1.

BASIC PHRASES / FRASI SEMPLICI

Buon giorno bwon zhor-no Hello / Good morning/afternoon Ciao chow Hi / Hello / Bye (informal) A pi tardi ah pyoo tar-dee See you later Per favore / Per piacere pehr fah-voh-reh / pehr peeah-cheh-reh Please Mi dispiace mee dee-spyah-cheh Sorry Come sta? / Come stai? koh-meh stah / koh-meh sty How are you? (formal / informal) Abbastanza bene. ah-bah-stahn-tsah beh-neh Pretty good. Come si chiama? koh-meh see kee-ah-mah What's your name? (formal) Piacere / Molto lieto. pee-ah-cheh-reh / mohl-toh lee-eh-toh Pleased / Nice to meet you. Di dov'? dee doh-veh Where are you from? (formal)

Buona sera bwoh-nah seh-rah Good evening Arrivederci ah-ree-vuh-dehr-chee Goodbye A presto / A dopo ah press-toh / ah doh-poh See you soon Grazie (mille) graht-zee-eh (mee-leh) Thank you (very much) Scusi / Scusa skoo-zee / skoo-zah Excuse me (formal / informal) Sto bene. stoh beh-neh I am fine / well. Cos cos. koh-zee koh-zee So so. Come ti chiami? koh-meh tee kee-ah-mee What's your name? (informal)

Buona notte bwoh-nah noht-teh Good night ArrivederLa ah-ree-vuh-dehr-lah Goodbye (formal) A domani ah doh-mahn-ee See you tomorrow Prego preh-goh You're Welcome

Andiamo! on-dee-ah-mo Let's go! Non c' male. nohn cheh mah-leh Not bad. S / No see / noh Yes / No Mi chiamo... mee kee-ah-mo My name is...

Signore, Signora, Signorina seen-yoh-reh, seen-yoh-rah, seen-yoh-reen-ah Mister, Misses, Miss Di dove sei? dee doh-veh seh-ee Where are you from? (informal)

Sono di... soh-noh dee I am from...

Quanti anni ha? kwahn-tee ahn-nee ah How old are you? (formal)

Quanti anni hai? kwahn-tee ahn-nee ah-ee How old are you? (informal)

Ho venti anni. oh vehn-tee ahn-nee I am 20 years old. Parlo italiano. / Non parlo inglese. par-lo ee-tahl-ee-ahno / non par-lo eengleh-zeh I speak Italian. / I don't speak English. Non so. / Lo so. non soh / low soh I don't know. / I know.

Parla italiano? par-lah ee-tahl-ee-ah-no Do you speak Italian? (formal)

Parli inglese? par-lee een-gleh-zeh Do you speak English? (informal)

Capisce? / Capisci? kah-pee-sheh / kah-pee-shee Do you understand? (formal / informal) Pu aiutarmi? / Puoi aiutarmi? pwoh ah-yoo-tar-mee / pwohee ah-yoo-tar-mee Can you help me? (formal / informal) Desidera? / Desideri? deh-zee-deh-rah / deh-zeedeh-ree May I help you? (formal / informal) Dov' / Dove sono...? doh-veh / doh-veh soh-noh Where is / Where are... ? Cosa c'? koh-zah cheh What's the matter? / What's wrong?

[Non] capisco. [non] kah-pees-koh I [don't] understand.

Certamente / D'accordo. cher-tah-mehn-teh / dahkohr-doh Sure / OK.

Come? koh-meh? What? / Pardon me?

Come si dice "house" in italiano? koh-meh see dee-cheh "house" een ee-tah-lee-ahnoh How do you say "house" in Italian? Ecco / Eccoli... eh-koh / eh-koh-lee Here is / Here are... Non importa. / Di niente. / Di nulla. nohn eem-por-tah / dee nee-ehn-teh / dee noo-lah It doesn't matter. C' / Ci sono... cheh / chee soh-noh There is / There are... Non m'importa. nohn meem-por-tah I don't care.

Non ti preoccupare. nohn tee preh-ohk-koo-pah-reh Don't worry. (informal) Ho fame. / Ho sete. oh fah-meh / oh seh-teh

Ho dimenticato. oh dee-men-tee-kah-toh I forgot. Ho freddo. / Ho caldo. oh freh-doh / oh kal-doh

Devo andare adesso. deh-voh ahn-dah-reh ah-des-soh I have to go now. Mi annoio. mee ahn-noh-ee-oh

I'm hungry. / I'm thirsty. Salute! sah-loo-teh Bless you!

I'm cold. / I'm hot. Congratulazioni! kohn-grah-tsoo-lah-tseeoh-nee Congratulations! Tocca a me! / Tocca a te! tohk-kah ah meh / tohkkah ah teh It's my turn! / It's your turn! (informal) Sta zitto! / Stai zitto! stah tseet-toh / sty tseettoh Be quiet / Shut up! (formal / informal)

I'm bored. Benvenuti! behn-veh-noo-tee Welcome!

Buona fortuna! bwoh-nah for-too-nah Good luck!

Ti amo. tee ah-moh I love you. (informal)

pazzo! / Sei pazzo! eh pats-soh / seh-ee pats-soh You're crazy! (formal / informal)

Va bene! vah beh-neh OK!

Notice that Italian has informal and formal ways of saying things. This is because there is more than one meaning to "you" in Italian (as well as in many other languages.) The informal you is used when talking to close friends, relatives, animals or children. The formal you is used when talking to someone you just met, do not know well, or someone for whom you would like to show respect (a professor, for example.) There is also a plural you, used when speaking to more than one person. Also, the words pazzo and zitto refer to men. If you are talking to a woman, use pazza and zitta. If you are talking to more than one person (all men, or a group of men and women), use pazzi and zitti. If you are talking to more than one person (all women), use pazze and zitte. 2. PRONUNCIATION / LA PRONUNCIA Italian is a very phonetic language, so pronunciation should be easy. Most words are pronounced exactly like they are spelled. There are only seven pure vowels, but several diphthongs and triphthongs. The English samples given are not pronounced exactly as in Italian because English vowels tend to be diphthongized (there's an extra yuh or wuh after the actual vowel). Make sure to only say the pure vowel and not the diphthong when pronouncing Italian. Italian Vowels [i] [e] vita vedi English Pronunciation ee as in meet ay as in bait

[] [a] [u] [o] []

era cane uva sole modo Semi-Vowels

eh as in bet ah as in father oo as in boot oh as in boat aw as in law

[w] [j]

quando, uomo piano, ieri, piove

wuh as in won yuh as in yes

In spelling, the letter e is used to represent both [e] and []; while the letter o is used to represent both [o] and []. If the vowel is stressed, then the pronunciation is always closed [e] and [o]. If the vowel is not stressed, it is always open []and []. This can change according to regional dialects in Italy, of course, but this is the standard rule. Italian semi-vowels are always written ua, ue, uo, ui for [w] and ia, ie, io, iu for [j]. If another vowel precedes u or i, then it is a diphthong: ai, ei, oi, au, eu. The combination iu + another vowel creates a triphthong. Italian consonant + vowel combinations c + a, o, u, he, hi k amica, amico, amiche ah-mee-kah, ah-mee-koh, ahmee-keh bah-cho, cheh-leh-breh, cheeneh-mah gah-rah, goo-stoh, spah-geh-tee djoh-toh, djeh-lah-toh, mahdjee-koh skah-lah, skoo-oh-la, skeh-dah

c + ia, io, iu, e, i ch bacio, celebre, cinema g + a, o, u, he, hi g gara, gusto, spaghetti Giotto, gelato, magico

g + ia, io, iu, e, i dj

sc + a, o, u, he, sk scala, scuola, scheda hi

shar-pah, shoo-pah-toh, shehsc + ia, io, iu, e, sh sciarpa, sciupato, scemo moh i The consonant h is always silent. Double consonants must be pronounced individually: il nonno (eel nohn-noh) is pronounced differently from il nono (eel noh-noh). Stress falls on the second-to-last syllable in Italian. If stress falls on the last syllable, the vowel is written with an accent mark (la citt). However, it is also possible for the stress to fall on the third-to-last syllable (America, telefono) and even

the fourth-to-last syllable (telefonano) in third person plural verb conjugations. 3. ALPHABET / L'ALFABETO a ah b bee c chee d dee e eh f eff-eh g zhee h ahk-kah i l ee ehl-eh Foreign Letters j ee loon-gah q koo r ehr-reh s ehs-seh t teh u oo v voo z dzeh-tah

m ehm-eh k kahp-pah n ehn-eh o oh p pee w dohp-pyah voo x eeks y ee greh-kah (or) eep-see-lohn

4. ARTICLES & DEMONSTRATIVES / ARTICOLI E DIMOSTRATIVI All nouns in Italian have a gender (masculine or feminine) and the articles must agree with the gender. Masculine words generally end in -o and feminine words generally end in -a. Words that end in -e may be either, so you will just have to memorize the gender. Keep in mind that articles are used before nouns or before an adjective + a noun. Definite Article - The Masculine il eel sing., before consonants sing., before z, gn, ps, or s + cons. sing., before vowels plural, before consonants le leh la lah sing., before consonants l' l sing., before vowels plural, before consonants and vowels Feminine

lo low l' i l ee

plural, before vowels, z, gn, or gli lyee s + cons.

Indefinite Articles - A, an, some Masculine un A, An uno dei Some oon oonoh day before consonant or vowel una oonah oon delleh Feminine before consonants before vowels before vowels and consonants

before z, gn, ps, or s + un' consonant before consonants before vowels, z, gn, or s + cons. delle

dehdegli lyee

Demonstratives - This, that, these, and those This and these This These Masc. questo questi before a consonant quest' questi before a vowel Fem. questa queste before a consonant quest' queste before a vowel That and those That Masc. quel quell' Those quei before a consonant before z, gn, or s + consonant quegli before a vowel

quello quegli

Fem. quella quelle before a consonant quell' quelle before a vowel

If you use that and those as a subject, use these four forms: quello for masculine singular, quella for feminine singular, quelli for masculine plural, and quelle for feminine plural. 5. SUBJECT PRONOUNS / PRONOMI PERSONALI io tu ee-oh too I you (informal singular) noi voi loro noy voy we you (informal plural)

lui, lei lwee/lay he, she

loh-roh they

Lei

lay

you (formal singular)

Loro loh-roh you (formal plural)

The Lei form is generally used for you (singular), instead of tu, unless you're referring to kids or animals. Loro can also mean you, but only in very polite situations. If you need to specify an inanimate object as "it" you can use esso (masculine noun) and essa (feminine noun), but since subject pronouns are not commonly used in Italian, these words are somewhat rare. 6. TO BE & TO HAVE / ESSERE & AVERE Essere - to be I am you are he/she/it is sono soh-noh we are sei say eh you are siamo see-ah-moh siete see-eh-teh soh-noh

they are sono

You do not have to use the subject pronouns as the different conjugations imply the subject, but they are included in the recordings. Past & Future of Essere I was you were he/she was ero we were they were eravamo I will be you will be he/she will be sar we will be they will be saremo eri you were eravate era erano sarai you will be sarete sar saranno

Avere - to have I have you have ho oh We have abbiamo ahb-bee-ah-mo avete ah-veh-teh ahn-noh hai eye you have

he/she has ha ah

they have hanno

Past & Future of Avere I had you had he/she had avevo we had avevamo I will have avevi aveva you had they had avevate avevano avr we will have you will have they will have avremo avrete avranno

you will have avrai he/she will have avr

Avere is used with many idioms and expressions that normally use the verb "to be" in English:

avere fame - to be hungry avere sete - to be thirsty avere caldo - to be warm avere freddo - to be cold avere fretta - to be in a hurry avere paura (di) - to be afraid (of) avere ragione - to be right avere torto - to be wrong avere sonno - to be sleepy avere bisogno di - to need avere voglia di - to want, to feel like avere 20 anni - to be 20 years old When avere is followed by a word beginning with a consonant, the final -e is often dropped: aver caldo, aver fretta, aver ragione, etc. 7. USEFUL WORDS / PAROLE UTILE Flashcards also include subject pronouns. and or but not while if because very, a lot also, too although now perhaps, maybe then there is there are there was there were e o ma non mentre se perch molto anche bench adesso, ora forse allora, poi c' ci sono c'era c'erano eh oh mah nohn mehn-treh seh pehr-kay mohl-toh ahn-keh behn-keh ah-deh-so, oh-rah for-seh ahl-loh-rah, poy cheh chee sohnoh che-rah che-rah-no always often sometimes usually especially except book pencil pen paper dog cat sempre spesso qualche volta usualmente specialmente eccetto il libro la matita la penna la carta il cane il gatto sehm-preh speh-soh kwal-keh vohltah oo-zoo-almehn-teh speh-chee-almehn-teh eh-cheh-toh lee-broh mah-tee-tah pehn-nah kar-tah kah-neh gah-toh ah-mee-kah ah-mee-koh dohn-nah woh-moh rah-gat-sah

friend (fem) l'amica friend (masc) woman man girl l'amico la donna l'uomo la ragazza

here is

ecco

ehk-koh

boy

il ragazzo

rah-gat-soh

C' can also mean is here, as in Nek's famous song: Laura non c'- Laura's not here. 8. QUESTION WORDS Who Whose What Why When Where How How much Which Chi Di chi Che cosa Perch Quando Dove Come Quanto Quale kee dee kee keh koh-sah pehr-keh kwahn-doh doh-veh koh-meh kwahn-toh kwah-leh

When dove, come, and quale are followed by (is), dove and come contract to dov' and com'; and quale drops its e to become qual . 9. CARDINAL & ORDINAL NUMBERS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 zero uno due tre quattro cinque sei sette otto nove dieci undici dodici tredici quattordici quindici sedici diciassette dzeh-roh oo-noh doo-eh treh kwaht-troh cheen-kweh say seht-teh aw-toh naw-vay dee-ay-chee oon-dee-chee doh-dee-chee treh-dee-chee kwaht-tohr-dee-chee kween-dee-chee seh-dee-chee dee-chahs-seht-teh

