Z.

Hashin 1
Professor, Deparlment of Solid Mechanics, Materials, and Structures, School of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Mem. ASME

Analysis of Properties of Fiber Composites With Anisotropic Constituents

Expressions and bounds for the five effective elastic moduli of a unidirectional fiber composite, consisting of transversely isotropic fibers and matrix, are derived on the basis of analogies between isotropic and transversely isotropic elasticity equations. Application of results for determination of the five elastic moduli of graphite fibers is discussed. Effective thermal expansion coefficients are derived on the basis of a general theorem. Effective conductivities, dielectric constants, and magnetic permeabilities are derived by use of certain mathematical analogies.

Introduction
Most of the analytical work on the subject of computation of the effective properties of fiber-reinforced materials in terms of constituent properties and internal geometry has been concerned with the case of isotropic phases. Assessment of the effects of fiber anisotropy has become of considerable importance because of the widespread use of carbon and graphite fibers which are highly anisotropic. Polymeric matrix such as epoxy or metal matrix such as aluminum can be considered isotropic. However, in carbon-carbon composites which consist of carbon fibers in carbon matrix, the matrix can also be significantly anisotropic. The present work is concerned with the relatively simple case of a uniaxially reinforced material in which fibers and matrix are transversely isotropic, the axis of transverse isotropy being in fiber direction. Properties to be considered are elasticity, thermal expansion, thermal and electrical conduction, dielectrics, and magnetics. Certain aspects of the problem have already been considered in the literature. Hill [1] has developed general relations among some of the effective elastic moduli of a two-phase fiber composite when the
Fig. 1 Unidirectional fiber composite

1 Also, Adjunct Professor, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, College of Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. 19104. Contributed by the Applied Mechanics Division for presentation at the Winter Annual Meeting, New York, N. Y., December 2-7, 1979, of THE

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS.

Discussion on this paper should be addressed to the Editorial Department, ASME, United Engineering Center, 345 East 47th Street, New York, N. Y. 10017, and will be accepted until December 1,1979. Readers who need more time to prepare a Discussion should request an extension of the deadline from the Editorial Department. Manuscript received by ASME Applied Mechanics Division, July, 1978; final revision, January, 1979. Paper No. 79-WA/APM6.

phases are transversely isotropic and has obtained general bounds for the axial Young's modulus, the axial Poisson's ratio, and the transverse bulk modulus for that case. Whitney [2] and Chen and Cheng [3] approached the effective elastic properties problem on the basis of certain assumptions. This will be discussed later on. Rosen and Hashin [4] have generalized Levin's [5] method of computation of effective thermal expansion coefficients to the case of anisotropic phases, thus including the present material symmetry as a special case.

Journal of Applied Mechanics Copyright 1979 by ASME

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In the present work the problem is treated by establishment of mathematical analogies between uniaxially reinforced materials with isotropic and transversely isotropic phases, respectively. Most of this work has been previously reported in [6]. Certain effective elastic properties expressions derived in [6] have also been independently given by Behrens [7]. Elastic Properties A long fiber-reinforced cylinder, Pig. 1, consists of transversely isotropic phases whose elastic stress-strain relations are written in the form e n = ne ii + K22 + 33)
022 = It 11 + (k + Gr)t22 + (k 033 = leu + (k - GT)e22 + (k +
<T12 = 2GAI2

ffn = n*en + I* (22 + 33) 022 = I*en + (k* + G*T)e22 + (k* - GT)i33 S33 = l*(u + (k* ~ Gr)h2 + (k* + G'T)ha

012 = 2GJt?i2 023 = 2G<r23 ffi3 = 2GA?i3 There are again relations of type (2) among the effective moduli. Consider the case when (5) is the plane strain tensor 0 0
22 23

(7)

0
23

GT)(SS GT)(33

0 0

(8)

33

023 = 2Gre23 013 = 2G^6i3 where k = transverse bulk modulus GT = transverse shear modulus GA = axial shear modulus Other important elastic properties are EA = axial Young's modulus CA = axial Poisson's ratio ET = transverse Young's modulus VT = transverse Poisson's ratio These are related to the moduli in (.1) by EA = n 4kv\ (2a) (26) (2c) (2d) (1)

In this case the fiber-reinforced cylinder is in a state of plane strain. The displacement, strains, and stresses in both phases have the forms ui = 0 ua ~ ua(xi,
a/3 ~

(9) x2)

ea/j(xi,X2)

en = i2 = 13 = 0
011 = H22 + C33)

