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Questions 1-3: The following data show survival times for 10 patients with some specific disease.

4, 6*, 7, 2, 3*, 4, 9, 9*, 10, 23 Times are given in months and starred numbers are the censored times. 1. Which of the following gives the Kaplan-Meier estimate of the survival probability at time 4? A. B. C. D. 0.4000 0.5000 0.5750 0.6750

2.

Which of the following gives the Kaplan-Meier estimate of the survival probability at time 6? A. B. C. D. 0.5750 0.6750 0.7750 0.8700

3.

Which of the following gives the Kaplan-Meier estimate of the survival probability at time 9? A. B. C. D. 0.1000 0.2050 0.4050 0.5800

Questions 4 - 9: In a study on a large multicenter group of radical prostatectomy (RP) patients, a questionnaire was designed to assess the presence and degree of patient self-reported postprostatectomy in continence (PPI), impotence (IMP), bladder neck contracture and/or urethral stricture (S), and quality of life (QOL). The questionnaire was mailed to 1396 living patients who had undergone RP at 5 military medical centers during 1962-1997 and had at least 6 months follow-up. Statistical analysis was based on only 818 returned surveys containing sufficient data. 1

Define the following variables:

Y = QOL, set to be 1 if a patient answered BETTER THAN BEFORE or SAME AS BEFORE t o the question After your prostate cancer treatment, do you feel your overall quality of life is: BETTER THAN BEFORE, SAME AS BEFORE, WORSE THAN BEFORE, UNKNOWN/NOT ANSWERED; 0 if a patient answered WORSE THAN BEFORE to this question.

X1 = age (in years) at the surgery.

X2 = surgical era, set to be 1 if surgery performed in or after 1990; 0 otherwise.

X3 = marriage status, set to be 1 if married; 0 if not married.

X4 = PPI, set to be 1 = presence of PPI if a patient experienced any urinary leakage significant enough to warrant protection (i.e. the use of pads, diapers, rubber pants, or clamps); 0 otherwi se.

X5 = IMP, set to be 1 = presence of IMP if inability to have an adequate erection after surgery w hen adequate erections were reported preoperatively by the patient; 0 otherwise.

X6 = S, set to be 1 = presence of S if self-reported bladder neck contracture or stricture requiri ng any treatment in the postoperative period; 0 otherwise.

Consider the following logistic regression model and the table of some results summarized from the computer output: logit(p(Y=1)) = 0 + 1 X1 + 2 X2+ 3 X3 + 4 X4+ 5 X5+ 6 X6

Age at surgery Surgical era Marriage status PPI IMP S

Odds ratio & 95% CI 1.04 [1.01-1.06] 0.57 [0.37-0.89] 0.92 [0.68-1.25] 0.41 [0.30-0.55] 0.34 [0.20-0.58] 0.78 [0.54-1.11]

p-value <0.01 0.01 0.61 <0.01 <0.01 0.17 2

Let the significance level be 5% for a statistical test if applicable. Answer the following questions 4 9.

4.

The model deviance DEV is one formal test of the fit of the above logistic regression model. Which of the following is not true? A. B. C. D. DEV has an approximate chi-square distribution under the null hypothesis DEV compares the log-likelihood of the fitted model with the log-likelihood of a model that fits all the observations perfectly DEV has an approximate t distribution under the null hypothesis A large value of DEV tends to indicate that the logistic regression model is not the right model

5.

The degrees of freedom of the model deviance DEV stated in Question 4 are A. B. C. D. 1396 1389 811 6

6.

Assume the above model is appropriate. 1If we want to investigate whether there is a significant association between PPI and QOL, what is the null hypothesis for this test? A. B. C. D. 3 4 5 6 =0 =0 =0 =0

7.

Refer to Question 6, which of the following statements is true? A. B. C. Accept H0 and conclude that there is a significant association between PPI and QOL Reject H0 and conclude that there is no significant association between PPI and QOL Accept H0 and conclude that there is no significant association between PPI and QOL 3

D.

Reject H0 and conclude that there is a significant association between PPI and QOL

8.

The odds ratio in favour of WORSE THAN BEFORE for presence of IMP versus absence of IMP is A. B. C. D. 0.92 0.41 2.94 0.34

9.

W1hich of the following statements is not correct? A. B. C. D. Marriage status is significantly associated with QOL PPI is significantly associated with QOL IMP is significantly associated with QOL S is not significantly associated with QOL

Questions 10-15: A research project [Daniel, 2005] was conducted to study the relationship among intelligence, aphasia, and apraxia. The subjects were 15 patients with focal left hemisphere damage. Scores on the following variables were obtained through the application of standard tests: Y=intelligence, X1 =ideomotor apraxia, X2 =constructive apraxia, X3 =lesion volume (pixels), and X4 =severity of aphasia. Partial results are shown in the following table: Y 66 78 79 84 77 82 82 75 81 X1 7.6 13.2 13 14.2 11.4 14.4 13.3 12.4 10.7 X2 7.4 11.9 12.4 13.3 11.2 13.1 12.8 11.9 11.5 X3 2296.87 2975.82 2839.38 3136.58 2470.5 3736.58 2799.55 2565.5 2429.49 X4 2 8 11 15 5 9 8 6 11

A linear regression model relating Y to X1, X2, X3, and X4 is fitted and the partial SPSS printout is provided as follows.