18 19 20 21 22 23 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 101 110 200 1,000 2,000 million billion

diciotto diciannove venti ventuno ventidue ventitr trenta quaranta cinquanta sessanta settanta ottanta novanta cento centouno centodieci duecento mille duemila un milione un miliardo

dee-choht-toh dee-chahn-noh-veh vehn-tee vehn-too-noh vehn-tee-doo-eh vehn-tee-treh trehn-tah kwah-rahn-tah cheen-kwahn-tah sehs-sahn-tah seht-tahn-tah oh-tahn-tah noh-vahn-tah chehn-toh chehn-toh-oo-noh chehn-toh-dee-ay-chee doo-eh-chehn-toh mee-leh doo-eh-mee-lah mee-lee-oh-neh mee-lee-ar-doh

If a number ends in -tre, you need to add an accent: -tr. When you have a word that ends in a vowel, like venti, and another word that begins with a vowel, like uno; the first word loses its vowel when putting the two words together. Venti (20) and uno (1) make ventuno (21). One exception is cento; it does not lose its vowel. Cento (100) and uno (1) make centouno (101). Notice that cento does not have a plural form, but mille does (mila). And be aware that Italian switches the use of commas and decimals. Ordinal Numbers first second third fourth fifth sixth primo / prima secondo / seconda terzo / terza quarto / quarta quinto / quinta sesto / sesta

seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twentieth hundredth

settimo / settima ottavo / ottava nono / nona decimo / decima undicesimo / undicesima ventesimo / ventesima centesimo / centesima

From eleventh on, just drop the final vowel of the cardinal number and add -esimo. For numbers like ventitr, trentatr, add -esimo but do not drop the final e. Ordinal numbers are adjectives and must agree with the nouns they modify; -o is the masculine ending, -a is the feminine ending. 10. DAYS OF THE WEEK / GIORNI DELLA SETTIMANA Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday yesterday day before yesterday last night today tomorrow day after tomorrow day luned marted mercoled gioved venerd sabato domenica ieri avantieri / l'altroieri (m) ieri sera oggi domani dopodomani il giorno loo-neh-dee mahr-teh-dee mehr-koh-leh-dee zhoh-veh-dee veh-nehr-dee sah-bah-toh doh-men-ee-kah yer-ee ah-vahn-tyee-ree yer-ee seh-rah ohd-jee doh-mahn-ee doh-poh-doh-mahn-ee eel zhor-noh

To say on Mondays, on Tuesdays, etc., use il before luned through sabato, and la before domenica. 11. MONTHS OF THE YEAR / MESI DELL'ANNO January February March gennaio febbraio marzo jehn-nah-yoh fehb-brah-yoh mar-tsoh

April May June July August September October November December week month year

aprile maggio giugno luglio agosto settembre ottobre novembre dicembre la settimana il mese l'anno

ah-pree-leh mahd-joh joo-nyoh loo-lyoh ah-goh-stoh seht-tehm-breh oht-toh-breh noh-vehm-breh dee-chem-breh lah sett-ee-mah-nah eel meh-zeh lahn-noh

Days and months are not capitalized. To express the date, use il (number) (month). May 5th would be il 5 (or cinque) maggio. But for the first of the month, use primo instead of 1 or uno. To express ago, as in two days ago, a month ago, etc., just add fa afterwards. To express last, as in last Wednesday, last week, etc., just add scorso (for masculine words) or scorsa (for feminine words) afterwards. una settimana fa - a week ago la settimana scorsa - last week un mese fa - a month ago l'anno scorso - last year 12. SEASONS / STAGIONI Summer l'estate Fall Spring Winter l'autunno la primavera l'inverno leh-stah-teh low-toon-noh lah pree-mah-vehrah leen-vehr-noh

To say in the (season), just use in. In estate is in the summer, in primavera is in spring. D'estate and d'inverno can also be used instead of in estate or in inverno. 13. DIRECTIONS / DIREZIONI right left destra sinistra

straight North South East West nord sud est ovest

diritto nohrd sood est oh-vest

14. COLORS & SHAPES / COLORI E FORME white yellow orange pink red bianco/a giallo/a rosa rosso/a square circle il quadrato il cerchio il triangolo l'ovale il cubo la sfera il cilindro il cono l'ottagono la scatola

arancione triangle oval cube sphere cylinder cone octagon box

rectangle il rettangolo

light blue azzurro/a dark blue blu green brown grey black verde marrone grigio/a nero/a

Colors are adjectives and must agree with the nouns they modify; -o is the masculine ending, -a is the feminine ending. For example, rosso is masculine and rossa is feminine. Color words always go after the noun they describe: una casa gialla - a yellow house il cubo rosso - the red cube To ask the color of something: Di che colore il cielo? What color is the sky? Di che colore sono i tuoi occhi? What color are your eyes? 15. TIME / IL TEMPO What time is it? Che ora ? / Che ore sono? keh oh-rah eh / keh o-reh soh-noh At what time? It's 1:00 at 1:00 (at) noon (at) midnight 2:00 A che ora? l'una all'una (a) mezzogiorno (a) mezzanotte Sono le due ah keh oh-rah eh loo-nah ahl-loo-nah (ah) med-zoh-zhor-noh (ah) med-zah-noh-teh soh-noh leh doo-eh

3:10 4:50 8:15 7:45 1:30 6:30 sharp in the afternoon in the evening at night

Sono le tre e dieci Sono le cinque meno dieci Sono le otto e un quarto Sono le otto meno un quarto l'una e mezza Sono le sei e mezzo in punto

soh-noh leh treh eh dee-ay-chee soh-noh leh cheen-kwah meh-noh dee-ay-chee soh-noh leh awt-toh eh oon kwartoh soh-noh leh aw-toh meh-noh un kwar-toh eh loo-nah eh med-zah soh-noh leh say-ee eh med-zoh een poon-toh dee maht-teen-ah dee poh-mehr-ee-zhee-oh dee seh-rah dee noht-teh

in the morning di mattina di pomeriggio di sera di notte

16. WEATHER / IL TEMPO ATMOSFERICO What's the weather today? Che tempo fa oggi? It's nice bad raining thundering snowing hailing cold cool hot freezing foggy sunny windy cloudy humid muggy stormy Fa bel tempo / bello Fa brutto tempo / brutto Piove / Sta piovendo Tuona Nevica / Sta nevicando Grandina / Sta grandinando Fa freddo Fa fresco Fa caldo Fa un freddo gelido C' nebbia C' sole / assolato C' vento / ventoso / Fa vento nuvoloso umido afoso burrascoso 17. FAMILY & ANIMALS / FAMIGLIA E ANIMALI

family parents mother father son daughter brother sister grandfather grandmother grandson/nephew granddaughter/niece uncle aunt cousin (m) cousin (f) husband wife man woman boy girl

la famiglia

relatives

i parenti

dog cat bird mouse rabbit horse cow donkey goat

il cane il gatto l'uccello il topo il coniglio il cavallo la mucca l'asino la capra la pecora l'oca l'anatra il maiale la gallina il cervo

i genitori father-in-law il suocero la madre mother-in-law la suocera il padre il figlio la figlia son-in-law daughter-inlaw brother-inlaw il genero la nuora il cognato la cognata il patrigno la matrigna

il fratello sister-in-law la sorella stepfather il nonno la nonna il nipote stepmother step/half brother step/half sister divorced separated single (woman) bachelor widower

il fratellastro sheep la sorellastra goose sposato divorziato separato duck pig hen deer

la nipote married lo zio la zia

il cugino single (man) celibe la cugina il marito l'uomo nubile lo scapolo la vedova il vedovo il padrino la madrina i gemelli / le gemelle

la moglie widow la donna godfather il ragazzo godmother la ragazza twins

18. TO KNOW PEOPLE & FACTS conoscere-to know, be acquainted with conosco conosci conosce conosciamo conoscete conoscono sapere-to know (facts) so sai sa sappiamo sapete sanno

Conoscere is used when you know people and places. It is conjugated regularly. Sapere is used when you know facts. Sapere followed by an infinitive means to know how. In addition, the object must be expressed in Italian when using

sapere. You cannot simply say I know as in English, but rather I know it: Lo so. Io conosco Mario. I know Mario. Voi conoscete la Francia. You know (have visited) France. Tu sai nuotare. You know how to swim. Loro sanno cantare. They know how to sing. 19. FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS If a word is masculine singular, change the last letter to an i. If a word is feminine singular, change the last letter to an e if it ends in a, or if it ends in e, change it to an i. Singular to Plural Nouns Masculine -o -a -e -a -e -i -i -i -e -i

Feminine

Words ending in -io can either change the o to i, or just simply drop the o to form the plural. When the -i of -io is stressed, the plural is -ii; however, most words ending in -io do not stress the -i, and so their plurals are formed by dropping the o. Compare: lo zio - gli zii and il figlio - i figli. Some nouns ending in -co and -go may or may not insert an h before changing the o to i. There is no general rule for it. All nouns ending in-ca and -ga insert an h before changing the a to e. Nouns ending in an accented vowel do not change for the plural. (la citt (city) becomes le citt) There are some masculine nouns that end -a, and these nouns change the -a to -i in the plural: il programma, il poeta, il pianete, il pilota, il poema, il sistema. The plural of l'uomo (man) is gli uomini, while the plural of la mano (hand) is le mani. 20. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES Masc. Sing. Fem. Sing. Masc. Pl. my your il mio il tuo la mia la tua la sua i miei (myeh-ee) i tuoi (twoh-ee) i suoi (swoh-ee) Fem. Pl. le mie le tue le sue

his/her il suo

our your their

il nostro il vostro il loro

la nostra la vostra la loro

i nostri i vostri i loro

le nostre le vostre le loro

You may leave off the definite article before family relation words in the singular. All other times, you must use them. Notice that loro does not change. 21. TO DO OR MAKE fare - to do / make faccio fai fa fah-cho fah-ee fah facciamo fate fanno fah-chah-moh fah-teh fahn-noh

Che cosa fa? What do you do (as a profession)? Io faccio il contabile. I'm an accountant. Che facolt fa? What's your major? Faccio architettura. I'm studying/majoring in architecture. Idomatic expressions used with fare: fare una domanda - to ask a question fare un viaggio - to take a trip fare un bagno - to take a bath fare una passeggiata - to take a walk fare attenzione - to pay attention fare un piacere - to do a favor fare una conferenza - to give a lecture fare l'attrice / il cantante - to be an actress / a singer fare l'universit - to study at university / be in college Notice than in English we use the indefinite article (a or an) when talking about professions, but in Italian, you must use the definite article. 22. WORK & SCHOOL architect author banker waiter waitress saleswoman salesman accountant doctor (m) l'architetto l'autore il banchiere il cameriere la cameriera la commessa il commesso il contabile il dottore teacher (m) teacher (f) professor (m) professor (f) hair stylist (m) hair stylist (f) secretary (m) secretary (f) soldier il maestro la maestra il professore la professoressa il parrucchiere la parrucchiera il segretario la segretaria il soldato

doctor (f) musician barber

la dottoressa il/la musicista il barbiere

journalist office worker (m) office worker (f)

il/la giornalista l'impiegato l'impiegata

When stating your job or profession, use the verb fare + the definite article: Faccio il professore. I'm a professor.

biology chemistry economics philosophy physics geography foreign languages mathematics medicine accounting history psychology

la biologia la chimica l'economia la filosofia la fisica la geografia le lingue straniere la matematica la medicina la ragioneria la storia la psicologia

architecture business law engineering literature political science sociology astronomy dramatic arts computer science communication

l'architettura il commercio la giurisprudenza l'ingegneria le lettere le scienze politiche la sociologia l'astronomia l'arte drammatica l'informatica la scienza della comunicazioni

physical education l'educazione fisica

When talking about your major or specialization, use the verb fare without the definite article: Faccio geografia. I study geography. course, class department subject Listen Read Repeat Answer Write il corso la facolt la materia Ascoltate Leggete Ripetete Rispondete Scrivete oral exams written exams semester / trimester Correct! Wrong! All together! One more time. How do you pronounce...? How do you write...? How do you say...? What does ... mean? gli orali gli scritti il semestre / trimestre Giusto! Sbagliato! Tutti insieme! Ancora una volta. Come si pronuncia...? Come si scrive...? Come si dice...? Cosa vuol dire...?

Open your Aprite i libri. books Close your Chiudete i libri. books Do the exercise Fate l'esercizio

Attention! Very good!

Attenzione! Molto bene / Benissimo!

Repeat, please. OK.

Ripeta, per favore. Va bene.

23. PREPOSITIONS & ADVERBS OF PLACE at, to in on / up from, by of with without for next to behind in front of across down a in su da di con senza per accanto a dietro davanti a attraverso gi over / above inside outside around between among near far before after against toward sopra dentro fuori intorno a tra fra vicino a lontano da prima (di) dopo (di) contro verso

under / below sotto

24. PREPOSITIONAL CONTRACTIONS il a da di in su at, to al lo allo l' all' la alla i ai gli agli le alle

from, dal dallo dall' dalla dai dagli dalle by of in on del dello dell' della dei degli delle nel nello nell' nella nei negli nelle sul sullo sull' sulla sui sugli sulle col collo coll' colla coi cogli colle

con with

The only contractions for con that are still used nowadays are col and coi, but even these contractions are optional. Usually no article is used with in before words denoting rooms in a house or buildings in a city. Di is also used when showing possession. Italian does not have the -'s construction that English uses, so you must say that whatever is possessed is of the person.