(10)

0"a/3 = (h GT)eyy8aff + 2Gre/3 013 = 023 = 0 (11)

Here and in the following greek indices a, ft y . . . range over 2,3 only. The phase differential equations for displacements assume the forms kiu},1^ + GTiu)pp = 0
< > M % + GT2%
2

vA = W2k ET = AkGr = 2(1 + vT)GT k + mGr k - mGr

pT -

(12)

At the phase interfaces S12, displacements and tractions must be continuous

k + mGr
4kv2A EA

where m =1+ (3)

<r{M nD

( i ) = u <2)

"'S H

on S12

(13a) (136)

In view of (11), (136) assumes the form (kt - G n K >

a

Whenever needed quantities will be assigned indices (2) for fibers and indices (1) for matrix. It should however be noted that the present treatment is valid for any transverse cylindrical geometry, fibers, and matrix being a special case. In order to compute effective elastic moduli the cylinder is subjected to the boundary displacements ui(S) = tljXj Then by the average strain theorem (5) where, from now on, overbars denote volume average over the entire cylinder. It follows from linearity that the average stresses are linearly related to the average strains. Thus 07/ - Ctjki (ki (6) (4)

+ GT1(u^

+ uftbrif, + G T 2 ( u 5 + uffljnp (14)

= (k2 - GT2)u^na

On the external boundary V/3 where 6,, is given by (8). Because of (8), (7) assumes the form
011 = 2* (22 + 33)

(16)"

0a/3 = (k* - GT)eyySafi + 2G'Tea

013 = 023
=

(16)

where C ^ j are defined as the effective elastic moduli. If the fibers are randomly dispersed in the cylinder cross section or if the fibers are all identical and arranged in a regular hexagonal array the stress-strain law (6) is transversely isotropic. It thus assumes a form analogous to (1).

In order to compute the effective elastic moduli k* and G*T it is necessary to find the displacements ua as defined by the boundaryvalue problem (12)-(15), to compute the phase stresses from (11) and then to compute the average stress tensor aap. Then k* and G T are determined by (16).

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In the case of isotropic phases the previous formulation remains mathematically identical. The transverse modulus k becomes the plane strain bulk modulus and the transverse shear modulus becomes the isotropic shear modulus, k is now related to other isotropic moduli by
X+ G=

Ul(S) Uz(S)

= T)X2 = T]X\

(22a) (226) (22c)

ua(S) = 0

It follows from (4) that the axial shear modulus G*A is defined by
ou = 2G'AV (23)

^ _

^
3G - E

(17)

1 - 2c It follows that

1 All analytical and numerical results for k* and G\- for isotropic phases transform into corresponding results for the case of transversely isotropic phases by replacement of isotropic k and G phase moduli in the former by transversely isotropic k and GT phase moduli 2 All bounds for k* and G,T for isotropic phases transform into corresponding bounds for the case of transversely isotropic phases by the same replacement scheme. If results for isotropic phases are expressed in terms of moduli other than k and G, then those moduli must first be expressed in terms of k and G and the replacement is then carried out. Thus the replacement scheme for phase moduli can be summarized as follows: Isotropic Phases Transversely Isotropic Phases k Gf k-GT (3k GT)GT (18)

It has been shown [8, 9] for isotropic phases, [6] for transversely isotropic phases that this problem can be formulated in terms of antiplane elastic theory. It is easily shown that internal displacements of the form
" 1 = <M*2. * 3 ) U2 = i p c i "3 = 0

1*2

(24a) (246) (24c)

k=\ +G G X
F.

satisfy the elasticity theory requirements of the problem if 0 is a plane potential function. It follows in particular that the only surviving stresses are a\2 and (713. Thus the only elastic moduli entering into the internal field solutions are the axial shear moduli GAI, GA2 when the phases are transversely isotropic. For isotropic phases these simply become the isotropic shear moduli G\, G2 and all of the mathematical formulation remains identical. It follows that All analytical and numerical results and all bounds for G"A for isotropic phases transform into corresponding results for the case of transversely isotropic phases by replacement of isotropic phase shear moduli G in the former by transversely isotropic axial shear moduli GA. Other replacement schemes proposed in the literature can now be examined in the light of the results derived. Whitney [2] has assumed: 1
2

-(l-GT/k)
It should be carefully noted that this analogy is valid only for the moduli k* and G'T and for the internal fields u, eap, and <xp in the case of plane strain. In order to obtain other effective elastic moduli for transversely isotropic phases it is very convenient to use Hill's relations, [1]. Hill has shown that for a unidirectional fibrous two-phase material with transversely isotropic phases

EA=EA.
v*A = VA-

3 To obtain ET and G \ replace in the results for isotropic phases and phase moduli E, G by their transversely isotropic counterparts ET, GT. 4 To obtain G*A similarly replace isotropic phase G by axial GA.

