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BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi

Padmasri Dr B V Raju Institute of Technology Narsapur, Medak(Dt)-502313.


II B.Tech I SEM CSIT 2011-2012 Electrical and Electronics Laboratory Manual

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi

Guidelines to write your observation book:


1. Expt Title, Aim, Apparatus, Procedure should be right side. 2. Circuit diagrams, Model graphs, Observations table, Calculations table should be left side. 3. Theoretical and model calculations can be any side as per your convenience. 4. Result should always be in the ending. 5. You all are advised to leave sufficient no of pages between experiments for theoretical or model calculations purpose.

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS LAB II B.Tech I SEM CSIT 2011-2012 List of Experiments 1. Verification of Superposition and Reciprocity theorems. 2. Verification of maximum power transfer theorem on DC with Resistive load. 3. Experimental verification of Thevenins theorem. 4. Magnetization characteristics of D.C. Shunt generator. 5. Swinburnes Test on DC shunt machine. 6. Brake test on DC shunt motor. Determination of performance Characteristics. 7. OC & SC tests on Single-phase transformer. 8. PN Junction Diode and Zener Diode Characteristics (Forward bias & Reverse bias). 9. Transistor CE Characteristics (Input and Output). 10. Half wave & Full wave rectifiers (with and with out filters).

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Expt No: 1 SUPERPOSITION THEOREM AND RECIPROCITY THEOREM AIM: Verification of Superposition theorem and reciprocity theorem theoretically and practically. APPARATUS : S.No 1. 2. Name of the equipment Ammeter Rheostats Range Type Quantity

3. 4. 5.

DC Power Supply Multimeter Connecting wires Digital as per need

THEORY: SUPERPOSITION THEOREM STATEMENT In any linear bilateral network containing two or more energy sources the response at any element is equal to the algebraic sum of the responses caused by the individual sources. i.e. While considering the effect of individual sources, the other ideal voltage sources and ideal current sources in the network are replaced by short circuit and open circuit across the terminals. This theorem is valid only for linear systems. RECIPROCITY THEOREM STATEMENT In any linear bilateral network containing the response at any branch (or) transformation ratio is same even after interchanging the sources is V/ I1 = V/ I2 THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


PROCEDURE: SUPERPOSITION THEOREM: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (1) 2. Current through load resistor is noted as IX by applying both the voltages V1 and V2 through RPS. 3. Make the supply voltage V2 short circuited and apply V1 as shown in fig (2) and note down the current through load resistor as IY. 4. Make the supply voltageV1 short circuited and apply V2 as shown in fig (3) and note down the current through load resistor as IZ. 5. Now verify that IX = IY + IZ theoretically and practically which proves Superposition theorem

RECIPROCITY THEOREM: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (1). 2. Note down the ammeter reading as I1.. 3. Now interchange the source and ammeter as in fig (2). 4. Note down the ammeter reading as I2.. 5. Now verify that Vs/ I1 = Vs/ I2 theoretically and practically which proves reciprocity theorem.

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:

R1
IX + VS1 A

+ _

R3
+ _ VS2

R2

Fig-1

R1
IY + VS1 A

+ _

R3

R1
IZ A

+ _

R3
+ _ VS2

R2 R2

Fig-2

Fig-3

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS OF RECIPROCITY THEOREM:

R1
I1 + VS A

+ _

R3
+ I2 A _

R1
VS

R3

R2

R2

Fig-1

Fig-2

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Observations:

When both the sources are acting: fig (1) Theoretical VS1 VS2 IX IX Practical

When V1 source alone is acting: fig (2) Theoretical VS1 VS2 IY IY Practical

When V2 source alone is acting: fig (3) Theoretical VS1 VS2 IZ IZ Practical

TABULAR COLUMN OF RECIPROCITY THEOREM: Before interchanging the sources: fig (1) Theoretical values Vs I1 Vs/ I1 Practical values I1 Vs/ I1

After interchanging the sources: fig (2) Theoretical values Vs I2 Vs/ I2 Practical values I2 Vs/ I2

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


PRECAUTIONS: 1. Avoid making loose connections. 2. Readings should be taken carefully with out parallax error. 3. Avoid series connection of voltmeters and parallel connection of ammeters.