Questo cane di Marco. This dog is Marco's. / This is Marco's dog. (Literally: This dog is of Marco.) 25. COUNTRIES & NATIONALITIES Part 1: 2: Africa African Albania Albanian America American Argentina Argentine Asia Asian Australia Australian Austria Austrian Belgium Belgian Bosnia Bosnian Brazil Brazilian Bulgaria Bulgarian Canada Canadian China Chinese Croatia Croatian Czech Republic Czech Denmark Danish l'Africa africano/a l'Albania albanese l'America americano/a l'Argentina argentino/a l'Asia asiatico/a l'Australia australiano/a l'Austria austriaco/a il Belgio belga la Bosnia bosniaco/a il Brasile brasiliano/a la Bulgaria bulgaro/a il Canada canadese la Cina cinese la Croazia croato/a la Repubblica Ceca ceco/a la Danimarca danese Indonesia Indonesian Ireland Irish Israel Israeli Italy Italian Japan Japanese Latvia Latvian Lithuania Lithuanian Luxembourg Luxembourger Macedonia Macedonian Malta Maltese Netherlands Dutch New Zealand New Zealander Norway Norwegian Poland Polish Portugal Portuguese Romania Romanian l'Indonesia indonesiano/a l'Irlanda irlandese l'Israele israeliano/a l'Italia italiano/a il Giappone giapponese la Lettonia lettone la Lituania lituano/a il Lussemburgo lussemburghese la Macedonia macedone Malta (f) maltese i Paesi Bassi / Olanda olandese la Nuova Zelanda neozelandese la Norvegia norvegese la Polonia polacco/a il Portogallo portoghese la Romania romeno/a Part

Egypt Egyptian England English Estonia Estonian Europe European Finland Finnish France French Germany German Great Britain British Greece Greek Hungary Hungarian Iceland Icelandic India Indian

l'Egitto egiziano/a l'Inghilterra inglese l'Estonia estone l'Europa europeo/a la Finlandia finlandese la Francia francese la Germania tedesco/a la Gran Bretagna britannico/a la Grecia greco/a l'Ungheria ungherese l'Islanda islandese l'India indiano/a

Russia Russian Scotland Scottish Serbia Serbian Slovakia Slovak Slovenia Slovene Spain Spanish Sweden Swedish Switzerland Swiss Turkey Turk Ukraine Ukrainian United Kingdom United States Wales Welsh

la Russia russo/a la Scozia scozzese la Serbia serbo/a la Slovacchia slovacco/a la Slovenia sloveno/a la Spagna spagnolo/a la Svezia svedese la Svizzera svizzero/a la Turchia turco/a l'Ucraina ucraino/a il Regno Unito gli Stati Uniti Galles gallese

If the adjective is referring to a language, it will always be the masculine form. If the adjective is referring to a woman instead of a man, then the adjectives ending in -o change to end in -a. The adjectives ending in -e do not change for gender. Also, the adjective americano usually refers to someone living anywhere in the American continent, but many people do use it to mean a person from the United States, instead of statunitense. When talking about your country of origin, it is more common in Italian to use the adjective of nationality. For example, instead of saying She is from Denmark, you would say She is Danish. 26. TO AND FROM PLACES To Country (singular) in From da (+ contraction)

Country (plural) City

negli a

da (+ contraction) da

Vado in Francia. I'm going to France. Vengo dalla Francia. I come from France. Vado negli Stati Uniti. I'm going to the United States. Vengo dagli Stati Uniti. I come from the United States. Vado a Parigi. I'm going to Paris. Vengo da Parigi. I come from Paris. 27. TO COME AND TO GO Venire - to come vengo vieni viene vehngoh vee-enee vee-eneh veniamo venite vengono ven-eeah-moh ven-eeteh vado vai vahdoh Andare - to go andiamo ahn-deeah-moh ahn-dahteh vahn-noh

vah-ee andate vah vanno

ven-gohva noh

To make a verb negative, add non before it: Non vengo a scuola in macchina. I don't come to school by car. If andare is followed by another infinitive, then a must be used before the infinitive: Vado a mangiare adesso. I'm going to eat now. Other verbs conjugated in the same pattern as venire are: avvenire - to happen, to occur convenire - to convene divenire - to become provenire - to come from, to proceed sovvenire - to help svenire - to faint Tenere (to hold, keep) verbs are conjugated very similarly to venire too, except the voi form ends in -ete instead of -ite: appartenere - to belong contenere - to contain intrattenere - to entertain mantenere - to maintain ottenere - to obtain ritenere - to retain sostenere - to sustain, to support trattenere - to withhold, to detain

28. CONJUGATING REGULAR VERBS To conjugate regular verbs, take off the last three letters (are, -ere, or -ire) and add these endings to the stem: Regular Verb Endings -are -i -ate -a -ano -ere -i -ete -e -ono 1st -ire -i -ite -e -ono 2nd -ire -isci -ite -o -iamo -o -iamo -o -iamo -isco -iamo -isce -iscono

Verbi Regolari / Regular Verbs -are parlare cantare arrivare abitare amare ascoltare to speak to sing to arrive to live to love to listen (to) partire sentire aprire offrire servire 1st -ire dormire to sleep to leave to hear to open to offer to serve

cominciare to begin domandare to ask giocare guardare imparare insegnare lavorare mangiare pensare studiare scrivere vedere credere conoscere leggere mettere perdere to play (a game/sport) to look (at)/watch to learn to teach to work to eat to think to study -ere to write to see to believe to know/be acquainted with to read to put to lose finire capire 2nd -ire to finish to understand

preferire to prefer colpire to hit

costruire to build pulire sparire to clean to disappear

prendere scendere vendere vivere correre dipingere ricevere

to take to go down/get off to sell to live to run to paint to receive Sample Regular Verb Parlare-to speak

rispondere to answer

parlo parli parla

parliamo parlate parlano The present tense and the preposition da may be used to describe an action which began in the past and is still continuing in the present. The present perfect tense is used in English to convey this same concept. Da quanto tempo Lei studia l'italiano? How long have you been studying Italian? Studio l'italiano da due anni. I've been studying Italian for two years. Proprio can be used to emphasize something and it translates as really or just. Ho proprio sonno. I'm really sleepy. Arrivo dalla banca proprio adesso. I just now got back from the bank. 29. REFLEXIVE VERBS Reflexive verbs express actions performed by the subject on the subject. These verbs are conjugated like regular verbs, but a reflexive pronoun precedes the verb form. This pronoun always agrees with the subject. In the infinitive form, reflexive verbs have -si attached to them with the final e dropped. Lavare is to wash, therefore lavarsi is to wash oneself. (Note that some verbs are reflexive in Italian, but not in English.) Reflexive Pronouns

mi ti si

ci vi si

Common reflexive verbs: to be satisfied with to fall asleep to get up to be bored to get angry accontentarsi di addormentarsi alzarsi annoiarsi arrabbiarsi to graduate (from college) to wash up to put on to get organized to make a reservation to remember to to make a mistake to feel (well, bad) to specialize to get married to wake up to get dressed laurearsi lavarsi mettersi organizzarsi prenotarsi ricordarsi di sbagliarsi sentirsi (bene, male) specializzarsi sposarsi svegliarsi vestirsi

to be called chiamarsi to forget to dimenticarsi di to graduate (from high diplomarsi school) to have a good time divertirsi farsi la barba / to shave (the face) radersi to stop (oneself) fermarsi to complain about lamentarsi di

Io mi lavo. I wash myself. Noi ci alziamo presto. We get up early. Si sveglia alle sette. She wakes up at seven. The plural reflexive pronouns (ci, vi, si) can also be used with non-reflexive verbs to indicate a reciprocal action. These verbs are called reciprocal verbs and are expressed by the words each other in English. to embrace to help to kiss to understand to meet to exchange gifts to look at abbracciarsi aiutarsi baciarsi capirsi conoscersi farsi regali guardarsi to run into to fall in love with to greet to write to to phone to see incontrarsi innamorarsi salutarsi scriversi telefonarsi vedersi

Ci scriviamo ogni settimana. We write to each other every week. Vi vedete spesso? Do you see each other often? 30. IRREGULARITIES IN REGULAR VERBS Verbs ending in -care and -gare add an h before the -i and iamo endings to keep the hard sound. Verbs ending in ciare and -giare do not repeat the i in front of the -i ending. Notice that these verbs are only slightly irregular in spelling, while the pronunciation still follows the normal conjugation pattern.

cercare - to look for cerco cerchi cerca cerchiamo cercate cercano

cominciare - to start comincio cominci comincia cominciamo cominciate cominciano

31. PRESENT PERFECT (PASSATO PROSSIMO) The present perfect tense is used to express something that happened in the past, and which is completely finished (not habitual or continuous). To form this compound tense, which can translate as something happened, something has happened, or something did happen, conjugate avere or sometimes essere and add the past participle. To form the past participle, add these endings to the appropriate stem of the infinitives: -are -ere -ire -ato -uto -ito Verbs that can take a direct object are generally conjugated with avere. Verbs that do not take a direct object (generally verbs of movement), as well as all reflexive verbs, are conjugated with essere and their past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject. Avere uses avere as its auxiliary verb, while essere uses essere as its auxiliary verb. Negative sentences in the present perfect tense are formed by placing non in front of the auxiliary verb. Common adverbs of time are placed between avere/essere and the past participle. Io ho visitato Roma. I visited Rome. Tu non hai visitato gli Stati Uniti. You didn't visit the United States. Abbiamo conosciuto due ragazze. We met two girls. Maria andata in Italia. Maria went to Italy. (Note the agreement of the past participle with the subject.) Ho sempre avuto paura dei cani. I've always been afraid of dogs. Hai gi finito di studiare? Have you already finished studying? In addition, some verbs take on a different meaning in the present perfect: conoscere means to meet and sapere means to find out (or to hear). Reflexive Verbs in the Present Perfect Tense

Since all reflexive verbs use essere as the auxiliary verb, the past participle must agree with the subject. The word order is reflexive pronoun + essere + past participle. Mi sono divertita. I had fun. Si sentito male. He felt bad. 32. IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES Part 1: Part2: The following verbs all take avere as the auxiliary: to turn on to admit to hang (up) to open to drink to ask to close to grant, award to conclude to know (people) to correct to decide to disappoint to defend to say, tell to direct, run to discuss to distinguish to destroy to divide to exclude to express to do to insist to read to put accendere acceso ammettere ammesso appendere appeso aprire bere chiedere chiudere aperto bevuto chiesto chiuso to hide to offend to offer to lose to permit to cry to put, place to take to promise nascondere nascosto offendere offrire perdere offeso offerto perso / perduto pianto posto preso

permettere permesso piangere porre prendere

concedere concesso concludere concluso

promettere promesso proporre ridere risolvere proposto riso risolto

conoscere conosciuto to suggest correggere corretto decidere deludere difendere dire dirigere discutere deciso deluso difeso detto diretto discusso to laugh to solve, resolve to respond, answer to break to choose to write to suffer to turn off to spend to push to translate to draw, pull to kill to see to win

rispondere risposto rompere scegliere scrivere soffrire spegnere spendere spingere tradurre trarre uccidere vedere vincere rotto scelto scritto sofferto spento speso spinto tradotto tratto ucciso visto / veduto vinto

distinguere distinto distruggere distrutto dividere escludere fare insistere leggere mettere diviso escluso fatto insistito letto messo

esprimere espresso

Sample Avere Verb: avere - to have (io) ho avuto (tu) hai avuto (lei) ha avuto (noi) abbiamo avuto (voi) avete avuto (loro) hanno avuto

Ho avuto can mean I have, I have had, or I did have. 33. ESSERE VERBS In general, intransitive and reflexive verbs, as well as impersonal verbs and verbs describing a change of state or an evolution of some sorts, take essere as the auxiliary verb in the passato prossimo. These past participles must agree with the subject in gender and number by changing the final vowel. Irregular past participles are highlighted. to go to arrive to suffice, be enough to be necessary to cost to depend to regret, upset to become, grow, turn to last to enter to exist to be to arrive / to succeed to get old to die to be born to be necessary to leave to be pleasing [to like] to rain to stay, remain to go/come back in, return to remain, stay to return to succeed andare arrivare bastare bisognare costare dipendere dispiacere diventare durare entrare esistere essere giungere invecchiare morire nascere occorrere partire piacere piovere restare rientrare rimanere ritornare riuscire (a) andato arrivato bastato bisognato costato dipeso dispiaciuto diventato durato entrato esistito stato giunto invecchiato morto nato occorso partito piaciuto piovuto restato rientrato rimasto ritornato riuscito

to seem to serve, be of use to disappear to stay, be to happen to come back/return to go out to be worth to come

sembrare servire sparire stare succedere tornare uscire valere venire

sembrato servito sparito stato successo tornato uscito valso venuto

Sono nato a Torino nel 1965. I was born in Turin in 1965. Cosa successo? What happened? Lei stato malata ma niente di grave. She was sick, but it was nothing serious. There are also a few verbs (some with irregular past participles) that use essere as an auxiliary when they are intransitive (no direct object), but avere when they are transitive (with a direct object). to change, exchange to begin, start to run to grow (up), increase to diminish, decrease to explode to finish, end, stop to ripen, mature to improve to move to pass, pass through/over to worsen to go up, rise to descend, go down to live (be alive) cambiare cominciare correre crescere diminuire esplodere finire maturare migliorare muovere passare peggiorare salire scendere vivere cambiato cominciato corso cresciuto diminuito esploso finito maturato migliorato mosso passato peggiorato salito sceso vissuto