Comparison with (19) shows that assumptions 1 and 2 are, in principle, incorrect. However, it should be borne in mind that the last term in (19a) can in general be neglected. Therefore 1 will in general E>A = EA+4{"A2-"Al)2 (19a) (l/k2 - 1/fei)2 \k k*. be numerically accurate. Assumption 2 is less accurate. The last term of (196) is in general numerically significant and should not be ne"A2 "Al (196) glected. Assumption 3 is incorrect with respect to replacement of VA = VA~ isotropic E by ET- It is seen from (15) that E must be replaced by a l/k2-llki\h k different quantity. Assumption 4 is correct. where Chen and Cheng [3] have performed a numerical analysis of elastic EA = EAivi + EA2i>2 properties of a periodic hexagonal array of transversely isotropic circular fibers in isotropic matrix. They used the correct replacement VA = " A i m + VAIVI to compute GA. However, the computation of remaining effective properties is based on a compliance replacement scheme which ap1 = vi "2 (20) pears to be incorrect. k ki k2 On the basis of the results given it becomes a very easy matter to and m, i>2 are the phase volume fractions. modify results for effective elastic moduli of a uniaxial fiber composite Since k* for transversely isotropic phases is given by the previous with isotropic phases to the case of transversely isotropic phases. This analogy, EA and v*A are easily obtained from (19). The effective moduli will now be done for effective elastic moduli based on the composite n*, I*, E"T, and v\- can now be easily obtained from the relations (2cylinder assemblage (CCA) model [6, 8], since these appear to be the 3). only analytical results available obtained by rigorous model analysis. There remains the effective axial shear modulus G'A. To bring forth It is recalled that the CCA model yields closed-form expressions for this modulus the average strain tensor (8) is chosen in the form the effective moduli E'A, v*A, k*, GA and their derivates while the modulus G'T and consequently E*T and v\ can be bracketed by close 0 V 0 bounds. A simple and rigorous direct derivation of the closed-form (21) moduli expressions has been given in [6]. A short outline is given in V 0 0 the Appendix. 0 0 0 In terms of the present replacement schemes for transversely isotropic fibers and matrix the results are Thus the boundary displacements (4) have the form

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k*

felfe + GTl)Vl + kj(ki + GTl)l)2

(ki + GTi)ui + (ki + G T I ) U 2
V2

k,+1

(31) ki +

k2 ki

.+.

^
GTI

c p _i_ p 4(y,42 - vAi)2viV2 E'A = EA\Ui + EA2v2 + - ; Ul/2 + U2/l + 1/Gri , (f/12 ~ P/tlXl/fel ~ l/k2)viV2 ^A= " A l " l + K/12U2+ "2 + : v2/ki+ " 7TZ v1/k 1/Gn

(32)

.._. (33)

GAIVX + G A2 (1

+ V2>

"2

G A I ( 1 + "2) + GA2vi

1
G/12 - GAi

Vl
2GAI

(34)
GT-(-) < GJ- < GT(+)

(35)

where if
GT2

>

GTI;

k2 > fei u2 (35a)

Gj-(-) - G r i +

^ fei + 2G T i - ' + -G T I:"i Gr 2 G-pi+ 2Gn(/zi ) G% T(+)

'

1+-

(1 + ft)^2 (356)

p - i>2 1 H 5 ' aui+1 ft ~ 7182, 1 + 7/82' *1 fei + 2G T i _ 7 + ft ^ " 7 - 1 o fe2

