tech

paper
Design of VeoVa Based Latices with Low Odor/VOC for Flat Interior Wall Paints

SC:2889-01

By

Michael J. Watkins Franoise Decocq Francis Defoor Hlne Petit Claude Nootens David Vanaken

E P I KOT E

EPON

EPI-CURE

EPI-REZ

H E LOX Y

C A R D U R A

V E O VA

SC:2889-01 / Design of VeoVa Based Latices with Low Odor/VOC for Flat Interior Wall Paints

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Abstract

The demand for interior paints with low odor and low VOC continues to increase. Formulating such paints over a broad PVC-range, while maintaining high levels of performance (good drying time, with resistance to scrubbing and mudcracking) is a challenge. This paper describes approaches to formulate these paints with latices based on vinyl acetate, tertiary branched vinyl esters (notably VeoVa 10 Monomer), and selected acrylates. Formulations for both colloid-free and colloid-stabilized latices are discussed. These latices are prepared with extremely low free monomer levels, without solvent coalescing aids, and with environmentally friendly surfactant types. High performance flat paint formulations using these latices are discussed. The reduction of volatile organic compounds (VOC) is an issue common to all coating types. Significant research and development efforts have been expended to accomplish this for such diverse coating types as architectural paints, automotive coatings, and can coatings. Formulators in each area are faced with the problem of maintaining low cost and high levels of performance, while making significant formulation changes to reduce VOC. Many architectural coatings used today are waterborne, and are based on synthetic latices. As such, they are relatively low in VOC content. However, there are two major drivers to reduce VOC further, particularly in interior architectural coatings. The first is simply to reduce the release of organic compounds that are viewed as sources of photochemical smog and pollution. The second driver is that these interior paints are often used in confined spaces, where the odor of volatile organic compounds may be perceived by the user to be unpleasant, or even harmful. In most cases, the user would prefer an odor-free product. Three primary sources of VOC and odor in architectural latex coatings are: 1. The use of organic solvents as coalescing aids 2. Residual (unreacted) free monomers 3. Solvents or other volatile organic compounds in paint additives The addition of organic solvents, which act as coalescing aids during film formation, is a primary source of VOC in architectural latex paints.1 The latex particles are generally high molecular weight polymers, in order to achieve high levels of performance. Solvents act to plasticize the polymer, reducing the modulus of the latex particles. This lowers the minimum film forming temperature (MFFT) of the latex to a desirable range (e.g. 0-5C), enhances the ability of the particles to deform during film formation, and also promotes diffusion of polymer segments across particle boundaries. This low MFFT facilitates the application of paints ina wide temperature range without affecting film performance properties. Good film formation at normal application temperatures, in the absence of coalescing aids, is only possible if the latex has an MFFT around 0-5 C. On the other hand, the polymer film should not be too soft if high performance is required. Therefore, eliminating solvent coalescing aids from architectural latex coatings is a significant challenge.

Introduction

Latex film formation is a very complex process, and a complete description is beyond the scope of this paper. References 1-7 are recommended for more complete discussions.

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Introduction (cont.)

Broek8 published an article, Environment-friendly paints: their technical (im)possibilities. He repeatedly used the term (im)possibilities throughout the paper to highlight the challenge of reformulating high performance architectural coatings. In this work, we have demonstrated that it is not an impossibility to formulate latices with vinyl acetate and branched vinyl ester co-monomers which can subsequently be use to formulate high performance interior flat wall paints with low VOC/odor. Vinyl acetate copolymer latices comprise one of the most important binders for architectural coatings worldwide.9 Branched vinyl esters, notably the vinyl esters of VERSATIC Acid, comprise an important class of co-monomers for vinyl acetate, and are extensively being used in a wide variety of architectural paints. Binders (based on branched vinyl esters), suitable for low odor/low VOC paints, have been specifically developed and are presented in this article. In order to achieve a sufficiently low MFFT, soft monomers such as VeoVa 10 Monomer, VeoVa 11 Monomer, 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate, or butyl acrylate were incorporated as co-monomers. All of these latices can be formulated into paints without coalescing agent, and with only environmentally acceptable additives and surfactants. Their residual monomer content can also be reduced to extremely low levels using a post treatment based on a redox initiator system. These latices are therefore especially suitable for formulation into low-odor and odor-free interior emulsion paints with virtually no emission of volatile organic compounds. As a result of the significant changes made in the latex formulations compared with those used in traditional paints, it was also necessary to adjust the emulsion paint formulations in order to maintain good performance with respect to properties such as mudcracking and wet scrub resistance. Two interior solvent-free paint formulations (60% and 72% PVC) were adapted accordingly.