L'inverno finito. Winter is finished. Abbiamo finito di guardare il film. We finished watching the film. Sample Essere Verb: andare - to go sono andato / sono andata sei andato / sei andata siamo andati / siamo andate siete andati / siete andate

 andato / andata

sono andati / sono andate

Sono andato can mean I went, I was going, or I did go. Remember that -o is masculine and -a is feminine. The -i ending indicates all males or males and females; whereas the -e ending indicates only females. 34. FOOD & MEALS Part 1: breakfast lunch snack dinner fork spoon knife plate napkin cup glass bottle dishes silverware saucepan frying pan can opener corkscrew appetizer first course second course side dish pizza beverage ice dessert la colazione il pranzo la merenda la cena la forchetta il cucchiaio il coltello il piatto la salvietta / il tovagliolo la tazza il bicchiere la bottiglia le stoviglie le posate la pentola la padella l'apriscatole (m) il cavatappi l'antipasto il primo il secondo il contorno la pizza la bevanda il ghiaccio il dolce lemon honey olive oil vinegar jam yogurt cheese egg / eggs fried egg hard-boiled egg soft-boiled poached egg cereal soup rice salad french fries peanuts olives pastries croissant cake tart potato chips biscuits / cookies cocktail snacks sandwich il limone il miele l'olio d'oliva l'aceto la marmellata lo yogurt il formaggio l'uovo / le uova un uovo fritto / un uovo all'occhio di bue un uovo sodo un uovo alla coque un uovo in camicia i cereali la minestra / la zuppa il riso l'insalata le patatine fritte le noccioline le olive le paste il cornetto la torta la crostata le patatine i biscotti i salatini il tramezzino Part 2:

bottle opener l'apribottiglie (m)

ice cream cream chocolate juice wine milk water soft drink coffee (iced) tea bread butter salt pepper sugar

il gelato la panna la cioccolata il succo il vino il latte l'acqua (minerale) la bibita il caff il t (freddo) il pane il burro il sale il pepe lo zucchero

roll meat steak chicken turkey fish ham lamb goat rabbit liver pork beef bacon veal

il panino la carne la bistecca il pollo il tacchino il pesce il prosciutto l'agnello il capretto il coniglio il fegato il maiale il manzo la pancetta il vitello

La merenda refers to the snack that children have around 10 or 11 AM while at school, but it can also mean afternoon snack. You can also use uno spuntino to refer to a snack in general. 35. PIACERE & SERVIRE Piacere - to like / Servire - to need piaccio piaci piace Past participle: piaciuto piacciamo piacete piacciono servo servi serve Past participle: servito Piacere (a) literally means to be pleasing (to) so to form a sentence you have to invert the word order. You must also use the prepositional contractions with a. Maria piace a Giovanni. John likes Mary. (Literally: Mary is pleasing to John) Gli studenti piacciono ai professori. The teachers like the students. (Literally: The students are pleasing to the teachers). The most common forms are the third person singular and plural when used with object pronouns. The object pronouns that are used with these two verbs are somewhat similar to the reflexive pronouns: serviamo servite servono

mi ti gli / le

I (to me) you (to you) he / she (to him / her)

ci we (to us) vi you (to you) gli they (to them)

To say I like something, use Mi piace if it is singular and Mi piacciono if it is plural. Piaciuto is the past participle and it is used with essere. However, it always agrees with the subject (what is liked) instead of the person. Mi piace cucinare. I like to cook. (Literally: To me is pleasing to cook.) Gli piacciono i treni. He likes trains. (Literally: To him are pleasing the trains.) Ci piaciuta la bistecca. We liked the steak. (Literally: To us was pleasing the steak.) Non le sono piaciuti gli spaghetti. She didn't like the spaghetti. (Literally: Not to her was pleasing the spaghetti.) Stressed forms also exist for the object pronouns. They are nearly identical to the subject pronouns, except me and te are used for me and you (familiar). They are always preceded by the preposition a. A me non piace sciare. I don't like to ski. (Literally: To me not is pleasing to ski.) A loro piace viaggiare? Do they like to travel? (Literally: To them is pleasing to travel.) Servire has the same construction as piacere. It is also used primarily in the third person singular and plural forms and takes an indirect object. When it takes a direct object, it simply means to serve. Ti serve della frutta? Do you need any fruit? (Literally: By you is needed some fruit?) Il pane serve a Marco. Marco needs bread. (Literally: The bread is needed by Marco.) Mancare can be used in the same way as piacere and servire to mean to miss or to lack. If used in the regular way, it means to be missing / absent. Mi manchi. I miss you. (Literally: To me you are missing.) Chi manca? Who is missing? 36. FRUITS & VEGETABLES almond apple apricot artichoke la mandorla la mela l'albicocca il carciofo lettuce lime melon mint la lattuga la limetta il melone la menta

asparagus avocado banana barley bean (broad) bean (kidney) berry broccoli cabbage carrot cauliflower celery cherry chestnut chives corn cucumber currant cypress date eggplant fig fruit garlic grapefruit grapes hazelnut herb horse-radish leaf lemon lentil

l'asparago l'avocado la banana l'orzo la fava il fagiolo la bacca i broccoli il cavolo la carota il cavolfiore il sedano la ciliegia la castagna la cipollina il granoturco il cetriolo il ribes il cipresso il dattero la melanzana il fico la frutta l'aglio il pompelmo l'uva la nocciola l'erba la barbaforte la foglia il limone la lenticchia

mushroom nut oats olive onion orange parsley pea peach pear pepper pine pineapple plum potato pumpkin radish raspberry rice rye sage seed spinach strawberry tomato turnip vegetables vine walnut watermelon wheat zucchini

il fungo la noce l'avena l'oliva la cipolla l'arancia il prezzemolo il pisello la pesca la pera il peperone il pino l'ananasso la prugna / la susina la patata la zucca il ravanello il lampone il riso la segale la salvia il seme gli spinaci la fragola il pomodoro la rapa i legumi / le verdure la vite la noce l'anguria / il cocomero il frumento la zucchina

37. TO TAKE, EAT OR DRINK Prendere - to take, eat or drink and Bere - to drink

prendo prendi prende

prendiamo prendete prendono

bevo bevi beve

beviamo bevete bevono

Past participle: preso

Past participle: bevuto Bere is only used to mean to drink when it is used in the general sense, as is mangiare - to eat. The rest of the time you simply use prendere when referring to eating or drinking, similar to how we can use the verb have in English. 38. COMMANDS -are -ere -i -a -ete -ire -i / -isci -a / -isca -ite

tu form (singular familiar) Lei form (singular polite) voi form (plural polite) noi form (Let's ...)

-a -i -ate

-iamo -iamo -iamo

To make a command negative, add non before the command, except for the tu (singular familiar) commands, when you use non and the infinitive. tu form Answer! Don't answer! Rispondi! Non rispondere! Lei form Risponda! Non risponda! voi form Rispondete! Non rispondete! stare to be / stay sta' stia state

Irregular Commands andare - venire - fare - to to go to come do sing. va' fam. sing. vada pol. plural andate vieni venga venite fa' faccia fate dare - dire - to essere avere to give say / tell - to be to have da' dia date di' dica dite sii sia siate abbi abbia abbiate

Let's andiamo veniamo facciamo diamo diciamo siamo abbiamo stiamo The words avanti, dai and su can accompany commands to give emphasis, similar to come on! in English. If pure is used with a command, it softens the intensity. 39. MORE NEGATIVES non...mai never

non...pi non...nessuno non...neanche non...n...n

no longer, no more nobody, no one not even neither...nor

non...niente / nulla nothing

The non goes before the verb and the second part goes after. Non ho niente. I have nothing. Nessuno and niente can also be subjects. In this case, non is not used. Nessuno venuto. No one came. 40. HOLIDAY PHRASES Buon Anno! Buona Pasqua! Buon compleanno! Buon Natale! Buone feste! Buona vacanza! Happy New Year! Happy Easter! Happy Birthday! Merry Christmas! Happy Holidays! Have a good vacation! Have a good trip! Best wishes!

Buon divertimento! Have a good time! Buon viaggio! Tanti auguri!

Babbo Natale is Santa Claus and il panettone or il pandoro are the traditional cakes eaten at Christmas. For Easter, the traditional cake is called la colomba. Be careful with the difference between ferie and feriale: le ferie or i giorni di ferie are holidays when most places of business are closed; the opposite is un giorno feriale, or a weekday/working day.

THE ITALIAN NATIONAL ANTHEM: INNO DI MAMELI

by Goffredo Mameli Fratelli d'Italia, l'Italia s' desta, Dell'elmo di Scipio s' cinta la testa. Dov' la Vittoria? Le porga la chioma, Ch schiava di Roma Iddio la cre. Stringiamci a coorte, siam pronti alla morte, siam pronti alla morte, l'Italia chiam. S!

Italian brothers, Italy has arisen, Has put on the helmet of Scipio, Where is victory? Created by God The slave of Rome, She crowns you with glory. Let us unite, We are ready to die, Italy calls. 41. IMPERFECT TENSE The imperfect tense is also called the past descriptive tense and corresponds to was doing or used to do in English. The imperfect is used to describe a continued or habitual action in the past, or to describe an action that was occurring in the past, while something else happened. Time, age, weather conditions as well as mental and physical conditions are all expressed in the imperfect rather than the passato prossimo tense. The imperfect in Italian has the same ending for all three verb groups. It is formed by dropping the -re of the infinitive and adding the following endings: -vo -vi -va -vamo -vate -vano

Avere is regular in the imperfect, but essere, bere, dire and fare are irregular. The stem of essere becomes er- for io, tu, lui/lei and loro, and it does not take the v, while the stem for noi and voi is era- and it does take the v. The stems for bere, dire, fare, porre and tradurre are slightly irregular: beve-, dice-, face-, pone-, and traduce- but they take the regular endings of the imperfect. ero eri era facevo facevi faceva essere - to be eravamo eravate erano fare - to do facevamo facevate facevano bere - to drink bevevo bevevamo bevevi bevevate beveva bevevano porre - to put / place ponevo ponevamo ponevi ponevate poneva ponevano dire - to say / tell dicevo dicevamo dicevi dicevate diceva dicevano tradurre - to translate traducevo traducevamo traducevi traducevate traduceva traducevano

Avevo fame. I was hungry. Era tardi. It was late. Non diceva niente. He wasn't saying anything. Aspettavamo in fila. We were waiting in line. Prendevo sempre l'autobus. I always take the bus.

42. TO BE/STAY AND TO GIVE stare - to be / stay sto stai sta stiamo state stanno do dai d dare - to give diamo date danno

Past participle: stato

Past participle: dato Stare means to be when used in progressive tense. If you use it with a present participle, it translates to something is happening, not something happens as with the present indicative. Stare is also used in many health expressions. Come stai? How are you? Sto bene. I'm fine. Stare per plus an infinitive means "to be about to" do something. Stavo per uscire. I was about to go out. Stiamo per mangiare. We're about to eat. Dare un esame means to take an exam rather than to give an exam. 43. GERUNDS Gerunds are formed by dropping the ending of the infinitive, and adding the following endings to the stem: Gerunds -are -ere -ire -ando -endo -endo

To express a progressive or continuous action, conjugate stare and add the gerund. Sto parlando italiano is I am speaking Italian. (As opposed to Parlo italiano I speak Italian.) There are only a few irregular gerunds: fare facendo (doing), dare - dando (giving), dire - dicendo (say/telling), bere - bevendo (drinking), porre - ponendo (putting, placing) and tradurre - tradunendo (translating). Che cosa stai facendo? What are you doing? Dove stanno andando? Where are they going? Stava dicendo la verit. He was telling the truth. 44. PLACES / AROUND TOWN airport alley l'aeroporto il vicolo library market la biblioteca il mercato

avenue bakery bank bar barn barracks bench bridge bookstore building butcher's cafe castle cathedral cemetery church cinema consulate corner courtyard crosswalk dock downtown dry cleaner's embassy factory farm fire hydrant fountain garage grocery store hospital hostel (youth) hotel house hut

la viale la panetteria / il panificio la banca il bar il granaio la caserma la panchina il ponte la libreria l'edificio la macelleria il caff il castello il duomo il cimitero la chiesa il cinema il consolato l'angolo il cortile il passaggio pedonale il bacino il centro la tintoria l'ambasciata la fabbrica la fattoria l'idrante la fontana il garage la drogheria l'ospedale (m) l'ostello della giovent l'albergo (m) la casa la capanna

ministry monument mosque museum palace park path / way pharmacy pier police station / headquarters post office port prison restaurant river road school sidewalk synagogue square stable stadium station store street suburb supermarket temple theater tower town / city town hall traffic light university village zebra crossing

il ministero il monumento la moschea il museo il palazzo il parco il sentiero / il cammino la farmacia il molo il commissariato / la questura l'ufficio postale il porto la prigione il ristorante il fiume la via la scuola il marciapiede la sinagoga la piazza la stalla lo stadio la stazione il negozio la strada il sobborgo il supermercato il tempio il teatro la torre la citt il municipio il semaforo l'universit (f) il villaggio le strisce

inn

l'osteria

zoo

lo zoo

Words denoting buildings in a city, as well as open spaces, do not use the article after in. Sono in ufficio, non in biblioteca. I'm in the office, not in the library. Non mi piace vivere in citt. Preferisco vivre in campagna. I don't like living in the city. I prefer to live in the countryside. 45. TRANSPORTATION & VEHICLES airplane ambulance automobile bicycle boat bus car ferry fire engine minivan moped l'aeroplano l'ambulanza l'automobile (f) la bicicletta la barca l'autobus (m) la macchina il traghetto l'autopompa la monovolume il motorino motorcycle on foot pickup truck semi-truck ship streetcar taxi tow truck tractor trailer train il motociclo a piedi il camion il camion con rimorchio il bastimento il tram il taxi il carro attrezzi il trattore il rimorchio il treno

To say by bus, car, etc., replace the article with in. 46. TO WANT, TO BE ABLE TO, TO HAVE TO volere - to want voglio vuoi vuole vogliamo volete vogliono potere - to be able to, can posso puoi pu possiamo potete possono devi deve dovere - to have to, must devo dobbiamo dovete devono

Past participle: voluto Past participle: potuto

Past participle: dovuto

In the passato prossimo, these three verbs can use either avere or essere as the auxiliary verb, depending on what auxiliary the main verb in the sentence takes. Abbiamo potuto parlare. We could/were able to talk. Sono dovuto partire presto. I had to leave early. Lucy voluta venire con noi. Lucy wanted to come with us.

