed subset of ( Y, ). Since f is -irresolute function, f 1 (F) is -closed subset of Proof. Let F -be any -closed map, g(f (f 1 (F))) is -open subset of ( Z, ). Since f is ( X, ) and since g o f is completely contra surjective, g(F) is -open subset of ( Z, ). Thus, g is completely contra -closed map. -irresolute map such that Theorem 3.18 If f : (X, ) (Y, ) is any function and g : (Y, ) ( Z, ) is an injective, -closed map,then f : ( X, ) ( Y, ) is contra -closed map. g o f : ( X, ) ( Z, ) is contra -closed map, g (f ( F)) is -open subset of Proof. Let F -be any closed subset of (X, ). Since g o f is contra -irresolute function, g 1 (g(f (F))) = f (F) is -open subset of ( Y, ). Thus, f ( Z, ) and since g is injective -closed map. is contra -irresolute map such Theorem 3.19 If f : (X, ) (Y, ) is any function and g : (Y, ) ( Z, ) is an injective, -closed map,then f : ( X, ) ( Y, ) is completely contra that g o f : (X, ) ( Z, ) is completely contra closed map. -closed subset of ( X, ). Since g o f is completely contra -closed map, g (f ( F)) is Proof. Let F be any -irresolute map, g 1 (g(f (F))) = f (F) is -open subset of open subset of ( Z, ) and since g is injective, -closed map. ( Y, ). Thus, f is contra -closed map and g : ( Y, ) ( Z, ) is completely contra -closed map, Theorem 3.20 If f : (X, ) (Y, ) is -closed map. then g o f : (X, ) ( Z, ) is contra -closed map, f ( F) is -closed subset of ( Y, ) and Proof. Let F be any closed subset of (X, ). Since f is -closed map, g (f ( F)) is -open subset of ( Z, ). Thus, g o f is contra -closed since g is completely contra map. -closed map and g : ( Y, ) ( Z, ) is completely contra Theorem 3.21 If f : (X, ) (Y, ) is strongly -closed map. closed map, then g o f : (X, ) ( Z, ) is completely contra -closed subset of ( X, ). Since f is strongly -closed function, f ( F) is -closed subset Proof. Let F be any -closed map, g (f (( F)) is -open in ( Z, ). Thus, g o f -is contra of ( Y, ) and since g is completely contra -closed map. -Quotient and Contra -irresolute Mappings 4 Contra -quotient map if f is contra Definition 4.1 A surjective function f : (X, ) (Y, ) is said to be contra -open subset of ( Y, ). continuous and f 1(V) is closed subset of (X, ) implies that V is a -quotient map provided a Definition 4.2 A surjective function f : (X, ) (Y, ) is said to be strongly contra -closed subset of ( X, ). set V is open subset of ( Y, ) iff f 1(V) is -quotient function is contra -continuous map. Theorem 4.3 Every strongly contra -closed subset of ( X, ). Therefore, f Proof. Let V be any open subset of ( Y, ). By hypothesis, f 1(V) is -continuous map. is contra Remark 4.4 Reversible implication is not always true from the following example. Example 4.5 Let X = {a , b, c, d} = {,{a},{b},{a , b}, X} Y = {p, q, r} = {,{p, q}, Y} . Define f : (X, ) (Y, ) as -continuous function but not strongly contra f (a ) = r , f ( b) = r , f (c) = p and f (d ) = q. Then f is contra quotient. -quotient and strongly contra -quotient are independent is understood Remark 4.6 The notion of contra from the following examples. Example 4.7 Let X = {a , b, c, d} , = {,{a},{b},{a , b}, X} , Y = {p, q, r} = {,{p, q}, Y} . Define f : (X, ) (Y, ) -continuous,surjective and f 1 (p, q) is the only as f (a ) = r, f (b) = r, f (c) = p and f (d ) = q. Then f is contra open in ( Y, ). Therefore it is contra -quotient. Further more, closed subset of (X, ) as well as {p, q} is -closed sets in ( X, ) but {p} and {q} are not open in ( Y, ). Therefore, it is not a f 1({p}) and f 1({q}) are -quotient. strongly contra Example 4.8 Let X = {a , b, c, d} , = {,{a},{b},{a , b}, X} , Y = {p, q, r} = {,{p},{p, q}, Y} . Define -quotient f : ( X, ) ( Y, ) as f (a ) = q, f ( b) = r , f (c) = p and f (d ) = q. Then f is surjective and strongly contra

map. Further more, f 1(p, q) is the only closed subset of

( X, )

open in and {p, q} is not a

( Y, ).