VeoVa Monomers in Conventional Emulsion Paints

VeoVa monomers are the vinyl esters of Versatic Acids (saturated, tertiary, branched, carboxylic acids). The VeoVa monomers are designated with a number that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the acid. For example, VeoVa 10 Monomer is made from Versatic 10 Acid, and contains ten carbon atoms in the acid (plus two in the vinyl functionality). The general structure for the branched vinyl ester monomers is provided in Figure 1.

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VeoVa Monomers in Conventional Emulsion Paints (cont.)

Figure 1/Chemical Structure of VeoVa Branched Vinyl Esters (R1 and R2 = Alkyl Groups)

Vinyl acetate VeoVa latices can be stabilized by surfactants alone (colloid-free system), or by a combination of surfactants and protective colloid (colloid-stabilized system). The resulting latices have a relatively high solids content in combination with a very good colloidal stability. VeoVa Monomers and vinyl acetate have virtually identical reactivity in radical polymerization, which ensures easy preparation over a wide temperature range and results in randomly distributed monomer units along the polymer chain. This is important, because it allows the key performance properties of the branched hydrophobic structure to be exploited most efficiently. The incorporation of VeoVa Monomers upgrades the polymer in areas where vinyl acetate is weak, notably hydrophobicity and alkali resistance. The unique, highly branched, carbon-rich structure of VeoVa 10 Monomer sterically protects its own ester group from being hydrolyzed. More importantly it also protects several neighboring acetate groups10 (sometimes referred to as an umbrella effect), thus improving the hydrolytic stability of the polymer. This enables such polymers to be successfully used as paint binders on alkaline substrates, such as exterior concrete.11 This umbrella effect is demonstrated in Figure 2. The hydrolysis of ester groups has been measured for a range of colloid-stabilized latices with different vinyl acetate/VeoVa 10 Monomer ratios. They were exposed to 2% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution for four days. The alkali resistance of the polymer is expressed in terms of the percentage of the total number of ester groups hydrolyzed. From the results, it is easily concluded that VeoVa 10 Monomer reduces the ester group hydrolysis much more than proportionally to its concentration. Figure 2 also shows a data point indicating the alkali resistance of a vinyl acetate/ butyl acrylate (75/25) polymer. This demonstrates that VeoVa 10 Monomer clearly outperforms butyl acrylate in this regard.

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VeoVa Monomers in Conventional Emulsion Paints (cont.)

Figure 2/Ester Bond Hydrolysis as Function of the Hydrophobic Monomer Content in the Polymer

Vinyl acetateVeoVa latices are easily formulated into emulsion paints because of their good shear stability and compatibility with other raw materials. The shelf life of VeoVa based emulsion paints is very good, because of good hydrolytic stability and hence, low pH- and viscosity drift. The latices are versatile and can be used to formulate a variety of flat, semigloss, and gloss paints over a wide PVC range. VeoVa based emulsion paints have very good rheological properties, resulting in easy application and good film build. The unique branched structure and the hydrophobic nature of VeoVa 10 Monomer makes it an excellent co-monomer for vinyl acetate. The scrub resistance improves with increasing VeoVa 10 Monomer content of the binder, as shown in Figure 3. It is quite remarkable as this coincides with simultaneous improvements in flexibility and minimum film forming temperature (MFFT). The choice between using a colloid-free and a colloid-stabilized latex affects the paint properties in various ways. Colloid-free latices with their small average particle size tend to perform better with respect to pigment binding power. This is demonstrated in Figure 3, where the use of colloid-free latices leads to better wet scrub resistance compared to colloid-stabilized latices

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VeoVa Monomers in Conventional Emulsion Paints (cont.)