Use of these verbs in the passato prossimo indicates that it is certain that the action did happen, whereas in the imperfect the result of the action remains unclear and uncertain. 47. ASKING QUESTIONS Yes / No Questions: The easiest way to ask a question is to simply add a question mark to the end of the statement and using rising intonation. Hai molto tempo libero? Do you have a lot of free time? Add non vero? / vero? / vero? or simply no? to the end of the statement. This literally translates as it is not true, and can have several meanings in English, such as isn't it/he/she, aren't you/they, doesn't it/he/she, don't you/they, etc. Sei una studentessa, non vero? You're a student, aren't you? If using a subject pronoun (or name), put it at the end or after the verb. Viene a casa Marco? Is Marco coming home? Mangia la pizza il ragazzo? Is the boy eating the pizza? Wh- Questions: Interrogatives are followed by the verb. Remember that quale agrees in gender and number with the noun it precedes. Quando vai in vacanza? When are you going on vacation? Di chi questo libro? Whose book is this? Che cosa fai oggi? What are you doing today? 48. HOUSE & FURNITURE alarm clock armchair ashtray attic balcony basement basket bathroom bathtub la sveglia la poltrona il portacenere la soffitta il balcone il sottosuolo la cesta il bagno la vasca da bagno hook house iron (flat) kerosene key kitchen ladder lamp lawn l'uncino la casa il ferro da stiro il petrolio la chiave la cucina la scala la lampada il prato

batteries bed bedroom bell (door) blanket blinds bookcase box broom bucket camcorder camera candle carpet cassette CD player ceiling chair chimney cigar cigarette clock closet coffee table compact disc computer corner cupboard curtain cushion desk dining room door drawer dresser driveway DVD player fence

le pile il letto la camera il campanello la coperta la persiana la libreria la scatola la scopa il secchio la telecamera la macchina fotografica la candela il tappeto la cassetta il lettore CD il soffito la sedia il camino il sigaro la sigaretta l'orologio l'armadio il tavolino il compact disc il computer l'angolo l'armadio la cortina / la tenda il cuscino la scrivania la sala da pranzo la porta il cassetto il com / il cassettone il viale d'accesso il lettore DVD lo steccato

light bulb living room lock mailbox matches mattress mirror oven pantry picture pillow pipe pipe (water) radio record refrigerator roof room rug sheet shelf shovel shower sideboard sink sink (bathroom) sitting room smoke sofa stairs steps storage room storey / floor stove study switch

la lampadina il soggiorno la serratura la cassetta postale i fiammiferi il materasso lo specchio il fornello la dispensa il quadro il cuscino la pipa il condotto la radio il disco il frigorifero il tetto la stanza il tappeto il lenzuolo lo scaffale la pala la doccia la credenza l'acquaio il lavandino il salotto il fumo il sof la scala lo scalino il ripostiglio il piano la stufa lo studio l'interruttore

microwave oven il forno microonde

poker (fireplace) l'attizzatoio

film fire flame flashlight floor floor (levels) flower freezer front walk furniture garage garden ground floor hearth

il rullino il fuoco la fiamma la pila tascabile il pavimento il piano il fiore il congelatore la passeggiata i mobili il garage il giardino il pianterreno il caminetto

table tap (faucet) telephone television toaster toilet (WC) towel vacuum cleaner vase VCR wall (house) wall (room) wastebasket window yard

la tavola il rubinetto il telefono il televisore il tostapane il gabinetto la salvietta l'aspiratore (m) il vaso il videoregistratore il muro la parete il cestino la finestra il giardino

flat / apartment l'appartamento

Although in is one of the prepositions that forms contractions with articles, the article is not used with rooms in a house. Dormiamo in camera e mangiamo in sala da pranzo. We sleep in the bedroom and we eat in the dining room. 49. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE Comparisons are expressed as follows: pi... di / che meno... di / che cos... come tanto... quanto more... than less... than as... as as... as

Pi and meno can be used with di or che. Di is used when comparing two different things, while che is used when the comparison is between two qualities of the same thing. Le ciliege sono pi buone delle fragole. Cherries are better than strawberries. La mela pi verde che rossa. The apple is more green than red. Franco cos alto come me. Frank is as tall as me. The Relative Superlative compares two or more things and expresses the greatest or the least degree. It is formed by placing the article before the comparative form of the adjective, or in front of the noun. And instead of the preposition in, di (and its contractions), is always used with the superlative.

Le mele sono la frutta meno costosa del mondo. Apples are the least expensive fruit in the world. L'oro il pi prezioso dei metalli. Gold is the most precious metal. Questo il palazzo pi alto di Napoli. This is the tallest building in Naples. The Absolute Superlative expresses an extreme degree or absolute state of something without comparison. This can be expressed in several ways in Italian. Drop the last vowel of the adjective and add -issimo, -issima, -issimi, or-issime. Le fragole sono dolcissime. Strawberries are very sweet. Place the words molto, troppo, or assai before the adjective. Questa arancia molto buona. This orange is very good. Repeat the adjective or adverb. Lei parla piano piano. She speaks very softly. 50. IRREGULAR FORMS Some adverbs have irregular comparative, relative superlative, and absolute superlative forms. The most common are: Adverb bene male molto poco well badly much little Comparative meglio peggio pi meno better worse more less Relative Superlative (il) meglio (il) peggio (il) pi (il) meno (the) best (the) worst (the) most (the) least Absolute Superlative benissimo pessimo moltissimo pochissimo very well very badly very much very little

51. CLOTHING & TOILETRIES apron barrette bathrobe belt blouse bomber jacket boot bra bracelet brush buckle button il grembiule il fermaglio l'accappatoio la cintura la camicetta il giubbotto lo stivale il reggiseno il braccialetto la spazzola per capelli la fibbia il bottone skirt sleeve slippers soap sock stocking suit sunglasses suspenders sweater sweatshirt swimsuit la gonna la manica la pantofola il sapone il calzino la calza l'abito / il vestito gli occhiali da sole le bretelle il maglione la felpa il costume da bagno

cap clothes coat collar comb contact lens cotton dress earmuffs earrings fashion glasses glove handbag hat jacket jeans mittens necklace needle nightgown outfit overcoat pajamas pants pin pocket purse raincoat ribbon ring sandals scarf shirt shoe

il berretto gli abiti il cappotto il colletto il pettine le lenti a contatto il cotone il vestito il paraorecchie l'orecchino la moda gli occhiali il guanto la borsa il cappello la giacca i jeans le manopole la collana l'ago il corredo il soprabito il pigiama i pantaloni lo spillo la tasca la borsetta l'impermeable il nastro l'anello i sandali la sciarpa la maglia la scarpa

thread tie T-shirt tracksuit umbrella underpants underwear / panties (women) waistcoat watch wool toothbrush toothpaste makeup lipstick nail polish nail polish remover mascara blush eyeliner eyeshadow foundation shampoo conditioner shaving cream razor tweezers nail clippers nail file floss curling iron straightening iron hairspray hairdryer powder perfume

il filo la cravatta la maglietta la tuta l'ombrello le mutande le mutandine il panciotto l'orologio la lana lo spazzolino il dentifricio il trucco il rossetto lo smalto per unghie l'acetone (m) il mascara il fard lo spazzolino per unghie l'ombretto il fondotinta la lozione lo sciampo il balsamo la crema da barba il rasoio le pinzette le forbicine la lima il filo interdentale il ferro arricciacapelli la piastra stiracapelli la lacca l'asciugacapelli la polvere il profumo

handkerchief il fazzoletto

la camicia da notte lotion

shoelace shorts silk

il laccio i pantaloncini la seta

cologne suntan lotion sponge

la colonia l'emulsione solare la spugna

Portare means to wear, but it also means to bring. You can use indossare or the reflexive verb mettersi for to wear / put on clothing. 52. TO WEAR mettersi - to wear, put on (clothing) mi metto ti metti si mette ci mettiamo vi mettete si mettono

Past participle: si messo You don't use possessive pronouns when referring to parts of the body or clothing, but you do use the definite article. Mi metto la maglia. I'm wearing my sweater. 53. FUTURE TENSE The future of regular verbs is formed by dropping the final -e of the infinitive and adding the following endings. For -are verbs, the a is changed to an e. - -ai - -emo -ete -anno Verbs ending in -care and -gare add an h after the c and g in the in order to retain the hard sounds. Verbs ending in -ciare and -giare drop the i from their stems in the future. Many verbs use irregular stems in the future tense, but they still use the regular endings from above: to be to have to be, stay to give to make to go to fall to have to, must essere avere stare dare fare andare cadere dovere saravrstardarfarandrcadrdovrto remain, stay to drink to put, place to come to translate to hold to draw, pull to explain rimanere bere porre venire tradurre tenere trarre spiegare rimarrberrporrverrtradurrterrtrarrspiegher-

to be able to, can to know (facts) to see to live (be alive) to want

potere sapere vedere vivere volere

potrsaprvedrvivrvorr-

to pay to look for to forget to eat to begin

pagare cercare dimenticare mangiare cominciare

paghercercherdimentichermangercomincer-

The future tense is commonly used after quando (when), appena (as soon as), dopo che (after), and se (if) even though the present tense is often used in English. In addition to expressing the future, this tense in Italian can also express probability; but in English, the words probably, can or must are used. Non vedo Maria da molto tempo. Dove sar? I haven't seen Maria in a long time. Where could she be? Sar ammalata o in vacanza. She must be sick or on vacation. Notice that Italian uses the future tense after se in hypothetical statements, whereas in English the present tense is used. Se domani far bel tempo, andr alla spiaggia. If the weather is good tomorrow, I'll go to the beach. The future perfect (futuro composto) is formed with the future of avere or essere plus a past participle. The translation in English is will have + past participle. It must be used when there are two actions in the future that do not happen at the same time. Alle sei, avremo gi mangiato. By six, we will have eaten already. Far un viaggio dopo che avr superato gli esami. He will go on a trip after he will have passed his exams. 54. PRECEDING ADJECTIVES Only a few adjectives go before the noun, the rest are placed right after it. Bello - beautiful, buono - good, grande large, and brutto - uglyare the most common preceding adjectives, even though they don't have to go before the noun. Bello and buono have alternate forms when they precede a noun. Buono e Bello Singular Masculine Plural Before a:

buono buon Feminine buona buon' Masculine bello bell' bel Feminine bella bell'

buoni

z, s + consonant vowel or consonant consonant vowel z, s + consonant vowel consonant consonant vowel

buone

begli bei

belle

If they go after the noun, then they can be formed in the usual way. The above forms are only for when they go before the noun. Be aware that grande can have alternate forms before nouns too. Grande can become gran before masculine or feminine nouns beginning with a consonant. Or it could contract to grand'before masculine or feminine nouns beginning with a vowel. But you do not have to use the alternate forms, whether or not you place the adjective before or after the noun. 55. ADJECTIVES: FEMININE AND PLURAL Masculine to Feminine and Singular to Plural Masc. -o -e Sing. -o, -e -a Fem. -a -e Plural -i -e Some adjectives have two forms, others have four. Francese (french) has two: francese and francesi. Nuovo (new) has four: nuovo, nuova, nuovi, and nuove. 56. MORE ADJECTIVES easy difficult simple complicated facile difficile semplice unpleasant good bad antipatico anxious buono cattivo grande angry stingy calm ansioso arrabbiato avaro calmo

complicato big / large

interesting boring long short (length) correct

interessant small e noioso lungo corto giusto young old intelligent stupid elegant

piccolo giovane vecchio

disappointe deluso d depressed depresso entertaining divertente eccitato

intelligent excited e stupido elegante generous

enthusiastic entusiasto generoso gentile nervoso bravo preoccupato

mistaken / wrong sbagliato expensive / dear caro

unfashionabl inelegante kind e ricco povero grosso / grasso sincero timido forte nervous good, able worried

economical/chea economico rich p modern old/ancient open closed tall short (height) narrow / tight wide / baggy (un)happy sad nice cheerful moderno antico aperto chiuso alto basso stretto largo (in)felice triste simpatico allegro poor

skinny / thin magro fat sincere shy strong generous dark blond light (color)