RESULT:

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Expt. No. 2 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM AIM: To verify maximum power transfer theorem on DC with Resistive load theoretically and practically. APPARATUS : S.No 1. 2. Name of the equipment Ammeter Voltmeter Range Type Quantity

3.

Rheostats

4. 5. 6. 6.

DC Power Supply Multimeter Double Pole Double Throw Switch Connecting wires Digital as per need

THEORY: THEOREM STATEMENT It states that the maximum power is transferred from the source to the load, when the load resistance is equal to the source resistance.

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as shown in fig (1). 2. By varying RL in steps, note down the reading of ammeter IL in each step.

3. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (2), measure the effective resistance Rth. with the help of digital multimeter. 4. Calculate power delivered to load PL in each step. 5. Draw a graph PL Vs RL and find the RL corresponding to maximum power from it. 6. Verify that RL corresponding to maximum power from the graph is equal to the Rth (which is nothing but source resistance RS).

MODEL GRAPH:

PL Pm

o RL corresponding to Pm

RL

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

R1
+

R1

VS

RL R2 R2

Rth
DMM

Fig-1

Fig-2

IL
+
R1 DMM R2

RL

VS
_

Fig-3 IL
+
R1

To measure RL

DMM R2

RL

VS
_

Fig-4

To measure IL

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


OBSERVATIONS:

Tabular column:

Theoretical values S.No RL IL PL= IL2RL

Practical values IL PL= IL2RL

MODEL CALCULATIONS:

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


PRECAUTIONS: 1. Avoid making loose connections.

2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error.

3. Avoid series connection of voltmeters and parallel connection of ammeters.

RESULT:

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Expt. No. 3 EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF THEVENINS THEOREM. AIM: To verify Thevenins theorem theoretically and practically. APPARATUS: S.No Name of the equipment 1. Ammeter 2. Voltmeter 3. 4. 5. 6. THEORY: STATEMENT OF THEVENINS THEOREM: Any two terminal linear bilateral network containing of energy sources and impedances can be replaced with an equivalent circuit consisting of voltage source Vth in series with an impedance, Zth., where Vth is the open circuit voltage between the load terminals and Zth is the impedance measured between the terminals with all the energy sources replaced by their internal impedances. Rheostats DC Power Supply Digital Multimeter Connecting wires

Range

Type

Quantity

as per need

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

R1

R3

+ + VS
R2

A _

IL

RL

Fig-1

R1

R3

+ V
R2

+ VS

Vth _

Fig-2

R1

R3

DMM

Rth

VS= 0

R2

Fig-3

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi

Rth

+ A + Vth RL _ ILI

Fig-4

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


PROCEDURE: THEVENINS THEOREM: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit shown in fig (1). 2. Apply DC voltage to the circuit and note down the current IL flowing through the load. 3. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (2) by open circuiting the load resistance. Apply DC voltage and note down the reading of voltmeter as Vth. 4. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (3), measure the effective resistance Rth. with the help of a multimeter, by replacing the voltage source with short circuit. 5. Connect the Thevenins equivalent circuit as shown fig (4) note down the load current IL1 .

6. Thevenins theorem can be verified by checking that the currents IL and IL1 are equal.

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


OBSERVATIONS:

THEVENINS THEOREM:

Theoretical values Vs IL Vth Rth IL1 IL

Practical values Vth Rth IL1

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Avoid making loose connections.

2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error.