Figure 3/Wet Scrub Results of 60% PVC Conventional Flat Paints Based on VeoVa Latices (ASTM D 2486-89)

Design of LowMFFT VeoVa Ester Latics

Vinyl acetate latices modified with the vinyl ester of Versatic 10 have historically been used successfully to formulate traditional interior latex paints. But the combination of these two monomers alone does not permit the formulation of latex with a sufficiently low MFFT to produce solvent-free paints. The reason for this is that the homopolymer Tg for the vinyl ester of Versatic 10 is -3 C, so the target Tg range of 0-5 C cannot be achieved for copolymers with moderate levels of the vinyl ester of VeoVa 10. However, the vinyl ester of VeoVa 11 has a homopolymer T g of -40 C. Therefore, it affords the opportunity to formulate vinyl acetate copolymers that do have a sufficiently low Tg (and MFFT) at modest levels of modification. Another possibility is to use other soft acrylic monomers (such as 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, with a homopolymer Tg of -50 C, or butyl acrylate with a homopolymer Tg of -40C) in conjunction with the VeoVa 10 and vinyl acetate. Examples of such formulations were evaluated in this study. Latices evaluated include: Latex 1 is a colloid-stabilized, vinyl acetate and VeoVa 11 copolymer (50/50 ratio). The latex has an MFFT of 0 C and is prepared in a very similar way to the VeoVa 10 based latices. See Table 1 for the formulation. Latex 2 is a colloid-stabilized, vinyl acetate latex modified with a combination of the VeoVa 10 and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (55/20/25 ratio). This latex has an MFFT of 0 C and imparts good application properties, notably easy painting and good flow. See Table 1 for the formulation.

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Design of LowMFFT VeoVa Ester Latics (cont.)

Table 1/Colloid Stabilized Formulations for Latices 1 and 2 Latex Initial reactor charge Demineralized water Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate Sodium bicarbonate Potassium persulphate Hydroxyethyl cellulose Monomer pre-emulsion Demineralized water Sodium bicarbonate Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate Non-ionic surfactant (linear alcohol ethoxylate type) VeoVa 11 Monomer VeoVa 10 Monomer 2-ethylhexyl acrylate Vinyl acetate Initiator solution Demineralized water Potassium persulphate 1 parts weight 313.5 1.5 1.0 20.0 2 parts weight 357.0 1.5 2.0 1.0 5.0

448.0 4.0 1.5 20.0 500.0 500.0

400.0 2.0 2.0 20.0 200.0 250.0 550.0

120.0 2.3

120.0 2.3

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Design of LowMFFT VeoVa Ester Latics (cont.)

Latex 3 is a colloid-free, vinyl acetate latex modified with a combination of the VeoVa 10 and butyl acrylate (ratio 60/20/20). The latex is stabilized with a small amount of acrylic acid and has an MFFT of 5C. The latex has a low particle size and hence very good pigment binding power. See Table 2 for the formulation. Table 2/Colloid-free Formulation for Latex 3 Initial reactor charge Demineralized water Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate Potassium persulphate Monomer pre-emulsion Demineralized water Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate Non-ionic surfactant (linear alcohol ethoxylate type) Sodium carbonate VeoVa 10 Monomer Butyl acrylate Acrylic acid Vinyl acetate Initiator solution Demineralized water Potassium persulphate parts weight 439.5 0.5 1.0

435.0 9.5 20.0 1.0 200.0 200.0 0.5 600.0

120.0 1.0

A number of other factors were considered in the design of the latices in this study to reduce the VOC or odor: No solvents were used for coalescence or freeze-thaw resistance Additives were chosen to be VOC-free Buffer systems containing acetic acid were not used Additives (in particular, surfactants) chosen were free of alkyl phenol derivatives Amines or ammonia were not used for the neutralization of colloid-free latices or dispersing agents

Preparation of Latices for Cosolvent-free Paints

A stable monomer pre-emulsion was prepared by adding the monomers to the vigorously stirred aqueous phase, according to the recipe. The initial reactor charge was heated to 60 C under a nitrogen purge. When the temperature of 60 C was reached, the nitrogen stream was stopped and a portion (10% for Latices 1 and 2, and 2.5% for Latex 3) of the monomer pre-emulsion was added to the reactor to form the seed polymer. When this charge had polymerized, reflux of vinyl acetate stopped, and the temperature was raised to the desired reaction temperature (76 C for Latex 1 and 80 C for Latices 2 and 3). Then, the remainder

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Preparation of Latices for Cosolvent-free Paints (cont.)

of the monomer pre-emulsion was gradually added over a period of 3 hours, while maintaining the desired reaction temperature. The initiator solution was added simultaneously with a separate line. The addition time for the initiator solution was fifteen minutes longer to improve monomer conversion. After monomer addition, a post-reaction treatment of 2 hours at 80 C was applied to further improve monomer conversion. Finally, the latex was cooled to 30 C, and filtered. Latex 3 is colloid free, and it was neutralized with a 7% solution of sodium hydroxide. Neutralization was done slowly and in 2-3 steps so that the pH did not exceed pH 9 and the final pH did not drop below pH 7 after a few hours.