(un)satisfie (in)soddisfatt d o alone / lonely tired stressed solo stanco stressato serio pigro vivace sportivo classico pronto

gentle / kind gentile scuro / bruno biondo

(in)sensitive (in)sensibile

generoso serious lazy vivacious / bright

luminoso sporty / chiaro classical ready / quick

light (weight) leggero

(un)comfortable (in)comodo heavy / thick pesante

Pronto also means hello when answering the telephone. 57. ADVERBS Most adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective. Adjectives ending in -le or -re drop the final -e before adding -mente, if the l or r is preceded by a vowel. Adjective (feminine form) Adverb

recente comoda finale regolare

recentemente comodamente finalmente regolarmente

recently comfortably finally regularly

Note that the adverbial form of buono (good) is bene (well), and cattivo (bad) is male (badly). The adverb sempre (always) usually follows the verb. Anche (also, too) always precedes the noun, pronoun or infinitive to which it refers. When it precedes io, it becomes anch'. Noi studiamo sempre. We always study. Vuole anche questo libro. He wants that book, too. Anch'io devo studiare. I have to study too. 58. SPORTS & INSTRUMENTS athletics badminton baseball basketball bowling boxing car racing cycling football golf gymnastics handball hockey horse-riding ice-skating jogging rugby sailing skiing soccer surfing swimming l'atletica il volano il baseball la pallacanestro il bowling il pugilato l'automobilismo il ciclismo il golf la ginnastica la pallamano l'hockey l'equitazione il pattino il jogging il rugby la vela lo sci il calcio / il pallone il surf il nuoto banjo bassoon bow cello clarinet cymbals double bass drum flute French horn gong guitar harp maracas oboe piccolo saxophone tambourine triangle trombone trumpet il banjo il fagotto l'arco il violoncello il clarinetto i cembali il contrabbasso il tamburo il corno inglese il flauto il corno il gong la chitarra l'arpa i maracas l'oboe il piffero il sassofono il tamburino il triangolo il trombone la tromba

il foot-ball americano English horn

table tennis tennis volleyball water skiing wrestling

il ping-pong il tennis la pallavolo lo sci d'acqua la lotta 59. TO PLAY

tuba viola violin xylophone

la tuba la viola il violino lo xilofono

Giocare-to play gioco giochi gioca joh-koh joh-kee joh-kah giochiamo giocate giocano joh-kee-ah-moh joh-kah-teh joh-kahn-oh

Past participle: giocato Most sports use giocare a (sport) without the prepositional contractions to mean to play a sport. Giocano a pallacanestro. They play basketball. Mi piace giocare a calcio. I like to play soccer. Che cosa fai nel tempo libero? What do you do in your free time? Di solito faccio sport. Usually I play sports. 60. NATURE & GEOGRAPHY air archipelago bank bay barn beach branch bridge bud bush cape cave city climate cloud coast l'aria (f) l'arcipelago (m) la riva la baia la stalla la spiaggia il ramo il ponte il bocciolo l'arbusto (m) il capo / il promontorio la caverna la citt il clima la nube / nuvola la costa rain rainbow river rock root rose sand sea shadow sky snow soil south spring (water) star stem la pioggia l'arcobaleno (m) il fiume lo scoglio la radice la rosa la sabbia il mare l'ombra il cielo la neve il terreno il sud la sorgente la stella il gambo

comet constellation country country(side) current daffodil daisy darkness desert dew dust earth east farm field flower foam fog foliage forest frost grass gulf hail hay high tide hill ice island isthmus jungle lake leaf light lightning lily

la cometa la costellazione il paese la campagna la corrente il narciso la margherita l'oscurit (f) il deserto la rugiada la polvere la terra l'est (m) la tenuta il campo il fiore la schiuma la nebbia il fogliame il gelo l'erba (f) il golfo la grandine il fieno l'alta marea la collina il ghiaccio I'isola (f) l'istmo (m) la giungla il lago la foglia la luce il fulmine / lampo il giglio

storm strait stream street sun sunflower thaw thunder tornado tree trunk tulip valley view water fresh water salt water watering can waterfall weather west wind world North Pole South Pole Northern Hemisphere Soutern Hemisphere Arctic Circle equator Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Caribbean Sea

il temporale lo stretto il ruscello la strada il sole il girasole il disgelo il tuono il turbine l'albero il tronco il tulipano la valle la vista l'acqua l'acqua dolce l'acqua salata l'annaffiatoio la cascata l'onda (f) il tempo l'ovest (m) il vento il mondo il Polo Nord il Polo Sud l'emisfero settentrionale l'emisfero meridionale il circolo polare artico l'equatore (m) l'Oceano Artico l'Oceano Atlantico l'Oceano Pacifico l'Oceano Indiano il Mar dei Caraibi

il bosco / la foresta wave

low tide meadow moon mountain mountain range mouth (river) mud nature north peninsula plain planet plant pond

la bassa marea il prato la luna la montagna la catena montuosa l'imboccatura il fango la natura il nord la penisola il pianeta la pianta lo stagno

Mediterranean Sea il Mar Mediterraneo North Sea Red Sea Black Sea il Mare del Nord il Mar Rosso il Mar Nero

Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Uranus Neptune Pluto

Mercurio Venere Terra Marte Giove Saturno Uranio Nettuno Plutone

il piano / la pianura Saturn

pot (for plants) il vaso da fiori 61. OBJECT PRONOUNS Subject io tu lui lei I you (s.i.) he/it Direct mi ti lo ci vi me you him/it us you Indirect mi ti gli ci vi to me to you to him/it to us to you Object of Prepositions me te lui noi voi me you him/it her/it/you us you them/you

she/it/you (s.p.) la

her/it/you le

to her/it/you lei

noi we voi you (p.i.) loro they/you (p.p.)

li/le them/you loro to them/you loro

1. S.i. means singular informal, s.p. means singular polite, p.i. means plural informal, and p.p. means plural polite. For you (s.p.) and you (p.p.) they are capitalized to set them apart from the other meaning. (Lei instead of lei and Loro instead of loro.) 2. Direct and indirect pronouns go directly before the conjugated verb OR they are attached to the infinitive at the end (minus the final -e of the infinitive); except loro, which always follows the verb: Lo voglio comprare. = Voglio comprarlo. I want to buy it. 3. With commands, the pronoun (except loro) is attached to the end and written as one word: Parlatemi! Talk to me! With one syllable commands, the consonant of the pronoun is doubled before adding it to the end of the command: di' + mi = dimmi! tell me!

However, with negative commands, the pronoun may either be placed at the end as with positive commands, or they can be placed between non and the verb: Non andarci! = Non ci andare! Don't go there! 4. When you have more than one pronoun, the indirect comes before the direct. 5. Mi, ti, ci, and vi change to me, te, ce, and ve before lo, la, li and le. Also notice the insertion of ce before a pronoun + avere in constructions such as: Ce l'ho. I have it. Non ce le ho. I don't have them. 6. Gli and le become glie before lo, la, li, and le; and are written as one word connected with the other pronoun: glielo, gliela, glieli, gliele If you use the direct object pronouns lo, la, li, le in the present perfect tense, the past participle must agree with them. Hai mangiato il panino? Lo ho mangiato. Hai mangiato la pasta? La ho mangiata. Did you eat the bun? I ate it. Did you eat the pastry? I ate it. In negative sentences, pronouns go before the entire verb as well, but after the non. I haven't eaten it. Non lo ho mangiato.

The following verbs are always used with indirect pronouns or nouns: to give dare to say/tell dire to ask domandare to lend to teach to send to show to offer imprestare insegnare mandare mostrare offrire to bring to prepare to give (as a gift) to return, give back to bring back to answer to write to call/telephone portare preparare regalare rendere riportare rispondere scrivere telefonare

62. PARTS OF THE BODY ankle arm artery la caviglia il braccio l'arteria mouth muscle nail la bocca il muscolo l'unghia

back beard belly bladder blood body bone brain breast breath calf cheek chest chin coccyx cold complexion cough disease ear elbow eye eyebrow eyelid face fever finger fist flesh foot forehead gum hair hand head headache health heart

il dorso la barba il ventre la vescica il sangue il corpo l'osso il cervello il seno l'alito il polpaccio la guancia il petto il mento il coccige il raffreddore la carnagione la tosse la malattia l'orecchio il gomito l'occhio il sopracciglio la palpebra la faccia / il viso la febbre il dito il pugno la carne il piede la fronte la gengiva i capelli la mano la testa il mal di testa la salute il cuore

neck nerve pain nose palm pulse rib shin / tibia shoulder skeleton skin skull sole spine stomach tear temple thigh throat thumb toe tongue tooth vein wound waist wrist see hear smell taste touch enamel filling crown gum

il collo il nervo il dolore il naso la palma il polso la costola la tibia la spalla lo scheletro la pelle il cranio la pianta la spina dorsale lo stomaco la lacrima la tempia la coscia la gola il pollice il dito del piede la lingua il dente la vena la ferita la vita il polso vedere udire annusare assaggiare toccare lo smalto l'otturazione la corona la gengiva

heel hip intestine jaw kidney knee leg lip liver lung moustache

il tallone l'anca l'intestino la mascella il rene il ginocchio la gamba il labbro il fegato il polmone i baffi

bone root nerve iris cornea pupil retina optic nerve lens

l'osso la radice il nervo l'iride la cornea la pupilla la retina il nervo ottico la lente

You can use the expressions Ho mal di + body part or Mi fa male + definite article and the body part to say that something hurts. If the noun is plural, you have to use mi fanno male instead of mi fa male. Ho mal di testa. My head hurts. / I have a headache. Mi fa male il dito. My finger hurts. Mi fanno male gli occhi. My eyes hurt. To talk about hair and eyes: Ha i capelli corti / lunghi. S/he has short / long hair. Ha i capelli biondi / bruni / neri / rossi. S/he has blond / brown / black / red hair. Ha gli occhi azzurri / marroni / grigi / verdi. S/he has blue / brown / gray / green eyes. 63. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS Most of the question words are invariable (they don't have to agree with the noun), but quale (which) and quanto (how much/many) must agree. Note that these words do not require a noun to follow them. Before singular nouns, quale is used, and before plural nouns, quali is used. Quale camicetta compri? Which blouse are you buying? Quali maglioni compri? Which pullovers are you buying? Quali compri? Which ones are you buying? Quanto has four forms that follow the regular adjective pattern. Quanto is masculine singular, quanta is feminine singular, quanti is masculine plural and quante is feminine plural. Quanto denaro hai? How much money do you have?

Quante camicette compri? How many blouses are you buying? Quanto costa? How much does it cost? 64. RELATIVE PRONOUNS Relative pronouns connect a dependent clause and a main clause together in a sentence. An antecedent is the noun or pronoun that the relative pronoun refers back to. The relative pronouns in English are that, what, which, whom, and whose. The relative pronouns in Italian are che, cui, il quale (and its forms), chi, quello che, quel che, and ci che. When the antecedent is a definite person, animal or thing, che, cui or a form of il quale is used. Che is invariable and never used with a preposition. Cui is also invariable, but it is always used with a preposition. Il quale and its forms can be used with articles or articles plus prepositions. It is mainly used in formal speech, writing and for clarity, and rarely in casual conversation. La ragazza che vedi mia sorella. The girl whom you see is my sister. Per le pillole di cui hai bisogno ci vuole la ricetta. The pills (of) which you need require a prescription. Lei la sola persona nella quale (or in cui) io abbia fiducia. You are the only person whom I trust. una medicina la quale (or che) non fa male allo stomaco. It's medicine that doesn't upset your stomach. When the antecedent is unknown or indefinite, chi is used when referring to people. It is invariable and means "he/she who," "whoever," "the one who" and takes a verb in the third person singular form. Quello che, quel che, and ci che are all invariable and interchangeable. They refer to things only and mean "what" or "that which." Chi sta bene non va dal dottore. He who feels well doesn't go to the doctor. Chi trova un amico, trova un tesoro. One who finds a friend, finds a treasure. Non capisco quello che dice. I don't understand what he's saying. Ci che scrivi sbagliato. What you're writing is wrong. 65. TO READ, TO SAY/TELL, TO GO OUT, TO LAUGH leggere - to read leggo leggi legge leggete dire - to say/tell diciamo dite dicono dici uscire - to go out esco esci esce usciamo uscite escono ridere - to laugh rido ridiamo ridi ridete ride ridono leggiamo dico leggono dice

Past participle: letto

Past participle: detto

Past participle: uscito

Past participle: riso

The verb dire is also used in the expression: Che ne dici di + infinitive? How about / Do you want to + infinitive? When uscire is followed by a place, the preposition da plus any contractions must be used, except in the idiom uscire di casa. Esco dall'universit alle 5.30. I leave the university at 5:30. 66. INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES & PRONOUNS Adjectives masculine singular any / some as much / many other some a lot of several few such a / such so much / many too much / many all various / several not one / not any alcuno altrettanto altro certo molto parecchio poco tale tanto troppo tutto vario nessuno feminine singular alcuna altrettanta altra certa molta parecchia poca tale tanta troppa tutta varia nessuna masculine plural alcuni altrettanti altri certi molti parecchi pochi tali tanti troppi tutti vari feminine plural alcune altrettante altre certe molte parecchie poche tali tante troppe tutte varie

(no plural form)

Invariable Adjectives every some / a few whatever / any whatever / any ogni qualche qualsiasi qualunque

Pronouns who / whoever whoever / no matter who however / no matter how whatever / no matter what each each no one / nobody / not any nothing nothing something someone one the ones the others chi chiunque comunque qualunque cosa ciascuno / ciascuna ognuno / ognuna nessuno / nessuna niente nulla qualcosa qualcuno / qualcuna uno / una gli uni gli altri 67. CI AND NE Ci (there, it, about it, of it) and ne (some, of them, of it) are both pronouns that go before the verb and they replace prepositional phrases. Ci will replace phrases indicating locations that begin with in, on, to, at, under, etc. and ne will replace phrases that are usually preceded by some or a number and that indicate quantities. Example Sentences I live in Paris. I live there. I have some apples. I have some (of them). I have five sisters. I have five (of them). Do you buy books often? I buy many (of them). Vivo a Parigi. Ci vivo. Ho delle mele. Ne ho. Ho cinque sorelle. Ne ho cinque. Compri spesso libri? Ne compro molte.

wherever / no matter where dovunque

Similar to other pronouns, ci and ne go directly before the conjugated verb or they are attached to the infinitive at the end (minus the final -e of the infinitive). Ci voglio andare. = Voglio andarci. I want to go there.