GT2

&2 + 2G T 2

The present results have been given in [6]. Behrens [7] has independently given the results (31), (34), (35a, c) and also the correct ; results for n* and /* of the composite cylinder assemblage model with transversely isotropic phases. In the case of isotropic phases the composite cylinder assemblage results are in good agreement with experimental data, [6]. The upper bounds (35b)-(36) can be used to represent these moduli for the case of stiff fibers. It is to be expected that in the case of anisotropic fibers there will be equally good agreement. Effective elastic moduli of uniaxial fiber composites have also been computed by numerical methods. In this approach the composite is represented as a square or hexagonal periodic array of identical cir- * cular fibers and the analysis is carried out by finite-difference or fi- ^ . nite-element methods, e.g., [10, 11]. Computer programs for such analyses can be directly used for transversely isotropic fibers and matrix. For computation ofk* and GT isotropic phase moduli values are replaced according to the scheme (18). Once k* is known, E*A a n d | v'A are determined by (19). Other moduli of interest are then defined J by (2)-(3). For shear modulus G*A isotropic phase shear moduli in the | computer program are replaced by phase axial shear moduli. General bounds for the effective elastic moduli of uniaxial fiber composites with arbitrary transverse phase geometry have been given ; in [1,9]. These bounds are easily transferred to the case of transversely isotropic phases. Lower bounds for k*, E% v*A, and G*A are the expressions (31)-(34). The corresponding upper bounds are obtained by interchanging the phase indices 1 and 2 in (31)-(34) provided that phase 2 moduli appearing in the bounds (but not necessarily Poisson's ratios) are larger than phase 1 moduli. The general lower bound on G 7- is given by (35a) and the upper bound is obtained by interchange of 1 with 2. Again, phase 2 moduli must be larger than phase 1 moduli. The bounds thus obtained are valid for any cylindrical phase geometry, thus in particular for any fiber arrangement and fiber cross sections. The bounds for k*, E*A, v\, and GA are best possible in terms of phase volume fractions. The corresponding status of the G r bounds is not known. Bounds for ET are given in terms of the general bounds, [6], by E n) where , _ 4fek)Pi( T) n() - 1 + Bounds for V'T are given by 4&() Gr(>
fe() + m\) GT<)

(39)

G7 1 and if
GT2

< Gri; 1+p~v2

&2 < k\ (1 + j8i)u2 1 +

"2

(35c)

_fe(>~ W() Gr( T )

"r<)

i - ft.
(35d)

(40)

()LrT(T)

One important application of the results given is the experimental determination of the elastic properties of carbon or graphite fibers. Such fibers are very anisotropic and can be very accurately modeled GTI Gn 2GJI(AI + Gn) as transversely isotropic. The minute cross sections of the fibers, of (but see the Appendix for possible modification of bound (35c)). In order 0.01 mm, make direct measurement of fiber elastic properties all of these formulas, 1 indicates matrix and 2 indicates fibers. a very difficult task. To date the only properties directly measured The bounds (35a, c) were originally [8] defined in terms of solutions are axial Young's modulus EA by simple tension and axial shear of 6 X 6 determinants. The present results are their algebraic equivmodulus GA, by torsion pendulum. alents. Further explanation of the nature of the bounds is given in the In order to exploit the present results five independent elastic efAppendix. fective moduli of a unidirectional composite made of graphite fibers The moduli I* and n* can be obtained by use of the relations (2a, and isotropic matrix of known properties (e.g., epoxy) are measured 6). Bounds on Ej- and V'T can be obtained in terms of (2c, d) and the in the laboratory. With knowledge of matrix properties and fiber bounds (35), as follows: volume fractions the five analytical expressions for the effective 4k*G'TW moduli determine the five elastic moduli of the fibers. Such a method E% (36) T() of determination of anisotropic fiber properties has been used in k* + m*GT() previous work. Rosen [12] has used the composite cylinder assemblage k* m*G* results to obtain the axial shear modulus GA and transverse Young's Tir) (37) modulus E of Kevlar fibers on the basis of measured elastic moduli V T{) : T k* + OT*GJ.(T) values of Kevlar/epoxy unidirectional composites. The fiber modulus 2 4k*p'A GA as determined by this method and measured directly by a tension (38) 1 +E\ pendulum test agreed within 25 percent. Author believes that first
T(+) = G n +

, fei + 2G T 1 + r r : - : - .-"i

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Table 1

Bounds for elastic properties of graphite/epoxy; arbitrary transverse phase geometry

Graphite E = A
T

Epoxy Matrix CI) E = 3.45 x 1 0 3 MPA G = 1.28 x 1 0 3 MPa k - 4.26 x 1 0 - .35

3

Flb ers

(2)

345 x 1 0 3 MPa

GR - 2 . 0 7 x 1 0 3 MP v. A

E m = 9 . 6 6 x 1 0 3 MPa GT = 3 . 7 2 x 1 0 k
3

.20

MPa

MPa

v = .30

= 6 . 9 0 x 1 0 J MPa

A ( - )

A( + )

k*

k* *< + >

?(->

T( +)

F* T(-)

F* T( + )