Experimental and Results

Evaluation of Latices for Cosolvent-free Paints Table 3 summarizes the properties of both the latices, and the clear films cast from these latices. The three design routes allow the preparation of good performing latices within the target MFFT window of 0-5C. This illustrates the design versatility of VeoVa Monomers to produce colloid-stabilized or colloid-free binders with vinyl acetate and optionally acrylates. In general, these latices show good stability at high solids content and good clear film performance. The particle size and pH depend on the stabilization system. Table 3/Latex and Clear Film Properties Latex VeoVa Monomers used Other Flexible monomers used Latex properties Solids content (% m/m)1 pH Viscosity (mPas)2 MFFT (C)3 Particle size (nm)4 Latex stability Submicron particle content of original latex (%) Shear test5 Appearance after shear test Submicron particle content after shear test Electrolyte stability6 Film properties Calculated Tg (C, Fox equation, Ref. 12) Water absorption (% m/m)7 Alkali extractables (% m/m)8
1 2 3

1 11

2 10 2-EHA

3 10 BA

53 1 4.5 315 50 <0 430 20

53 1 4.5 124 50 <0 425 20

48 1 8 (neutralized) 112 50 51 200 20

>95 liquid >60 passes

>95 liquid >60 passes

>95 liquid <40 passes

-9 1 135 1

01 116 1

51 170 1.7

Vacuum oven at 80 C for 24 hours Brookfield LVDT, 23 C Sheen Model SS-3000 MFFT instrument 4 Nicomp 370. Instrument uses laser light scattering, and is useful in the range of 10 nm - 5 mm 5 500 g sample subjected to -20,000 rpm shear in a Waring Commercial Blender for 3 minutes 6 Equal volume latex and 5% m/m aqueous CaCl2 7 Free film immersed in demineralized water for 2 weeks at 23 C 8 Free film immersed in 2% m/m aqueous NaOH for 2 weeks at 23 C

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Experimental and Results (cont.)

Solvent-free Paint Formulations All of these latices were formulated into paints without coalescing agent. However, as a result of the significant changes made in the latex, it was also necessary to adapt the paint formulations in order to maintain good performance with respect to properties such as mud cracking and wet scrub resistance. Adjusted 60% and 72% PVC interior solvent-free paint formulations are discussed below. It should be noted that the paint formulations given here primarily serve to demonstrate the feasibility of making low VOC/odor flat interior paints with good levels of performance. The pigments and additives, and the ratios in which they are used may be subject to further optimization, which could, in turn, lead to a further improvement in paint performance. Formulation of Good Quality Flat Interior Wall Paints The paint formulation in Table 4 is for a good quality solvent-free paint with a PVC of 60% to be formulated with colloid-stabilized or colloid-free, vinyl acetate/branched vinyl ester latex types. The paint was designed to accommodate some of the negative effects of the removal of coalescing agents (notably mudcracking and reduction of wet scrub resistance). It is known that talc improves the scrub resistance and mudcracking resistance of paint. However, the drying time also appeared to be very important with respect to mud cracking. The presence of an associative thickener (e.g. Rheolate 210) extends the drying time of the paint, especially at low application temperatures, and therefore has a beneficial impact on the mud cracking resistance. Table 4/Good Quality, 60% PVC, Flat, Interior, White, Paint Formulation Pigment Paste Demineralized water NaOH solution (10%) Parmetol A26 (biocide, Schulke & Mayr) Calgon N (polyphosphate dispersant, Calgon) Byk 155 (dispersing agent, BYK) Byk 037 (defoamer, BYK) Natrosol 250 HHR 2% aqueous solution (HEC, Aqualon) Kronos 2190 (Ti02, oil absorption ~ 17-21, Kronos) Omya 2GU (CaC03, avg. particle size ~ 2mm, Omya) Omya 5GU (CaC03, avg. particle size ~ 5mm, Omya) Talc OXO (Luzenac) Let Down Demineralized water Latex (50% solids content) Byk 037 Rheolate 210 (HEUR associative thickener, Rheox) to 100 K.U. viscosity Total Parts weight 29.4 2.3 0.3 0.5 2.3 3.9 133.5 174.3 116.3 139.5 69.7

91.5 227.5 2.0 approx. 7.0 1000

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Experimental and Results (cont.)