3. Avoid series connection of voltmeters and parallel connection of ammeters.

RESULT:

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Expt No: 4 Magnetization Characteristics of DC Shunt Generator Aim: To conduct an experiment on a D.C shunt generator and draw the magnetization characteristics (Open Circuit Characteristics or OCC) and to determine the critical field resistance(RC) and critical speed (NC). Apparatus: S. No 1 2 3 4 Apparatus Voltmeter Ammeter Rheostats Tachometer Type M.C M.C Wire wound Digital Range 0-500V 0-1/2A 400/1.7A Qty 1 1 1 1

Name plate details:

Theory: Open circuit characteristics or magnetization curve is the graph between the generated emf (Eg) and field current (If) of a dc shunt generator. For field current is equal to zero there will be residual voltage of 10 to 12V because of the residual magnetism present in the machine .If this is absent then the machine can not build up voltage. To obtain residual magnetism the machine is separately excited by a dc source. We can get critical field resistance (RC) and critical speed (NC) from OCC. Critical field resistance: It is the value of field rresistance above which the machine cannot build up emf. Critical speed: It is the speed below which the machine cannot build up emf.

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Circuit diagram:

3 point starter F A DPST Switch + + 400/ 1.7A A V A F G AA FF Fuse (0-300)V MC A M AA + (0-2)A MC DC Exciter

DPST Switch

230 V DC Supply

FF

Fuse

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Procedure: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Motor is started with the help of Three Point starter and brought to its rated speed by varying the field rheostat. 3. The Eg for If =0 is noted and the DPST switch on the DC Exciter side is closed. 4. The DC Exciter is varied in steps and the values of Field current (If) and corresponding generated voltage (Eg) are noted down in each step, in both ascending and descending orders. 5. Average Eg is calculated from ascending and descending orders. 6. A graph is drawn between Eg & If. From the graph (OCC), Critical field resistance (RC) and Critical (NC) speed are calculated. Model Graph:
Eg (V) R Rf A

If (A)

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Tabular column:

S.No Field current If (A)

Generated Voltage (Eg) Ascending order Descending order

Average Eg (V)

Calculations: From the graph: Critical field Resistance, R C =


Critical Speed, N C = OA OC

PQ N rated PR

Result:

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Expt No : 5 SWINBURNE S TEST ON DC SHUNT MACHINE Aim: To perform no load test on dc motor and to predetermine the efficiencies of the machine acting as both a motor and a generator. Equipment: S.No 1 2 3 4 5 Apparatus
Voltmeter Voltmeter Ammeter Ammeter Rheostats

Type
MC MC MC MC Wire wound Wire wound

Range
0-250v 0-30V 0-5A 0-2A

Qty
1 1 1 1

400/1.7A 1 1 100/5A

Name plate details:

Theory:

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Circuit diagram:
(0-5)A MC A 3 point starter L A F

DPST Switch

+
230 V DC Supply V (0-250)V MC A

400/ 1.7A

+ (0-2)A A MC
F

M AA FF Fuse

Circuit diagram to find out Ra:


DPST Switch + 400/ 1.7A
230 V DC Supply

+ A (0-2)A MC

+ M
AA

(0-250)V MC

Fuse

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Procedure:
1. Connections as made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Field rheostat is kept in minimum position and the motor is started with the help of 3-Point starter, and is brought to rated speed by adjusting field rheostat. 3. The readings of both ammeters and voltmeter are noted down. 4. The efficiencies of the machine both as a motor and as a generator are calculated. 5. Graphs are drawn between output Vs efficiency for the Machine acting as a generator and as a motor.

No-Load Test Observation table:


IL0 If V N

Calculations: From No-Load Test:

No - Load input = VI L0 =
No - Load Armature current = I L0 I f =

No - Load Armature Cu loss = I a0 Ra =


2

Constant loss, WC = No - load input No - load Armature Cu loss = VI L0 I a0 R a =


2

WC =
To Predetermine Efficiency as a Motor:

Motor input = VI L =

Total loss = WC + I a R a = WC + (I L - I f ) 2 R a =
2

Motor Output = Motor input - Total loss =

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi

Efficiency, =

Output 100 = Input

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


To Predetermine Efficiency as a Generator:

Generator Output = VI L =
Total loss = WC + I a R a = WC + (I L + I f ) 2 R a =
2

Generator Input = Generator output + Total loss =


Efficiency, = Output 100 = Input

Model Graph:

(%) Generator Motor

Output

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi

Machine acting as a Generator:

Output,
Pout = VIL I a = I L + I f

Armature Current, Armature Cu Loss Total Loss,

Input,
2

S.No
=

Voltage, Load current, V (Volts) IL (A)

I a Ra
Pin = Pout + WT

WT = WC + I a R a

Efficiency (%),
Pout 100 Pin

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi

Machine acting as a Motor:

Input,
Pin = VIL

Armature Current, Armature Cu Loss Total Loss,

Output,
2

S.No

Voltage, Load current, V (Volts) IL (A)

Ia = IL If

I a Ra
Pout = Pin W T
=

WT = WC + Ia Ra

Efficiency (%),
P out 100 Pin

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Expt No: 6 BRAKE TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR AND TO DRAW ITS PERFORMANCE CURVES Aim: To conduct brake test on DC Shunt motor. And to determine its performance curves. Apparatus: S. No 1.
2. 3 4 5. 6.

Equipment Voltmeter
Ammeter Ammeter Rheostat Tachometer Connecting wires

Range 0-250V
0-20A

Type M.C.
M.C

Qty 1
1 1 1 1

0-1/2A M.C 400/1.7A Wire wound Digital type

Name plate details:

Theory:

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Procedure:
1. Connections as made as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Field rheostat is kept in minimum position and the motor is started with the help of 3-Point starter, and is brought to rated speed by adjusting field rheostat. 3. By varying the load in steps, readings of ammeters, voltmeter, tachometer, spring balances, are noted down. 4. Performance curves are to be drawn after completing the calculations.

Model graph:

Ia VS N N VS Torque Ia VS Torque Output VS

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi

Circuit diagram:

DPST Switch L A A F

(0-20)A MC 3 point starter

+
A (0-2)A MC (0-250)V MC A F M AA FF

400/ 1.7A

S1

S2

230 V DC Supply

Fuse

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Calculations Table:
Speed, N (rpm)
Output, Input,

S.No Pout =

Voltage, V (Volts)

Line current, IL (A)

Spring balance readings (Kgs)

Torque, T=9.81( S1~ S2)r

Efficiency (%), =

Pin = VI L

S1 (N-m)

S2

2 NT 60

Pout 100 Pin

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Expt No: 7 OC & SC TESTS ON 1- TRANSFORMER Aim: To conduct OC & SC tests on the given 1- Transformer and to calculate its equivalent circuit

parameters, efficiency & regulation.


Name plate details:

1- TRANSFORMER Capacity I/P voltage I/P current O/P voltage O/P current Frequency
Apparatus required:

3KVA 115V 26A 230V 13A 50Hz

S.No 1 2 3 4

Apparatus Voltmeters Ammeters Wattmeter Auto T/F

Range 0-150V, 0-75V 0-2A, 0-15A 2A, 150V, 60W, LPF 15A, 50V, 600W, UPF 230V/0-270V

Type M.I M.I Dynamo meter

Qty 1, 1 No 1, No 1, 1 No 1 No

1- wire wound

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Procedure OC Test: :

1. Connections are done as per the circuit diagram. 2. Supply is Switched on and rated voltage is applied to the LV side by varying the auto transformer. 3. The readings of Ammeter, Voltmeter & Wattmeter are noted down.

SC Test:

1. Connections are done as per the circuit diagram. 2. Supply is Switched on and rated current is set through the HV winding by varying the auto transformer. 3. The readings of Ammeter, Voltmeter & Wattmeter are noted down.