Ne posso spendere molti. = Posso spenderne molti. I can spend a lot. In the perfect tenses, the past participle must agree with the noun that ne refers to, the same way that it must agree with the direct object preceding it: Quante caramelle hai mangiato? How many candies did you eat? Ne ho mangiate quattro. I ate four of them. Other Uses of Ci The particle ci is also used in the verbs volerci and metterci. Both of these verbs translate to take when referring to how much time is needed to do something. In addition, volerci translates to need, be required when there is no reference to time and it is often used in the impersonal sense (general you or we; is + past participle). Per fare un tavolo ci vuole il legno. To make a table, you need wood / wood is required. Ci vogliono fatti e non teorie. We need facts and not theories. Ci metto 30 minuti per andare al lovoro. It takes me 30 minutes to get to work. Non ci metti molto a finirlo. It doesn't take me a lot of time to finish it. 68. ANIMALS animal ant antelope antenna antler badger bat beak bear bee beetle bird blackbird bull butterfly calf l'animale (m) la formica l'antilope (f) l'antenna le corna il tasso il pipistrello il becco l'orso l'ape (f) lo scarabeo l'uccello il merlo il toro la farfalla il vitello lark lion lizard louse mackerel mole monkey mosquito moth mouse mule mussel nest nightingale octopus l'allodola il leone la lucertola il pidocchio lo sgombro la talpa la scimmia la zanzara la falena il topo il mulo la cozza il nido l'usignolo il polpo

lobster (spiny) l'aragosta

carp cat caterpillar cheetah chicken chimpanzee claw cockroach cod cocoon cow crab crayfish crocodile crow deer dog donkey dragonfly duck eagle eel egg elephant feather fin fish flea fly fox frog fur gill giraffe goat goose gorilla

la carpa il gatto il bruco il ghepardo il pollo lo scimpanz l'artiglio lo scarafaggio il merluzzo il bozzolo la vacca il granchio il gambero il coccodrillo il corvo il cervo il cane l'asino la libellula l'anitra l'aquila l'anguilla l'uovo l'elefante (m) la penna la pinna il pesce la pulce la mosca la volpe il ranocchio la pelliccia la branchia la giraffa la capra l'oca il gorilla

ostrich owl ox oyster parrot partridge paw penguin pig pigeon pike pony rabbit raccoon rat rooster salmon scale scorpion sea gull seahorse seal shark sheep shrimp skin slug snail snake sole sparrow spider squid squirrel starfish stork swallow

lo struzzo il gufo il bue l'ostrica il pappagallo la pernice la zampa il pinguino il porco il piccione il luccio il pony il coniglio il procione il ratto / il sorcio il gallo il salmone la squama lo scorpione il gabbiano il cavalluccio marino la foca lo squalo la pecora il gamberetto / il gambero la pelle la lumaca la chiocciola il serpente / la biscia la sogliola il passero il ragno il calamaro la scoiattolo la stella di mare la cicogna la rondine

grasshopper hamster hare hedgehog hen heron herring hoof horn horse hummingbird iguana insect jellyfish kitten ladybug lamb

la cavalletta il criceto la lepre il riccio la gallina l'airone (m) l'aringa lo zoccolo il corno il cavallo il colibr l'iguana l'insetto la medusa il gattino la coccinella l'agnello

swan tadpole tail tiger toad trout tuna turkey turtle wasp weasel whale wing wolf worm zebra

il cigno il girino la coda la tigre il rospo la trota il tonno il tacchino la tartaruga la vespa la donnola la balena l'ala il lupo il verme la zebra

69. PAST PERFECT TENSE (TRAPASSATO PROSSIMO) The pluperfect or past perfect tense corresponds to the English "had + past participle." It indicates an event that happened prior to another event in the past. It consists of the imperfect of avere or essere (whichever auxiliary verb the main verb takes in the present perfect tense) and a past participle. L'avevo gi notato. I had already noticed it. Ero andato ad un suo concerto. I had been to one of his concerts. Non avevo avuto ancora occasione. I hadn't had the opportunity yet. Erano gi stati a San Remo. They had already been to San Remo. 70. SUFFIXES Suffixes may be attached to nouns, adjectives or adverbs. The final vowel of the word should be dropped before adding the suffixes. The endings -ino, -ina, -ello, -ella, -etta, -etta, uccio, and -uccia are diminutives that express smallness. The endings -one and -ona are augmentatives and express largeness. The endings -ino and -uccio also express endearment. The endings -aacio, -accia, -astro, -astra, azzo, and -azza imply ugliness or poor quality.

letter parcel boy

lettera pacco ragazzo

small letter large parcel bad boy

letterina paccone ragazzaccio

Tesorino mio! My sweetheart! Amoruccio mio! My sweet love! 71. CONJUNCTIONS and or otherwise, or and yet, still nevertheless now but, however but, however neither nor therefore, then in fact so, therefore what, that when while e o oppure eppure tuttavia ora ma per nn dunque infatti quindi che quando mentre because because, so that so that, in order that since as soon as given that if until up to, until though although although although before as soon as ch perch affinch poich siccome dato che se finch fino a bench sebbene nonostante quantunque prima que appena

72. PASSIVE VOICE In passive sentences, the subject receives the action of the verb. In active sentences, the subject does the action. However, the meaning of both sentences is the same. The passive form is only possible with transitive verbs and is much more common in English than in Italian. The passive form consists of the verb essere plus the past participle of the main verb followed by da (by) and its contractions. Essere should be in the same tense as the verb in its corresponding active sentence. The past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject. Active Passive I miei genitori pagano l'affitto. L'affitto pagato dai miei genitori. My parents pay the rent. The rent is paid by my parents.

I contratti sono firmati dalle ragazze. The contracts are signed by the girls. La stanza stata arredata da Carlo. The room was decorated by Carlo. L'affitto sar pagato dai miei genitori. The rent will be paid by my parents. 73. IMPERSONAL EXPRESSIONS Si can be used as a reflexive pronoun, but it can also be used as an impersonal pronoun. It corresponds to "one, you, we, the people in general, or they" in English and always use the third person form of the verb (either singular or plural depending on the object). Qui si vende carta da lettere. We sell writing paper here. / Writing paper is sold here. Si vendono anche matite? Do you also sell pencils? Qui non si parla francese. We don't speak French here. / French is not spoken here. To avoid si si with reflexive verbs in an impersonal use, use ci si instead: Ci si diverte molto. One has a lot of fun. To avoid the use of si in impersonal statements, replace it with uno: Si mangia bene qui. = Uno mangia bene qui. One eats well here. Other impersonal expressions, which are followed by infinitives, include: Bisogna - it is necessary, one must necessario - it is necessary possibile -it is possible meglio - it is better facile / difficile - it is easy / difficult utile / inutile - it is useful / useless 74. POST OFFICE AND BANK post office mailbox mail carrier mailbag price la posta la cassetta delle lettere il postino il sacco della posta il prezzo bank file cabinet guard safe la banca lo schedario il custode la cassaforte

safety deposit box la cassetta di

sicurezza scale package stamp letter address postal worker newspaper magazine la bilancia il pacchetto il francobollo la lettera l'indirizzo checkbook credit card bills coins deposit slip il libretto degli assegni la carta di credito le banconote le monete la distinta di versamento la penna l'assegno il cassiere

l'impiegata postale pen il giornale la rivista check bank teller

75. USEFUL EXPRESSIONS Non ne posso pi! Lasciamo perdere! Che bello! Per forza! Non cos semplice! Chiss? Ti pelano! Non vedo l'ora di... Siamo messe male. Che senso ha? Magari! Non ne voglio proprio sapere! Fai bene! Non ce la faccio da sola! Meglio ancora! Che ne dici di ... ? Figurati! Accidenti (a te)! / Mannaggia! Uffa! / Che rabbia! Che peccato! Mi va di... Faccia pure! Te la cavi bene. I can't take it anymore! Forget about it! How nice! No wonder! It's not that easy! Who knows? They make you pay too much! I can't wait to... We are in bad shape. (not physically) What's the point? I wish! I really don't want to know about it! Good for you! I can't do it by myself! Even better! What about ... ? (when inviting someone to do something) Don't mention it! / No problem! (informal) Darn (you)! What a nuisance! What a pity! I feel like... Go ahead! You manage it well. (speaking a language, for example)

76. INFINITIVES FOLLOWED BY PREPOSITIONS The following verbs require di or a when followed by another infinitive, although the preposition is not always translated into English. The preposition a can be changed to ad when the following verb begins with a vowel. verb + di + infinitive accettare di aspettare di avere bisogno di avere il piacere di to accept to wait for to need to have the pleasure to be afraid to feel like to try to cease to ask to command to believe to decide to forget to say, tell to ask to finish to offer to plan to permit to promise to remember to know to stop, cease to dream to hope to try, attempt verb + a + infinitive abituarsi a aiutare a andare a cominciare a continuare a convincere a correre a imparare a insegnare a invitare a mandare a passare a pensare a preparare a provare a riuscire a servire a stare a stare attento a tornare a venire a to get used to to help to be going to to begin to continue to convince to run to learn to teach to invite to send to stop by to think of to prepare to try to succeed to be good for to stay, stand to be careful to return to come

avere intenzione di to intend avere paura di avere voglia di cercare di cessare di chiedere di comandare di credere di decidere di dimenticare di dire di domandare di finire di offrire di pensare di permettere di promettere di ricordare di sapere di smettere di sognare di sperare di tentare di

77. THE BEACH & FARM beach beach ball beach towel beach umbrella clam coconut fins goggles hut island lifeguard lighthouse lounge chair oar ocean liner palm tree picnic pier rowboat sailboat sand sand castle sea gull sea lion sea shell seal seashore seaweed suntan lotion la spiaggia il pallone l'asciugamano l'ombrellone l'ostrica la noce di cocco le pinne la maschera subacquea la capanna l'isola il bagnino il faro la sedia a sdraio il remo la nave la palma il picnic il molo la barca a remi la barca a vela la sabbia il castello di sabbia il gabbiano l'otaria la conchiglia la foca il litorale l'alga marina la crema abbronzante barn barrel chicken coop corral cottage farm farmhouse hay hoe lasso loft pitchfork rake saddle shovel silo stable stool tractor windmill il granaio il barile il pollaio il recinto il villino la fattoria la cascina il fieno la zappa il laccio il fienile il forcone il rastrello la sella la pala il silo la stalla lo sgabello il trattore il mulino a vento

surfboard waterskiing wave

la tavoletta da surf lo sci nautico l'onda 78. PROBLEM VERBS There are four verbs in Italian that correspond to the verb to leave in English: Lasciare means to leave a person or thing behind. Partire means to leave, to depart, to go away on a trip. Uscire means to go out (of a place) or to go out socially. Andare via means to go away (opposite of to stay.) There are three verbs that correspond to the verb to tell: Dire means to tell or say. Parlare means to speak or talk. Raccontare means to tell, in the sense of narrating. 79. FARE CAUSATIVE The verb fare can be followed by an infinitive to express the idea of having someone do something or having something done. If the object is a noun, it follows the infinitive; but if the object is a pronoun, it precedes the verb fare. (Unless the object pronoun is loro, then it always follows the infinitive.) Note that farsi can also be used in a causative construction when one is having something done to oneself. Abbiamo fatto fare quella sedia. We had that chair made. Faccio studiare i ragazzi. I make the boys study. Li faccio studiare. I make them study. Mi faccio tagliare i capelli. I'm having my hair cut. When a causative sentence has two objects, the person being made to do something becomes the indirect object. In Italian, the indirect object is introduced by a. Il maestro fa leggere lo studente. The teacher makes the student read. Il maestro fa leggere la lettura allo studente. The teacher makes the student read the passage. To avoid ambiguity with the indirect object, the preposition da instead of a can be used. The sentence Abbiamo fatto mandare il pacco a Maria can mean two things: 1) We had Mary send the package or 2) We had the package sent to Mary. If the first meaning is intended, then da can replace a. 80. OFFICE & SCHOOL SUPPLIES

backpack / small

lo zaino / lo

paper clip

la graffetta

backpack binder / folder blackboard book bookcase briefcase cabinet calculator calendar chair chalk crayon date desk dictionary drawer envelope eraser exercise book globe glue ink lamp map marker news newspaper notebook novel page paper

zainetto la camicia la lavagna il libro la libreria la cartella l'armadietto la calcolatrice il calendario la sedia il gessetto il pastello la data la scrivania il dizionario il cassetto la busta la gomma il quaderno il mappamondo la colla l'inchiostro la lampada la carta il pennarello le notizie il giornale il quaderno il romanzo la pagina la carta pen pencil pencil case la penna la matita l'astuccio per le matite la rivista l'agenda il righello i forbici il foglio di carta il punto metallico la spillatrice / la cucitrice il libro di testo la macchina da scrivere il computer il portatile / laptop il monitor la tastiera il mouse la stampante lo scanner il cavo il microfono il dischetto il documento l'apparecchio la fotocopiatrice il software il file / il dossier il pendrive il hard disk esterni

pencil sharpener il temperamatite periodical planner ruler scissors sheet of paper staple stapler text book typewriter computer laptop monitor keyboard mouse printer scanner cable microphone disk (floppy) document fax machine photocopier software file USB key / flashdrive external hard drive

81. CONDITIONAL TENSES The conditional tense expresses "would" and is used with requests and doubts. It is also used in hypothetical situations

with "if" clauses or with events or actions that may occur in the future, but probably won't. You will also see it in headlines of newspapers to indicate that something has not yet been proven to be true. To form the present conditional, use the future stem and these endings for all verbs. -ei -esti -ebbe -emmo -este -ebbero

As in the future tense, verbs ending in -care and -gare add an h after the c or g for pronunciation. Verbs endings in ciare and -giare drop the final i in all forms of the present conditional. The verbs that have irregular future stems are also irregular in the conditional tense: to be to have to be, stay to give to make to go to fall to have to, must to be able to, can to know (facts) to see to live (be alive) to want essere avere stare dare fare andare cadere dovere potere sapere vedere vivere volere saravrstardarfarandrcadrdovrpotrsaprvedrvivrvorrto remain, stay to drink to put, place to come to translate to hold to draw, pull to explain to pay to look for to forget to eat to begin rimanere bere porre venire tradurre tenere trarre spiegare pagare cercare dimenticare mangiare cominciare rimarrberrporrverrtradurrterrtrarrspiegherpaghercercherdimentichermangercomincer-

Gli parlerei, ma non a casa. I would talk to him, but he's not at home. Prendereste un caff? Would you like some coffee? Sarei pi contenta. I would be happier. The past conditional expresses the same basic idea as the present conditional. It is formed by using the presentconditional of avere or essere and the past participle of the main verb. If the main clause is in the present tense, then the subordinate clause will either be in the present or past conditional in Italian.