T(-)

G*

0 .20 .40 .60 .80 1.00

3.45 71.7 140.0 208.3 276.6 345

.35 . 315 .283 .253 .226 .20

.35 .318 .287 .257 .228 .20

4.26 4.63 5.08 5.59 6.19 6.90

4.26 4.68 5.14 5.66 6.23 6.90

1.28 1.53 1.85 2.28 2.86 3.72

1.28 1.57 1.94 2.39 2.97 3.72

3.45 4.5 7 5.40 6.46 7.81 9.66

3.45 4.68 5.61 6.70 8.03 9.66

.35 .484 .443 .398 .350 .30

.35 .497 .466 .423 .369 .30

1.28 1.40 1.54 1.70 1.88 2.07

1 . 28 1.41 1.55 1.71 1.88 2.07

Moduli

10

MPa = 1 GPa = .145 x 10

psi

Poisson's ratios - nondimensional

method is more reliable than the second. Smith [13] measured the elastic moduli of a series of graphite and carbon/epoxy composites ultrasonically and used elastic moduli expressions of Behrens [14] and Halpin and Tsai [15] for elastic moduli of the fiber composite. The expressions of [14] are based on long wavelength approximations for square or hexagonal arrays of identical circular fibers while [15] is semiempirical, obtained by curve fitting for isotropic fibers case. It is not quite clear how the isotropic fiber results have been transcribed to the case of anisotropic fibers. Dean and Turner [16] have exploited the composite cylinder assemblage results for isotropic fibers with a replacement scheme which does not appear correct. Kriz and Stinchcomb [17] also used composite cylinder assemblage results but their expressions for transverse shear modulus and consequently also for transverse Young's modulus are incorrect. They assumed that v of isotropic fiber is replaced by VT of transversely isotropic fiber, but the correct replacement is as in (18). In reference to the problem of determination of fiber anisotropic moduli it is of great importance to observe that carbon or graphite fiber moduli k, GT, GA are of the order of corresponding G, k - X + G of the epoxy. It follows that the general bounds for arbitrary transverse phase geometry just discussed are very close. Table 1 shows such bounds for typical graphite or carbon fiber moduli and epoxy matrix. It is seen that the bounds are extremely close and thus determine the effective moduli with great accuracy (E'A bounds are practically equal to the first two terms in (32)). Since the bounds are valid for any cylindrical phase geometry it follows that they determine the effective moduli of unidirectional carbon or graphite/epoxy composites for any random fiber arrangement and any fibers cross section shapes. Therefore, such composites provide a very accurate means of determination of fiber elastic moduli by simple use of the expressions (31)-(34), (35a), (36)-(38) with omission of the subscripts. The results given here are also of significant importance for metal matrix fiber composites. Consider a composite consisting of fibers of properties given in Table 1 and aluminum matrix. If it were erroneously assumed that the fiber is isotropic with (the easily measured) axial Young's modulus 345 GPa 2 and Poisson's ratio 0.20 it would follow that the fiber has isotropic moduli Gi = 144 GPa, &2 = 239 GPa while corresponding values for aluminum are G\ = 26.7 GPa, k\ = 78.7 GPa. It would thus follow that the composite effective moduli k*,Gr, GA,E*T are larger than those of the aluminum. In reality, however, fiber elastic moduli are as in Table 1, thus considerably lower than

GPa

rE'
ALUMINUM E,,=7I GPa

60 50 10 30 20

E,2=9.7 GPa GRAPHITE

FIBER VOLUME FRACTION

Fig. 2 Bounds for effective transverse Young's modulus of unidirectional graphite/aluminum (CCA model)

aluminum moduli. Therefore the moduli k*, G"T, G\, and E*T are considerably lower than those of aluminum. It is thus seen that stiffening is only provided in fiber direction while in transverse directions the fibers are of the nature of cylindrical cavities. Fig. 2 shows E*T bounds based on the composite cylinder assemblage model for such a composite, demonstrating the reduction of stiffness by the fibers.