Formulation of Lower Cost Flat Interior Wall Paints Lower cost paints are usually formulated at higher PVCs and primarily save on costs by reducing the quantity of binder and titanium dioxide pigment. The paint formulation in Table 5 is for a lower cost interior paint with a PVC of 72% to be formulated with either colloidstabilized or colloid-free latex types. Table 5/Lower Cost, 72% PVC, Solvent-free, Flat, Interior, White, Paint Formulation Pigment Paste Demineralized water Foamstopper 101 (defoamer, Harco) Orotan 850 E (dispersing agent, Rohm & Haas) Tetron (5% aq polyphosphate dispersant, Albright & Wilson) Mergal K7 (biocide, Riedel-de-Haen) Natrosol 250 MR, 3% aqueous solution (HEC, Aqualon) Tioxide R-XL (Ti02, oil absorption ~ 40, Tioxide) Snowcal 70 (CaCO3, Omya) Speswhite Clay (china clay, ECC International) Let Down Demineralized water latex (55% solids content) Ropaque OP96 (Rohm & Haas) Foamstopper 101 (defoamer, Harco) Total Parts weight 200.0 1.4 4.0 17.0 2.0 192.0 97.0 214.0 51.0

22.0 129.0 70.0 0.6 1000

Preparation of Flat Interior Wall Paints A high-speed disk disperser12 equipped with jacketed cooling was used. The first 7 ingredients of the pigment paste were mixed in the order shown with gentle stirring. Then the pigment and extenders were added in the order shown (from the finest to the most coarse). The stirring speed was gradually increased, and was maintained at 10 m/sec peripheral speed for a period of 15-20 minutes. Then, the latex and the other ingredients of the letdown were added, while maintaining slow stirring for about 10 minutes. At this point, the paint viscosity was adjusted (if necessary) to 100 Krebs Units by the addition of extra hydroxyethyl cellulose solution, or associative thickener. Evaluation of Solvent-free Paints Tables 6-7 summarize the performance of the paints formulated with these latices. Comparison of the results with the scrub resistance of the conventional paints presented in Figure 3 shows the solvent-free paints reach an equal performance. These results indicate good film formation, in spite of the fact that these coatings contain no coalescing aids, and are virtually VOC-free. The paints, furthermore, have good mudcracking resistance and storage stability.
12

For a detailed discussion of the use of a high-speed disk disperser to prepare latex paints, see Reference 13.

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Table 6/Solvent-free Paint Properties (60% PVC) Latex VeoVa Monomers used Other flexible monomers used Scrub resistance (ASTM D 2486-89) Solids content (% Volume) Viscosity (K.U.) initial Mudcracking resistance (visual inspection) Storage stability Table 7/Solvent-free Paint Properties (72 % PVC) Latex Veova Monomers used Other flexible monomers used Scrub resistance (DIN 53 778) Viscosity (K.U.) Mud cracking resistance (visual inspection) Whiteness (Wl E313) 1 11 2 10 2-EHA 2600 93 good 77.1 1 11 2 10 2-EHA 1050 42.5 96 good good 3 10 BA 1100 42.5 111 good good

