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Case Study 7:
PENNSYLVANIAN CANYON LIMESTONE, NEW MEXICO, U.S.A.:
The Problem.
This case study illustrates the advantage of having a measurement of lithology that is largely independent of porosity and fluid saturation: the photoelectric effect (Pe) from the spectral density log. Because this case study is the final one of the sequence, the interpretation is left largely up to the reader to plan and complete. As with the other case studies, solutions are provided for validation of the readers efforts. If you decide to make an invasion correction of the dual laterolog, this equation will provide accuracy that is sufficient for this case study: 10.43
penetrated Precambrian basement. The well was drilled on a small faulted anticline. After the well was at total depth (TD), it was logged with this saltwatermud logging suite: Dual Laterolog-Rxo and Gamma Ray-Neutron-Spectral Density (Figure 10.35). Your task is to determine whether the zone is potentially productive, and if so, how much hydrocarbon is in place.
Background
In the late 1990s an independent oil company drilled a 7150-ft well in southeastern New Mexico that
Table 10.13. Canyon Sandstone, New Mexico, U.S.A.: Work table. The symbol v/v indicates volume-for-volume decimal fraction.
Parameters Rw (measured): 0.03 ohm-m @ Tf a: 1 m: 2 Data Depth feet 6760 6763 6768
LLD ohm-m
LLS ohm-m
MSFL ohm-m
Pe b/electron
PhiNDgas Swa Sxo Swr v/v decimal v/v decimal v/v decimal v/v decimal
MHI
BVW
Figure 10.35. Dual laterolog-Rxo. Canyon Limestone, New Mexico, U.S.A. Vertical scale: 2 ft per chart division. Gamma ray curve scaled in API units. Resistivity curves scaled in ohm-m. Density porosity and neutron porosity scaled in porosity units, 0.04 per chart division. Dual laterolog-Rxo. Canyon Limestone, New Mexico, U.S.A. In the interval 6758 to 6772 ft note the following facts: 1. The dual laterolog exhibits a salt-mud hydrocarbon invasion profile. (See Chapter 1, Figure 1.5 for an example.) 2. The neutron and density porosity curves show crossover ( d> n) in the zone described from cutting samples as limestone; the crossover is indicative of the presence of gas. 3. Average value of the Pe curve is about 5, which confirms that the zone is limestone.
Case Study 7:
PENNSYLVANIAN CANYON LIMESTONE, NEW MEXICO, U.S.A.:
The Solution.
From Figure 10.35 the following attributes of the Canyon interval (6758 to 6772 ft) can be discerned: The dual laterolog shows a profile consistent with invasion in a hydrocarbon-bearing zone. Neutron porosity is less than the density porosity (crossover). Because the formation is described as a limestone, and because the porosity curves are referenced to limestone, one would expect the porosity curves to be overlain directly if the formation were liquid-filled (oil or water). The crossover indicates gas in the formation. The Pe curve averages about 5 units, confirming that the zone is limestone, and that the neutrondensity crossover is a pore-fluid effect (i.e. gas). The following conclusions should be drawn from your calculations: The zone is porous, with gas-zone, neutron-density porosity (Equation 10.18) showing from 0.10 to 0.18 (10 to 18 %) (Table 10.14). Archie water saturations (Equation 10.1) range from 0.07 to 0.12 (7 to 12 %). Estimates of bulk volume water, BVW (Figure 10.36, and Table 10.14) range between 0.011 and 0.013; they are below the carbonate cutoff value of 0.015 (Chapter 7, Table 7.1), indicating
that the formation should produce water-free. The values for moveable hydrocarbon index (MHI) are under the carbonate cutoff of 0.6, also indicating that the Canyon should produce hydrocarbons. The Archie water saturation values (Swa) are less than the ratio water saturation values (Swr) which is expectedbecause porosity of the Canyon zone is oomoldic (see pg. 117), as described from inspection of the bit-cutting samples. The Canyon was perforated from 6760 to 6770 ft; initial potential flowing (IPF) was 918 mcfgpd plus 3 bopd and NO water. If you assume that this well will drain 160 acres, the original gas in place (OGIP), estimated from the equation below (from Equation 10.12), is 1.74 BCF (billion cubic feet). OGIP = 43,560 PhiNDgas (1 Sw) thickness ((0.43 depth)/14.7) area where: PhiNDgas = 0.14 (average) Sw = 0.10 (average) thickness = 10 ft depth = 6766 ft (average) area = 160 acres With the average recovery factor for this formation in this area of 0.70 (70%), the well could produce 1.21 bcf of gas. At a price of $2.00 per mcf, the production would be worth approximately $2,400,000. See the sample calculations in Table 10.14, and results computed from samples spaced at one-half-foot intervals, shown in Figure 10.37.
Table 10.14. Case Study 7: Canyon Sandstone, New Mexico, U.S.A.: Solution table. The symbol v/v indicates volume-for-volume decimal fraction.
Parameters Rw (measured): 0.03 ohm-m @ Tf a: 1 m: 2 Data Depth feet 6760 6763 6768
MSFL ohm-m 80 40 35
Calculations Depth Rt feet ohm-m 6760 190 6763 270 6768 165
PhiNDgas Swa Sxo Swr v/v decimal v/v decimal v/v decimal v/v decimal 0.102 0.123 0.222 0.479 0.100 0.106 0.321 0.249 0.182 0.074 0.188 0.312
Figure 10.36. Bulk-volume-water (BVW) plot, Canyon Limestone, New Mexico, U.S.A.
Figure 10.37. Canyon Limestone, New Mexico, U.S.A. Computer-processed log. Note: 1. True formation resistivity, Rt, calculated from LLD and LLS, is shown in Track 2 with the deep laterolog, LLD. 2. Archie water saturation, Swa, is shown as the light-shaded area from Swa = 1.0, on the left-hand side of Track 3. 3. Hydrocarbon-filled pore space is shown as the dark shaded area on the right-hand side of Track 3, between the porosity, PhiNDgas, and the bulk volume water, BVW. Water-filled pore space is shown as the light shaded area between BVW and the right-hand margin of the track (scale value of zero).