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-quotient. Therefore, it is not a contra Theorem 4.9 Let f : (X, ) (Y, ) be any function. Then the following statements are equivalent. -quotient map. i) f : (X, ) (Y, ) is contra -continuous and surjective function,then f 1 (V) is open subset of ( X, ) ii) If f : (X, ) (Y, ) is contra -closed subset of ( Y, ). implies that V is -continuous map. Suppose that f 1 (V) is Proof. (i) (ii) Let f : (X, ) (Y, ) be a surjective and contra any open subset of (X, ). Then X \ f 1(V) = f 1(Y \ V) is a closed subset of (X, ) By hypothesis, Y \ V is -closed subset of ( Y, ). open subset of ( Y, ). Therefore, V is -continuous map. Suppose that V is any subset of (ii ) (i) Let f : ( X, ) ( Y, ) be a surjective and contra
Y such that f 1 (V) is closed subset of ( X, ). Then X \ f 1 (V) = f 1 (Y \ V) is open subset of -closed subset of ( Y, ). Therefore, V is -open subset of ( Y, ) hypothesis, Y \ V is -quotient map. f : ( X, ) ( Y, ) is contra

( X, ).

By and hence

-continuous and contra -closed map,then f is Theorem 4.10 If f : (X, ) (Y, ) is a surjective, contra -quotient map. contra -continuous map.It suffices to show that for any subset V of Y , Proof. Given that f is a surjective and contra -open subset of ( Y, ). Suppose that V is any subset of f 1(V) is closed subset of ( X, ) implies that V is -closed and surjective, V = f (f 1 (V)) is Y such that f 1 (V) is closed subset of ( X, ). Since f is contra -quotient map. open subset of ( Y, ) and hence f is contra -quotient map, then f is contra -closed map. Theorem 4.11 If f : (X, ) (Y, ) is an injective contra

Proof. Let V be any closed subset of (X, ). Since f is injective by hypothesis, V = f 1(f ((V))) is closed -quotient map, f ( V ) is -open subset of ( Y, ). Thus, f is contra subset of (X, ) and since f is contra -closed map. -irresolute function. If g : ( Y, ) ( Z, ) is a Theorem 4.12 Let f : (X, ) (Y, ) be surjective,closed and contra -quotient map, then g o f : (X, ) ( Z, ) is a contra -quotient map.
-continuous map, g 1 (F) is -open subset of Proof. Let F be any closed subset of ( Z, ). Since g is contra -irresolute map, f 1 (g 1 (F)) = (g o f )(F) is -open subset of ( X, ). Thus g o f is a and since f is -continuous map. As f and g are surjective maps, g o f is a surjective map. Suppose that V is any contra ( Y, )

subset of
g ( V ) = f (f of ( Z, ).
1

( Z, )
1 1

such that (g o f )1(V) is closed in

( X, ).