Thermoelastic Expansion Coefficients

A general method to compute effective thermal expansion coefficients of two phase composites in terms of effective elastic properties and phase properties has been given by Levin [5] and has been extended and described in detail [4, 6]. In the general case of an anisotropic two phase composite with anisotropic constituents the results are aij = ctij+ (a - aiV) Pkirs (S*nij Pkirs (Srfij - SrVij) = hlij where = effective thermal expansion coefficients rsu - effective elastic compliances 0,(1,2) phase thermal expansion coefficients C(l,2) _ phase elastic compliances rsij hjki fourth rank symmetric unit tensor Srsij) (41a) (416)

1 GPa = 0.145 X 106 psi.

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and an overbar denotes average over the composite. In the present case of macroscopic and microscopic transverse isotropy the effective property tensors entering into (41) have the following components n = otA\ S' Sim - - ~E-A
=

Then the average temperature gradient in the composite is Hi and the average flux is
ri'ijH]

(47)

22 = 33 = T

(42)

S222:

S3333 =

Ex
"2233
:

where /x'j are the effective conductivities. In the present case the only nonvanishing components of n]j are fi\ = ji'A and fit = ill = n*T. In order to compute JX*A (46) is specialised to 3>(S) = -Hix1 (48)

SI122

SI133

E'A

1
>1313
S9323

(43)
4G*g

4Gi

all others vanish. The components of phase expansion coefficients and compliances are analogous. Here A and T denote fiber and transverse to fiber directions, respectively. It follows from (41) that the two expansion coefficients are given by aA = aA + (afl ~ ct$) Pkirs (Srm Srsn) (44)

In this case the heat flow is entirely axial and trivial considerations of steady-state heat conduction show that in this case (48) is also the temperature field throughout the composite cylinder. It follows at once that
fi*A = nA1] vi + fiT v2

(49)

rigorously and for any cylindrical phase geometry. In order to compute the transverse conductivity (46) is specialized to *(S) = - H2x2 (50)

a'T = a-r + (a{,2/ - <*ikV) Pkirs (S*rS22 - Srs22>

where Pkirs must be determined from (41&) by inversion of the transversely isotropic matrix Sr^}j Sr]}j. Note that the nonvanishing components of S*rsij are given by (43) which also define in analogous fashion the nonvanishing components of the phase compliance tensor difference Sj^lj Sr]]j. The nonvanishing components of the phase thermal expansion tensors are as in (42). It may be shown that only the effective properties E'A, k*, and v'A enter into (44). It follows that (44) gives exact closed form expressions for the CCA model. When the phases are isotropic (44) reduces to the known results a2 - ct\ 1/K2 ~ 1/Ki aT = a +
2 - OL\

in which case the heat flux is entirely transverse. The present problem is much more difficult than for axial conduction. The usual heatconduction formulation reveals that the problem of temperature field determination is formulated in terms of plane potential theory and is indeed entirely analogous to the axial shearing problem. (For details see [6].) The analogous quantities are listed in equation (51) Conduction Axial Shearing G%>, Gf G'A
Cl2, Cl3

(51)

<?2, 9 3

(1 - 2v'A) EA 3(1 - 2v'A)

1 K vA

1/K2 -

3 1/tf! 2k*

1 K

E'A

(45)

where K is three-dimensional bulk modulus. Expressions (44) can be used to obtain experimentally the thermal expansion coefficients of transversely isotropic fibers on the basis of measured expansion coefficients and elastic properties of the unidirectional material and known matrix and fiber elastic properties. For the case of carbon or graphite/epoxy effective elastic properties are accurately given by the general bounds. Thus when these are used in (44) the effective thermal expansion coefficients are accurately determined for random fiber arrangement and arbitrary fiber cross sections.

It follows at once that: All analytical expressions, numerical computation schemes, and bounds for axial shear modulus transform into corresponding expressions, computation schemes and bounds for transverse conductivity by replacement of axial phase shear moduli by transverse phase conductivities. It follows that if a fiber-reinforced material with transversely isotropic fiber and matrix is described by the composite cylinder assemblage model the transverse conductivity is given by the analog of (34). Thus
Mr = /XTlUl + MT2(1 + V2) liTi' MTI(1 + 0%) + tmv\ (52)

where 1 denotes matrix and 2 denotes fibers. Furthermore, bounds for the transverse conductivity ih the case of arbitrary cylindrical fibrous interface geometry are given by
Mr(-)
<

M T < rlh+)