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi

OC Test
(0-2)A MI 115V
L V C

Circuit Diagram
230V

2A, 150V, 60W, LPF A


M

Ph

DPST

1- 230V 50 Hz AC Supply V (0-150)V MI

Open Circuit

Variac 3KVA, 230V/ (0-270)V Fig -1

1 -Transformer 3KVA, 230V/ 115V

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi SC Test


(0-15)A MI 230V
L V C

Circuit Diagram
115V

15A, 50V, 600W, UPF


M

Ph A

DPST

1- 230V 50 Hz AC Supply V (0-50)V MI

Short Circuit

Variac 3KVA, 230V/ (0-270)V Fig -2

1 -Transformer 3KVA, 230V/ 115V

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi

Observations: O.C Test: S.C Test:

V0

I0

W0

VSC

ISC

WSC

Model Calculations:

Cos0 =

W0 = V0 I 0

IW = I 0Cos0 =

Xm =

V0 = Im

I m = I 0 Sin0 =
R0 = V0 = IW

R02 =

Wsc = 2 I sc

Z 02 =

Vsc = I sc
2 2

X 02 = Z 02 R02 =

Efficency =

xV 2 I 2 Cos 2 100 xV 2 I 2 Cos 2 + Wi + W sc

Where, x = Fraction o f Full loa d current Wi = Iron losss , W sc = Cu loss = (xI 2 ) 2 R02

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi

% Re gulation =

I 2 R02 Cos + I 2 X 02 Sin 100 V2

( + for Lag pf , for Lead pf ) Where , Cos = Load pf

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Load Cu losses Total losses I/P power O/P power %

Full

Calculations Table:

P.F

% Regulation lag lead

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


PRECAITIONS:

1) The Dimmer stat should be kept at minimum O/P position initially. 2) In OC test, rated voltage should be applied to the Primary of the Transformer. 3) In SC test, the Dimmer stat should be varied up to the rated load current only. 4) The Dimmer stat should be varied slowly & uniformly.

Result:

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Expt No: 8 PN JUNCTION AND ZENER DIODES CHARACTERISTICS Aim: To study the PN Junction Diode and Zener diode characteristics under forward and reverse Bias conditions. Apparatus: S. No 1. 2. Equipment Regulated Power Supply Ammeter Ammeter Rheostat Tachometer Range 0 30V 0-200A 0-1/2A 400/1.7A Type DC M.C M.C Wire wound Digital type Qty 1 1 1 1 1

3 4 5. 6.

Connecting wires

PN Junction Diode: EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: Regulated Power Supply DC Ammeter 10mA. DC Voltmeter COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Diodes Resistor Breadboard Connecting wires Zener diode: EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: Regulated Power Supply DC Ammeter 30mA DC Voltmeter COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Zener Diodes Resistor Breadboard

0 30V 0 --200A,0 0 -- 1V, 0--30V 1N 4007, BY 127 1K

0 30V 0 10mA, 0 0 -- 1V, 0--30V BZX5.1, BZX9.1 1K

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Procedure:

FORWARD BIAS: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the Figure 2. Connect the milli ammeter and voltmeter of suitable ranges 3. By vary the power supply voltage gradually in small steps and measure the forward voltage Vf in incremental steps and note the current If at each incremental step of 0.1 voltages. Tabulate the readings. 4. Draw the graph between Vf and If taking Vf on X-axis and If on Y-axis. 5. Calculate the static and dynamic resistance of the diode REVERSE BIAS: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the Figure 2. Connect the micro ammeter and voltmeter of suitable ranges 3. By vary the power supply voltage gradually in steps and measure the Reverse voltage VR in incremental steps and note the current IR at each incremental step of 1 voltage. Tabulate the readings. 4. Draw the graph between VR and IR taking VR on X-axis and IR on Y- axis. 5. Calculate the reverse resistance of the diode.

Model Graphs:

PN Junction Diode

Zener Diode

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Circuit diagrams: PN Junction Diode:

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


ZENER DIODE:

FOEWARD BIAS CHARACTERISTICS

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi

PN Junction Diode:

Zener Diode:

RESULT:

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Expt No: 9 TRANSISTOR CE CHARACTERISTICS (INPUT AND OUTPUT) Aim: To plot the transistor characteristics of common emitter configuration Equipment Required: Regulated Power Supply 0 30V (Dual) DC Ammeter 0 100 UA, 0-10 mA. DC Voltmeter 0 -- 1V, 0--30V Components Required:

Transistor Resistor Breadboard Connecting wires


Theory:

BC 107,BC 547 1K, 39K

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

1. 2.