Since f is surjective and closed function

-quotient map, V is -open subset (g (V))) is closed subset of ( Y, ) and since g is contra

-open set is -open. Let {A : } be a covering of X by both Theorem 4.13 Assume that any union of -quotient map for each , then f : ( X, ) ( Y, ) is pre open and closed subsets of X. If f | A is contra -quotient map. contra -continuous, f Proof. Since f | A is surjective, f : (X, ) (Y, ) is surjective. Since each f | A is contra -continuous map. Suppose that F is any subset of Y such that f 1 (F) is open subset of ( X, ). is contra
1

By

-closed subset of relative topology, ( f | A ) ( F ) is open subset of ( A , | A ) . By hypothesis, F is -quotient map. ( X, ). Thus, f : ( X, ) ( Y, ) is contra -irresolute function if f 1 (V) is -closed subset of Definition 4.14 f : (X, ) (Y, ) is said to be contra -open set V of ( Y, ). Equivalently, inverse image of -closed subset of ( Y, ) is ( X, ) for every open subset of (X, ). Example 4.15 Let X = {a , b, c, d} = {,{a},{b},{a , b}, X} Y = {p, q, r} = {,{p, q}, Y} .Define f : (X, ) (Y, ) -irresolute function. as f (a ) = r, f (b) = r, f (c) = p and f (d ) = q. Then f is contra -irresolute map. Then the following statements hold. Theorem 4.16 Suppose that f : (X, ) (Y, ) is contra -irresolute map, then g o f : ( X, ) ( Z, ) is -irresolute map. i) If g : (Y, ) ( Z, ) is contra -irresolute map, then g o f : ( X, ) ( Z, ) is contra -irresolute map. ii) If g : (Y, ) ( Z, ) is -continuous map, then g o f : ( X, ) ( Z, ) is -continuous map. iii) If g : (Y, ) ( Z, ) is contra

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-open subset of ( Z, ). Since g is contra -irresolute map, g 1 (V) is -closed Proof. i) Let V be any -irresolute map, f 1 (g 1(V)) = (g o f )(V) is -open subset of ( X, ). subset of ( Y, ) and since f is contra -irresolute map. Thus, g o f is -open subset of ( Z, ). Since g is -irresolute map, g 1 (V) is -open subset of ( Y, ) ii) Let V be any -irresolute map, f 1 (g 1(V)) = (g o f )(V) is -closed subset of ( X, ). Thus, g o f is and since f is contra -irresolute map. contra -continuous map, g 1 (V) is -closed subset of iii) Let V be any open subset of ( Z, ). Since g is contra -irresolute map, f 1 (g 1(V)) = (g o f )(V) is -open subset of ( X, ). Thus g o f ( Y, ) and since f is contra -continuous map. is Theorem 4.17 If f : (X, ) (Y, ) and g : (Y, ) ( Z, ) are such that -closed map and g o f : ( X, ) ( Z, ) is contra -irresolute map, then g is contra i) f is surjective strongly -irresolute map -irresolute map and g o f : ( X, ) ( Z, ) -open map, then f is ii) g is an injective contra is strongly -open map. completely contra -irresolute map and g o f : ( X, ) ( Z, ) iii) g is an injective contra f is strongly -closed map. -open map, then is completely contra

-open subset of ( Z, ). Since g o f is contra -irresolute map, (g o f )(V) = f 1 (g 1(V)) Proof. i) Let V be any -closed subset of ( X, ). Since f is surjective and strongly -closed map, g 1 (V) = f (f 1 (g 1 (V))) is is -irresolute map. closed subset of ( Y, ). Thus, g is contra -open subset of ( X, ). Since g o f is strongly -open map, (g o f )(V ) = g (f ( V )) is -open ii) Let V be any -irresolute map f (V) = g 1 (g(f (V))) is -closed subset of subset of ( Z, ). Since g is an injective contra -open map. ( Y, ). Thus, f is completely contra -closed subset of ( X, ). Since g o f is completely contra -open map, (g o f )(V ) = g (f ( V )) iii) Let V be any -open subset of ( Z, ). Since g is an injective contra -irresolute map, f (V) = g 1 (g(f (V))) is -closed is -closed map. subset of ( Y, ). Thus, f is strongly