Conduction, Magnetics and Dielectrics

The problems of computation of effective thermal and electrical conductivity, effective magnetic permeability, effective dielectric constant and effective diffusion coefficient are mathematically identical. For details see e.g., [6,18]. This implies that any result for such an effective property is valid for all the others by appropriate identification of the phase properties in the expression for the effective constant. The present discussion will be in terms of thermal conductivity. Consider again a transversely isotropic fiber-reinforced or fibrous cylinder in which the phases are transversely isotropic with material axes of symmetry in cylinder axis direction, Fig. 1. The phase conductivities are HA, MT while the effective cylinder conductivities are HA, (I*T- The effective conductivities are defined by subjecting the external cylinder surface to the linear temperature variation *(S) = - H-xi (46)

where /Ur(-) is identical to (52) and ^7-(+) is defined by (52) in which 1 is interchanged by 2. Conclusion It has been shown that expressions, numerical procedures, and bounds for effective elastic moduli, thermal expansion coefficients and conductivities of unidirectional fiber composites, consisting of transversely isotropic phases can be easily obtained on the basis of corresponding results for isotropic phase fiber composites by a simple replacement scheme. The results are of importance for carbon and graphite fiber composites since such fibers are highly anisotropic. One important application is the experimental determination of anistropic fiber properties on the basis of measured effective properties of the fiber composite. At the present time this seems to be the only possible method of direct determination of all fiber properties since the minute dimensions (0.01 mm) of fiber diameters obviate direct measurement.

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In this respect graphite or carbon/epoxy composites are particularly attractive since for such composites the general bounds for fiber composite properties are extremely close, thus determining properties accurately for random fiber arrangements and arbitrary fiber cross sections. Acknowledgment Support of the Penn-Israel program, of the Naval Air Systems Command and of the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-78-C-0544 is gratefully acknowledged. References 1 . Hill, R., "Theory of Mechanical Properties of Fibre-Strengthened MaterialsI. Elastic Behaviour," Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 12,1964, pp. 199-212. 2 Whitney, J. M., "Elastic Moduli of Unidirectional Composites With Anisotropic Filaments," Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 1, 1967, pp. 188-193." 3 Chen, C. H., and Cheng, S., "Mechanical Properties of Anisotropic
Fiber-Reinforced Composites," ASME JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS,

foil =

0 0

<E 0

(54a)

0 e

2l0ea 0 0 0 2feoe 0 0 0 2/eo

(546)

where lo, &o are elastic moduli of the homogeneous cylinder. Now consider any circular cylindrical surface of radius b within the cylinder, extending from base to base parallel to generator direction. It easily follows from (54) that this surface is subjected to radial displacement and stress ur(b) = e%

(55) arr(b) = 2k0e Vol. 37,1970, pp. 186-189. 4 Rosen, B. W., and Hashin, Z., "Effective Thermal Expansion Coefficients Next, consider a composite cylinder consisting of internal cylindrical and Specific Heats of Composite Materials," International Journal of Engicore of material 2 and radius a and concentric external shell of maneering Science, Vol. 8,1970, pp. 157-173. terial 1 and radii a, b. If this cylinder can be subjected simultaneously 5 Levin, V. M., "On the Coefficients of Thermal Expansion of Heterogeneous Materials," (in Russian) Mekhanika Tuerdogo Tela, No. 1, 1967, pp. to the surface displacement and stress (55) then the homogeneous 88-94; English translationMechanics of Solids, Vol. 2, No. 1,1967, pp. 58- circular cylinder can be replaced by the composite cylinder without 61. perturbing the states of strain and stress (54) in the remainder of the 6 Hashin, Z., "Theory of Fiber-Reinforced Materials," Final Report, cylindrical body. It is easily shown that the necessary and sufficient Contract NAS1-8818, Nov. 1970; NASA CR 1974,1972. condition for this replacement is 7 Behrens, E., "Elastic Constants of Fiber-Reinforced Composites With Transversely Isotropic Constituents," ASME JOURNAL OF APPLIED MEk1{k2 + G1)v1 + k2(ki + G1)v2 CHANICS, Vol. 38,1971, pp. 1062-1065. ko (56) 8 Hashin, Z., and Rosen, B. W., "The Elastic Moduli of Fiber-Reinforced (k2 + G1)ui+(k1 + Gi)v2
Materials," ASME JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS, Vol. 31, 1964, pp.