1000 42.5 99 good good

2900 94 good 76.8

Finally, one of the low-MFFT binders (Latex 2) was formulated in the conventional paint (60% PVC) that was used for the experiments of Figure 3. This way, the influence of the paint recipe on the paint performance was eliminated, which makes a relative assessment of various binders possible. The wet scrub resistance obtained with the soft terpolymer was in this case equal to the level achieved with a colloid-free vinyl acetate / branched vinyl ester (80/20) binder. One might think that using a soft binder would inevitably lead to paints with a lower wet scrub resistance. However, as was already illustrated in Figure 3, the wet scrub resistance is also depends very much on the hydrophobicity of the binder. Hence, the incorporation of branched vinyl esters makes it possible to design hydrophobic binders having a low-MFFT with a high performance. To achieve low VOC/odor it is also important to reduce the residual monomer level in the latex as much as possible. Standard emulsion polymerization procedures for vinyl acetate/ branched vinyl acetate latices typically result in a monomer conversion of 99.8 wt.% on solids. The use of a redox initiator couple (ascorbic acid/tert-butyl peroxybenzoate) as a booster in the final stage of the polymerization reduces the free monomer level to less than 100 ppm.14 VeoVa-based latices post-treated this way typically have a low and neutral odor level, and can be successfully formulated in solvent-free paints.

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Conclusions

Low VOC/low odor latices can be formulated with vinyl acetate, branched vinyl monomers (notably the vinyl esters of Versatic acid), and selected acrylates. The monomer ratios are selected to produce latices with minimum film forming temperatures in the range of 0-5 C. No cosolvents are used, and additives are chosen carefully to avoid introduction of VOC. An emulsion polymerization process is used to give extremely low levels of unreacted monomer. Suitable latices can be either colloid stabilized, or colloid-free. These latices demonstrate excellent mechanical and shear stability, as well as excellent alkali resistance. By carefully selecting raw materials, these latices can then be formulated into high performance, flat, interior, wall paints with virtually no VOC content. High filler loading can be used to minimize costs. But even at high filler loading, these paints demonstrate excellent application properties, good resistance to mudcracking, and excellent scrub resistance. Thus, it has been shown that VeoVa modified vinyl acetate latices can be used effectively to formulate low odor/VOC flat interior wall paints. Note The authors recognize that a brief discussion, such as this, may raise some questions about specific fine points of this work that may not be fully detailed in this article. Therefore, we invite the reader to contact us with questions regarding the formulation of vinyl acetate/ VeoVa latices and paints.

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References

1. Eckersley, S.T., and A. Rudin, Mechanism of Film Formation from Polymer Latexes, Journal of Coatings Technology, 62, No. 782, 89, (1988). 2. Karsa, D.R., Additives for Water-Based Coatings, Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 1991. 3. Winnik, M.A., Wang, Y., and Haley, F., Latex Film Formation at the Molecular Level: The Effect of Coalescing Aids on Polymer Diffusion, Journal of Coatings Technology, 64, No. 811, 51, (1992). 4. Heymans D.M.C and Daniel M.F., Glass transition and film formation of VeoVa/Vinyl acetate latices; role of water and co-solvents, Polymers for advanced technologies, Vol. 6, 291, (1994). 5. Hoy, K.L., Coalescence and Film Formation from Latexes, Journal of Coatings Technology, 68, No. 853, 33, (1996). 6. Winnik, M.A., The Formation and Properties of Latex Films, Emulsion Polymerization and Emulsion Polymers, P.A. Lovell and M.S. El-Aasser eds., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1997. 7. Visschers, M., Laven, J., and van der Linde, R., Forces Operative During Film Formation from Latex Dispersions, Progress in Organic Coatings, 31, 311, (1997). 8. Broek, Albert D., Environment-friendly paints: their technical (im)possibilities, Progress in Organic Coatings, 22, 55-68, (1993). 9. Vandezande, G.A., Smith, O.W., and Bassett, D.R., Vinyl Acetate Polymerization, Emulsion Polymerization and Emulsion Polymers, P.A. Lovell and M.S. El-Aasser eds., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1997. 10. Martin, P.S., Smith, O.W., and Bassett, D.R., ACS Meeting, Atlanta, April, 1991. [See ref. 7] 11. Decocq, F., Heymans, D., Slinckx, M., Spanhove, S., Nootens, C., Recent developments in the production of high-quality vinyl ester- acrylic-based latices, Paint and Coatings Industry, p57, (April 1998). 12. Fox, T.G., Bull. Amer. Phys. Soc., 1, 123, (1956) 13. Patton, T.C., Paint Flow and Pigment Dispersion, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1979. 14. Production of Vinyl acetate/VeoVa 10 Latices with Very Low Residual Monomer Content, (VV 2.1.3), Resolution Performance Products, April, 1999.

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E P I KOT E

EPON

EPI-CURE

EPI-REZ

H E LOX Y

C A R D U R A

V E O VA