5. Applications -open subset of (X, ) is open in (X, ). Theorem 5.1 If (X, ) is a submaximal space, then every -open subset of (X, ). By [5] Proposition 3.5, proof. Suppose that (X, ) is a submaximal space and V be any every -open set is pre-open. By [6] Theorem 4, every pre-open set is open in submaximal space. Therefore, V -open subset of (X, ). is Remark 5.2 Converse of Theorem 5.1 is not always true from the following example. -open subsets of (X, ) are Example 5.3 Let X = {a, b, c} and = { , {a}, X}. Then the set of all -open subset of (X, ) is open in (X, ) which is not a submaximal space. { , {a}, X}. Therefore, every
-open subset of (X, ). Lemma 5.4 In a semi regular space (X, ), every open subset of (X, ) is proof. By [2], every open subset is -open subset of (X, ) and by [5] Proposition 3.2, every -open subset is -open subset of (X, ). -open subset of (X, ). Therefore, every open subset of (X, ) is Remark 5.5 Converse of Lemma 5.4, is not always possible from the Example 5.3. closed map is completely contra closed Theorem 5.6 If (X, ) is submaximal then every contra closed) map. (resp.strongly contra ( resp. a )-closed subset of a submaximal space ( X, ). By Theorem 5.1, F is closed Proof. Let F be any closed map, then f ( F) is open subset of ( Y, ). Therefore, f is subset of (X, ) and since f is contra completely contra closed ( resp.strongly contra closed) map. -quotient map is contra -quotient map, provided that both domain and Theorem 5.7 Every strongly contra co-domain are semi-regular. -quotient map and V be any open subset of ( Y, ). By Proof. Let f : (X, ) (Y, ) be a strongly contra -closed subset of ( X, ). Therefore, f is contra -continuous map. Suppose that F is hypothesis, f 1(V) is

any subset of Y such that f 1(F) is closed subset of (X, ). Since X is semi-regular, by Lemma 5.4, f 1(F) is

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-closed subset of ( X, ). Since f is strongly contra -quotient map, F is open in the semi-regular space -open subset of ( Y, ). ( Y, ) and by Lemma 5.4, V is -quotient is strongly contra -quotient map, provided that both domain and coTheorem 5.8 Every contra

domain are submaximal. -quotient map and V be any open subset of ( Y, ). By hypothesis, Proof. Let f : (X, ) (Y, ) be a contra
-closed subset of ( X, ). Suppose that F is any subset of Y such that f 1 (F) is -closed subset of f 1(V) is ( X, ). Since X is submaximal, by Theorem 5.1, f 1 ( F ) is closed subset of ( X, ). By hypothesis, F is -open subset of the submaximal space ( Y, ) and by Theorem 5.1, F is open subset of ( Y, ). -continuous and Theorem 5.9 Let ( Y, ) be a submaximal space. If f : (X, ) (Y, ) is surjective,contra -closed map, then f is strongly contra -quotient map. completely contra -continuous map, f 1 (V) is -closed subset Proof. Let V be any open subset of ( Y, ). Since f is contra -closed subset of ( X, ). of (X, ). Finally,suppose that F is any subset of Y such that f 1(F) is
1

Since f is

-closed map, f (f (V)) = V is -open subset of ( Y, ) and since Y is a surjective completely contra -quotient map. submaximal, V is open subset of ( Y, ). Thus, f is strongly contra -irresolute Mappings.) Theorem 5.10 (Pasting Lemma for Contra Let (X, ) be a topological space such that X = A B where A and B are both pre open and closed subsets of Let f: (A, |A) (Y, ) and f: (B, |B) (Y, ) be contra -irresolute functions such that f(x) = g(x) for every -irresolute function (fg )( x ) = f ( x ) for every x A and x A B. Then f and g combine to give a contra (fg )( y) = g ( y) for every y B. -open subset of ( Y, ). Then (fg) 1 (F) = f 1 (F) g 1 (F) . By hypothesis, f 1 (F) and g 1 (F) Proof. Let F be -closed subsets of (A, |A )) and (B, |B ) respectively. By [5] Theorem 6.30 (i) (a), f 1 (F) and g 1 (F) are are -closed subsets of ( X, ). By [5] Theorem 4.11, f 1(F) g 1 (F) is -closed subset of ( X, ). Therefore, -irresolute function. (fg ) is contra

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