223-232. 9 Hashin, Z., "On Elastic Behaviour of Fibre-Reinforced Materials of Arbitrary Transverse Phase Geometry," Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 13,1965, pp. 119-134. 10 Pickett, G., "Elastic Moduli of Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Composites," Fundamental Aspects of Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Composites, Schwartz, R. T., and Schwartz, H. S., eds., Chapter 2, Interscience, 1968. 11 Adams, D. F., Doner, D. R., and Thomas R. L., "Mechanical Behaviour of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials," AFML-TR-67-96,1967. 12 Rosen, B. W., Private Communication. 13 Smith, R. E., "Ultrasonic Elastic Constants of Carbon Fibers and Their Composites," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 43,1972, pp. 2555-2561. 14 Behrens, E., "Elastic Constants of Composite Materials," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 45,1969, pp. 102-108; ibid pp. 15671570. 15 Ashton, J. E., Halpin, J. C, and Petit, P. H., Primer on Composite Materials, Chapter 5, Technomic Publ. Co., 1969. 16 Dean, G. D., and Turner, P., "The Elastic Properties of Carbon Fibers and their Composites," Composites, Vol. 4,1973, pp. 174-180. 17 Kriz, R. D., and Stinchcomb, N. W., "Elastic Moduli of Transversely Isotropic Graphite Fibers and Their Composites," Experimental Mechanics, Vol. 19,1979, pp. 41-49. 18 Hashin, Z., "Assessment of the Self-Consistent Scheme Approximation Conductivity of Particulate Composites," Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 2,1968, pp. 284-299.

where
v
2

3*

Ol = l ' 0 2

APPENDIX
Analysis of Composite Cylinder Assemblage Model
The Composite Cylinder Assemblage model (CCA) was originally analyzed in [8] by variational methods. A much simpler direct method has been given in [6] and its main points will here be summarized. The simplest case is k*, the effective transverse modulus. Consider for this purpose a transversely isotropic homogeneous cylinder of arbitrary cross section. If such a cylinder is subjected to the boundary conditions ui(S) = 0 u(S) = ex (53)

Obviously such replacements can be carried out with additional composite cylinders as long as the value of (56) is preserved, i.e., the same phase materials and same phase volume fractions in all composite cylinders while b can be variable. If the sizes of radii b are allowed to diminish indefinitely the entire cylindrical body can be filled out with composite cylinders with the remaining material volume diminishing indefinitely. The result is a composite cylinder assemblage whose effective transverse bulk modulus k* is given by (56) which is the same as (31). An analogous method can be applied to obtain E\ and v*A by consideration of a composite cylinder which is subjected to uniaxial stress in generator direction. It is much simpler, however, to introduce (31) info the general relations (19) to obtain (32-33). A similar composite cylinder assemblage analysis for axial shear yields the result (34). For details see [6]. The composite cylinder assemblage method has often been confused with the approximation known as the self-consistent scheme. The two approaches are however entirely different. The former is an exact analysis of a special model while the latter is based on the drastic assumption that a fiber is embedded in the effective elastic continuum. This is in violation of the effective elastic modulus concept which is meaningful only for a region containing many fibers. The preceding method fails for G*x since a composite cylinder cannot be simultaneously subjected to pure transverse shear displacement and traction boundary conditions. However, the composite cylinder solution for shearing displacement boundary conditions leads to an upper bound for G^ while the solution for shearing traction boundary conditions leads to a lower bound [6, 8]. These bounds are given in closed form by (35b, c) and are at present identified by G

n-)

<G'T<G

T(+)

(57)

which are a special case of (4) it follows trivially that the internal strain and stress fields are homogeneous and are given by

Bounds for G T in the case of arbitrary cylindrical phase geometry were derived in [9] and are given by

Journal of Applied Mechanics

SEPTEMBER 1979, VOL. 46 / 549

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n.a
^

+ 1

^2* h A- 9C

(58a) ^iyj + GTi) <58&)

2

GrV) < Gr(->;

n + ) < Gn+)

(6m

|_

GT2 - Gn G:(IM = GT2 +

T1

* 2GTi(ki
l

Therefore the optimal bounds are (35a, 6) When matrix is stiffer thrin fibers (59) and (58) are reversed. In this event G*rc(+) > G*r (+ ) and therefore the optimal upper bound is (35d). No such conclusions can be drawn for the lower bounds. Numerical experience shows thai mostly G'T(-) > Gr}-) a n d that when this inequality is reversed, tinbounds are only slightly different. It therefore appears that from a practical point of view the lower bound (35c) can always be used. Comparison with experimental results shows that G jf(+) is in gocil agreement with experimental results for fibers stiffer than matrix while G"(_) is in good agreement in the case of matrix stiffer than i'ibers (graphite or carbon/aluminum).

1 ~

r2

k2 + 2Gn 1 - - V2

en

GT2>

GTI;

hi~> k\

(59)

When the inequalities (59) reverse the bounds (58) also reverse. Let 1,2 be identified with matrix and fibers, respectively. If fibers are stiffer than matrix, equation (59), then it can be shown that

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