Model Summary Adjusted R R R Square Square .970(a) .941 .917 a Predictors: (Constant), X4, X3, X2, X1 Model 1 Std. Error of the Estimate 1.486

ANOVA(b) Sum of Squares 351.245 22.088

Model 1

df 4 10 14

Regression Residual Total

Mean Square 87.811 2.209

F 39.755

Sig. .000(a)

373.333 a Predictors: (Constant), X4, X3, X2, X1 b Dependent Variable: Y

Coefficients(a) Model 1 (Constant) X1 X2 X3 X4 a Dependent Variable: Y Unstandardized Coefficients B 43.258 -2.465 4.539 .004 .276 Std. Error 5.458 1.302 1.451 .002 .206 Standardized Coefficients Beta -1.200 1.783 .281 .165 7.926 -1.893 3.129 1.502 1.344 .000 .088 .011 .164 .209 t Sig.

10.

Which of the following statements is true ( =0.05)? A. B. C. D. The p-value from the F test shows that there is a strong relationship between Y and {X1, X2, X3, X4} The p-value from the F test does not show that there is a strong relationship between Y and {X1, X2, X3, X4} The value of R2 shows that there is a strong relationship between Y and {X 1, X2, X3, X4} The value of R2 does not show that there is a strong relationship between Y and {X1, X2, X3, X4}

11.

Based on the output, which of the following statements is true ( =0.05)? A. B. C. D. X1 X2 X3 X4 contributes significantly to the prediction of Y contributes significantly to the prediction of Y contributes significantly to the prediction of Y contributes significantly to the prediction of Y

12.

From the fitted model, the variance 2 of the error term is estimated by A. B. C. 87.811 22.088 2.209 6

D.

26.667

13.

Based on the fitted model, what is the predicted score on intelligence when X1=7.6, X2=7.4, X3 =2296.87, and X4 =2? A. B. C. D. 60 68 79 82

14.

Based on the fitted model, which of the following statements is true? A. B. C. D. Score of intelligence increases, as score of ideomotor apraxia increases Score of intelligence increases, as score of ideomotor apraxia decreases Score of intelligence increases, as score of constructive apraxia decreases None of the above A, B, C is correct

15.

The above inferences are useful only when one is sure that the fitting is good. To assess the goodness of fit of the model, one may obtain A. B. C. D. Histogram of standardized residuals Plot of standardized residuals against predicted values Plots of standardized residuals against each independent variable All plots in the above A, B, and C

Question 16-17: Meg Gulanick compared the effects of teaching plus exercise testing, both with and without 7

exercise training, on self-efficacy and on activity performance during early recovery in patients who had had myocardial infarction or cardiac surgery. Self-efficacy (confidence) to perform physical activity is defined as ones judgment of ones capability to perform a range of physical activities frequently encountered in daily living. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Group 1 received teaching, treadmill exercise testing, and exercise training three times per week. Group 2 received only teaching and exercise testing. Group 3 received only routine care without supervised exercise or teaching. The following are the total self-efficacy scores by group at four weeks after the cardiac event: Group 1: 156, 119, 107, 108, 100, 170, 130, 154, 107, 137, 107 Group 2: 132, 105, 144, 136, 136, 132, 159, 152, 117, 89, 142, 151, 82 Group 3: 110, 117, 124, 106, 113, 94, 113, 121, 101, 119, 77, 90, 66 Suppose three populations corresponding to Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3 are Population1, Population 2, and Population 3. To investigate whether or not there is a difference among the three population means, one-way analysis of variance is conducted. The following is the partial SPSS printout.

ANOVA SCORE Sum of Squares 4916.630 16596.559 21513.189 df 2 34 36 Mean Square 2458.315 488.134 F 5.036 Sig. .012

Between Groups Within Groups Total

Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: SCORE Tukey HSD Mean Difference (I-J) -2.18 22.90(*) 2.18 25.08(*) 95% Confidence Interval Std. Error 9.051 9.051 9.051 8.666 Sig. .969 .042 .969 .018 Lower Bound -24.36 .72 -20.00 3.84 Upper Bound 20.00 45.07 24.36 46.31

(I) GROUP Group 1 Group 2

(J) GROUP Group 2 Group 3 Group 1 Group 3

-22.90(*) 9.051 -25.08(*) 8.666 * The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

Group 3

Group 1 Group 2

.042 .018

-45.07 -46.31

-.72 -3.84

16.

Which of the following statements is true? A. B. C. D. The F test statistic has a value of 0.012 The p-value from the F test is 5.036 The F distribution used in the ANOVA table is F34,2 The F distribution used in the ANOVA table is F2,34

17.

Which of the following statements is true ( = 0.05 )? A. B. C. D. Difference between the means of Populations 1 and 2 is significant Difference between the means of Populations 1 and 3 is significant Difference between the means of Populations 2 and 3 is not significant Difference between the means of Populations 1 and 3 is not significant

18.

The 2 distribution is widely used in analysis of frequencies. One application lies in the 2 computation of p-value P ( > X2), where X2 is a value of some test statistic. Which of the following is not true? p-value will increase, as X2 increases p-value will decrease, as X2 increases p-value will be close to 1 if X2 is close to 0 p-value will be close to 0 if X2 is extremely large

A. B. C. D.

19.

Consider the following two problems in analysis of frequencies: testing the null hypothesis that two criteria of classification are independent and testing the null hypothesis that two samples were drawn from two populations that are homogeneous with respect to some criterion. Which of the following statements is not true? A. The two tests are mathematically identical 9

B. In the two problems, 2 distributions are used C. The sampling procedure is the same for the two problems D. SPSS steps for testing independence are the same as those for testing homogeneity

20.

Which of the following statements is not true concerning nonparametric methods? A. B. C. D. Wilcoxon signed-rank test is an analogue to the paired t test Wilcoxon rank-sum test is an analogue to the t test Rank correlation coefficient is an analogue to the Pearson correlation coefficient The above techniques may apply when data are on the nominal scale

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