Connect the circuit as shown in Figure. Use milli ammeters of proper range For input characteristics, first fix the collector - emitter voltage VCE at 5 volts. Now vary base-emitter voltage VBE in steps of 0.1 volts and note down the corresponding emitter current IB.

3. 4. 5.

Repeat the above procedure for collector emitter voltage VCE at 10V, 15V etc. Plot the graph between base-emitter voltage VBE and Base current IB for a constant collector emitter voltage VCE. Find the h parameters :( a) hre: Reverse voltage gain (b) hie : Input impedance

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS: 1. For out put characteristics, first fix the Base current IB at 20A.Now vary collector-emitter voltage VCE in steps of 1volts and note down the corresponding collector current IC Repeat the above procedure for Base current IB at 30A, 40A. Plot the graph between collector Emitter voltage V CE and collector current IC for a constant Base current IB.

2. 3.

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


4. Find the h parameters: (a) hfe = Forward current gain. (b) hoe = Output admittance.

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Circuit Diagram:

Model graphs:

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Calculations:

1. Input dynamic resistance, ri =


2. Output ac resistance, ro =
CE

V BE IB

CE

= cons tan t

V I = ____ A I 3. DC Current gain, = I V = _____ I 4. AC Current gain, = I V = _____ cons tan t I


B B C DC CE B C CE B

Result:
hie = hfe = hre = hoe =

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Expt No:10 HALF WAVE & FULL WAVE RECTIFIERS (WITH AND WITH OUT FILTERS)
AIM: Study of rectifiers with and with out capacitance filters half wave rectifier a n d full w a v e r e c t i f i e r . To F i n d i t s Percentage o f regulation and Ripple factor.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
CRO trace) DC Voltmeter 0 20 M hz (Dual 0--30V

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Diodes 2Nos. Resistor (Variable) Breadboard Connecting wires (1N 4007) 10K

THEORY:

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Figure.1 2. Connect CRO across the load. Keep the CRO switch in ground mode and observe the horizontal line and adjust it to the X- axis. 3. Switch the CRO in to DC mode and observe the waveform. Note down its amplitude, Vm and frequency from the screen along with its multiplication factor. 4. Calculate Vdc using the relation Vdc = vm 5. Switch the CRO in to AC mode and observe the waveform. Note down its amplitude, Vm and frequency from the screen along with its multiplication factor. 6. Calculate Vac using the relation: V2 rms = V2ac +V2dc
7. Calculate the ripple factor from the

given formula: = vac

dc

8. Remove the load and measure the output DC voltage (DC mode) and calculate the percentage of voltage regulation using the formula: ( ) Percentage regulation = vnoload vload 100 %

noload

9. To measure ratio of rectification, observe the power (DC and AC) using wattmeter across the load. The ratio of rectification is given by Pac/Pdc

With Capacitor: 1. Calculate the value of R by assuming C = 1000 F and f = 50 Hz using the formula = 1/ 4 (3fRC) (assume as 0.002 or any small value) 2. Connect the capacitor across the load resistance and proceed with the above Procedure from steps 1 9 as shown above. Follow the above- mentioned procedure for Full Wave rectifier.

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Circuit diagrams:
Half wave rectifier with out capacitor:

Half wave rectifier with capacitor:

Full wave rectifier with out capacitor:

Full wave rectifier with capacitor:

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Model graphs:
Half wave rectifier model graph:

Full wave rectifier model graph:

Calculations:
Half wave rectifier:

1. Vrms =

Vavg =

2. ripple factor =
3. 4. 5. 6.

v v

2 rms 2 avg

Efficiency = Percentage efficiency = Peak inverse voltage (PIV) = Vm Form factor = Vrms / Vavg

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


7. Peak factor = Vpeak / Vrms

BVRIT, EEE Dept

Electrical and Electronics Lab

Asst Prof G Anil Kumar and Asst Prof J Deepthi


Full wave rectifier: 1. Vrms = 2. Vavg =

2v

3. ripple factor =

v v

2 rms 2 avg

Result:

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