Non so se lo potrebbe fare. I don't know if he would be able to do it. However, if the main clause is in the past tense, then the subordinate clause MUST be in the past conditional in Italian: Ha detto che sarebbe venuto. He said that he would come. 82. CAR & DRIVING accelerator air conditioning air hose automatic transmission axle battery body of car brake brake light bulb bumper carburetor chain choke clutch damage dashboard diesel door door handle driver's license engine fender flat tire gas can il acceleratore la climatizzazione la trasmissione automatica l'asse (f) la batteria la carrozzeria il freno la luce dei freni l'ampolla il paraurti il carburatore la catena l'aria la frizione l'avaria il cruscotto il diesel lo sportello la maniglia la patente il motore il paraurti la gomma a terra il bidone per la benzina hubcap ignition il coprimozzo l'accensione (f) il cricco i cavi per l'avviamento la targa la trasmissione manuale il motore il parafango il olio l'oliatore senso unico la pompa la bucatura il radiatore lo spechietto retrovisore l'immatricolazione (f) il tetto il sedile la cintura di sicurezza lo spechietto laterale la gomma di scorta la scintilla la candela la molla l'avviamento

la pompa pneumatica jack jumper cables license plate manual transmission motor mudguard oil oil can one way pump puncture radiator rearview mirror registration roof seat seatbelt side mirror spare tire spark spark plug spring starter

gas cap gas pump gas tank gasoline gear grade crossing headlight heater hood hood horn horsepower

il coperchio del serbatoio la pompa di benzina il serbatoio della benzina la benzina l'ingranaggio il fanale il calorifero il cofano il cofano la tromba il cavallo vapore

steering wheel stick shift tire transmission trunk turn signal valve wheel window windshield

il volante la leva del cambio la gomma la trasmissione il bagagliaio la camera d'aria la freccia la valvola la ruota il finestrino il parabrezza

il passaggio a livello tube

windshield wiper il tergicristallo

83. TO DRIVE & TO TRANSLATE condurre - to drive conduco conduci conduce conduciamo conducete conducono tradurre - to translate traducco traduci traduce traduciamo traducete traducono

Past participle: condotto

Past participle: tradotto

Other verbs that are conjugated similarly include: produrre (to produce) and ridurre (to reduce) 84. AIRPORT & TRAIN STATION airport arrival ATM baggage allowance baggage carousel baggage check baggage return baggage/luggage l'aeroporto l'arrivo il bancomat la franchigia bagaglio il nastro trasportatore il controllo dei bagagli il ritiro bagagli il bagaglio luggage cart luggage rack luggage tag non smoking one-way ticket passenger passport platform il carrello la reticella portabagagli l'etichetta del bagaglio non fumatori il biglietto di sola andata il passegiere il passaporto la piattaforma

bathroom boarding pass border bus stop canceled car rental checked baggage compartment connection currency exchange customs delayed departure dining car entrance excess baggage exit flight gate hand luggage/carry on information booth left luggage lockers lost and found office

la toilette la carta d'imbarco la frontiera la fermata dell'autobus cancellato l'autonoleggio il bagaglio da registrare lo scompartimento la coincidenza l'ufficio cambio la dogana ritardato la partenza il vagone ristorante l'entrata il bagaglio eccedente l'uscita il volo l'uscita il bagaglio a mano

railroad car railroad coach/car railway reservation round-trip ticket seat security gates sleeping car smoking stop subway suitcase taxi stand telephone ticket ticket collector ticket office time table to validate (ticket) train

il bagagliaio la carrozza / il vagone la ferrovia la prenotazione il biglietto di andata e ritorno il posto i varchi di sicurezza la vettura letto fumatori la fermata la metropolitana la valigia il posteggio dei taxi il telefono il biglietto il controllore la biglietteria l'orario convalidare il treno la stazione il visto la sala d'aspetto

l'ufficio informazioni train station il deposito bagagli automatico l'ufficio oggetti smarriti visa waiting room

85. LOCATION & DIRECTION above abroad across from against sopra all'estero di fronte a contro here in in front of qui / qua in davanti a

in the middle of in mezzo a

along among around at / to at home at the end of at the top of backward behind below / downstairs between beyond by down there downward elsewhere everywhere except far (from) for forward from

lungo tra / fra intorno a a in casa in fondo a in cima a indietro dietro gi / abbasso tra / fra oltre per laggi in gi altrove tranne lontano da per avanti da

inside near nowhere of on on the left on the right on top outside over over there since / for somewhere straight there

dentro vicino a in nessun di su a sinistra a destra sopra fuori sopra coll, laggi da in qualche luogo sempre diritto l, l verso sotto disotto fino a sopra ins

anywhere / wherever dovunque

next to / beside accanto a

through / across attraverso / per under underneath until up / upstairs upward

dappertutto / dovunque towards

86. USE OF THE INFINITIVE The infinitive can be used after certain prepositions, such as per, prima di and senza; whereas in English, the gerund form is usually used. Siamo pronti per uscire. We are ready to go out. Prima di partire. Before leaving. Senza dire niente. Without saying anything. The past infinitive may be used after senza and dopo. It is formed with the auxiliaries essere or avere and the past participle of the verb. The final -e of the auxiliary verb is commonly dropped. Sono venuti senza aver telefonato. They came without having telephoned. ritornata dopo aver comprato i biglietti. She returned after having bought the tickets. The infinitive may also function as a noun. In this case, the English translation is also the gerund form.

Viaggiare stanca. Travelling is tiring. Letting, seeing or hearing someone do something is expressed by the forms of lasciare, vedere and sentire plus the infinitive. Ho sentito cantare Teresa. I heard Teresa singing. Ho veduto dormire i bambini. I saw the children sleeping. 87. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD: PRESENT & PRESENT PERFECT The subjunctive mood expresses doubt, uncertainty, hope, fear, possibility, opinions, etc. and is used very frequently in Italian. It is mainly used in dependent clauses (sentences introduced by a conjunction that do not have a complete meaning) that are introduced by che. The present subjunctive of regular verbs is formed by dropping the normal endings, and adding these new endings: -are -i -iamo -i -iate -i -ino -ere -a -iamo -a -iate -a -ano 1st -ire -a -iamo -a -iate -a -ano -isca -isca -isca 2nd -ire -iamo -iate -iscano

Verbs ending in -care and -gare add an h before all endings of the present subjunctive. Verbs ending in -ciare and -giare drop the i from their stems. Many common verbs have irregular present subjunctive forms: avere abbi a abbi a abbi a essere andare andiam o andiate vadano bev a bev a bev a bere beviam o beviate bevano potere possa possiamo possa possiate possa possano venire venga veniamo venga veniate venga vengano voglia voglia voglia di a di a di a dare dic diam a o dic diate a diano dic a dire diciam o diciate dicano si abbiam a o si abbiate a abbiano si a dovere debba dobbiamo debba dobbiate debba debbano stare stia stia stia stiamo stiate stiano esca esca esca vad siam a o vad siate a siano vad a fare faccia facciamo faccia facciate faccia facciano uscire usciamo usciate escano

sapere sappia sappiamo sappia sappiate sappia sappiano volere vogliamo vogliate vogliano

Penso che lui abbia ragione. I think that he's right.

Voglio che tu prenda una decisione. I want you to make a decision. The present perfect subjunctive is formed with the present subjunctive of avere or essere and the past participle of the main verb. Credo che abbiano fatto sciopero. I think they went on strike. 88. USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD The subjunctive is used after verbs expressing hope, wish, desire, command or doubt such as sperare - to hope, desiderare- to desire, volere - to want, and dubitare - to doubt. But verbs that express certainty or fact used in the affirmative sense (and not negative) require the indicative, such as essere sicuro- to be sure, essere certo - to be certain, and sapere - to know. And if the subject of both verbs in the sentence is the same, use di with the infinitive instead of the subjunctive. Dubito che loro vengano. I doubt that they're coming. Spero che lei vinca. I hope that she wins. Non so se i musei siano aperti. I don't know if the museums are open. So che i musei sono aperti. I know that the museums are open. (expresses certainty, so no subjunctive) Non credo di averlo perso. I don't think that I lost it. (same subject, so simply use di) The subjunctive is also used after impersonal expressions, usually essere and an adjective or adverb, unless they state a fact. Some common expressions are necessario - it's necessary, meglio - it's better, possibile - it's possible, and probabile - it's probable. The indicative is used after these expressions of certainty: certo - it's certain, sicuro - it's sure, and vero - it's true. Certain conjunctions require the subjunctive as well, such as a meno che... non - unless, sebbene - even though, bench / per quanto - although, affinch/ perch - so that, prima che - before, senza che- without, a condizione che / purch - provided that, and nel caso che - in the event that. The subjunctive is also used after il primo.. che, l'ultimo..che, and il solo...che as well as in dependent clauses beginning with an indefinite: chiunque - whoever, comunque - however, dovunque - wherever, qualunque whatever. 89. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD: IMPERFECT & PAST PERFECT

The imperfect subjunctive is formed by adding the same set of endings to all infinitives, minus -re. The stem vowel of the infinitive must be kept (either a, e or i). all verbs -ssi -ssi -sse -ssimo -ste -ssero

Some common verbs have irregular imperfect subjunctive forms: essere fossi fossi fosse fossimo foste fossero fare facessi facessi facesse facessimo faceste facessero dicessi dicessi dicesse stessi stessi stesse stare stessimo steste stessero dire dicessimo diceste dicessero bevessi bevessi bevesse dessi dessi desse dare dessimo deste dessero bere bevessimo beveste bevessero

The imperfect subjunctive is often used after come se (as if). Parla come se sapesse tutto. He talks as if he knew everything. When the verb of the main clause is in a past tense or the conditional, then the verb in the dependent clause will be in the imperfect subjunctive if that action took place at the same time or later than the action in the independent clause. Non c'era nessuno che mi capisse. There was no one who understood me. The past perfect subjunctive is formed with the imperfect subjunctive of avere or essere plus the past participle of the main verb. Speravo che avessero capito. I was hoping that they had understood. When the verb of the main clause is in a past tense or the conditional, then the verb in the dependent clause will be in the past perfect subjunctive if that action took place before the action in the independent clause. Era il pi bello film che io avessi mai visto. It was the most beautiful film I had ever seen. The imperfect subjunctive is used in hypothetical clauses beginning with se (if), when the verb of the main clause is in the conditional tense. In English, the simple past tense is

used instead; however, in both languages either the se clause or the main clause can begin the sentence. Andrei al cinema se avessi tempo. I would go to the movies if I had money. Se avessi tempo, andrei al cinema. If I had money, I would go to the movies. 90. MORE IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE PRESENT TENSE morire-to die porre-to put, place rimanere-to remain muoio moriamo muori morite muore muoiono scegliere-to choose scegli scegliete pongo poni pone poniamo ponete pongono rimani rimane rimanete

salire-to go up sali salite salgono

rimango rimaniamo salgo saliamo rimangono sale

spegnere-to turn off spegni spegnete

sedere-to sit sediamo sedete siedono siedi

trarre-to obtain traggo traiamo trai trae traete traggono

scelgo scegliamo spengo

spegniamo siedo

sceglie scelgono spegnere spengono siede

Verbs that have the same root suffix will be conjugated the same: porre proporre (to propose, suggest), esporre (to expose, display) scegliere togliere (to take off, remove), cogliere (to gather), raccogliere (to collect, harvest) trarre distrarre (to distract), attrarre (to attract) 91. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS The possessive pronouns replace a noun, and they have the same forms as the possessive adjectives. They always require the definite article, unless the possessive pronoun follows the verb essere. Masc. Sing. mine yours his/hers ours yours theirs il mio il tuo il suo il nostro il vostro il loro Fem. Sing. la mia la tua la sua la nostra la vostra la loro Masc. Pl. i miei i tuoi i suoi i nostri i vostri i loro Fem. Pl. le mie le tue le sue le nostre le vostre le loro

Non parlo a tua madre. Parlo alla mia. I'm not talking to your mother. I'm talking to mine. Questa macchina mia. This car is mine.

The expressions a friend of mine, of yours, of his, etc. is translated without the of in Italian: un amico mio a friend of mine 92. HISTORICAL PAST (PASSATO REMOTO) The historical past or past absolute is used to indicate a completed action, and is used mainly in writing and rarely in speech (except in southern Italy and Sicily). It is not a compound tense, and is formed by dropping the regular stems of the verbs and adding these endings: -are -ai -asti - -ammo -aste -arono -ei -esti - -ere -emmo -este -erono -ii -isti - -ire -immo -iste -irono

Avere and essere and many other verbs are irregular in the historical past: avere ebbi avemmo avesti aveste ebbe ebbero dare diedi desti diede demmo deste diedero bevvi bevesti bevve essere fui fummo fosti foste fu furono fare feci facemmo facesti faceste fece fecero bere bevemmo beveste bevvero stetti stesti stette dire dissi dicemmo dicesti diceste disse dissero stare stemmo steste stettero

The following verbs are irregular only in the io, lui/lei and loro forms. The verbs are all either -ere or -ire verbs, so use the irregular stem for these three forms and add these endings: i, -e, -ero. Use the regular stem and regular endings for the other three forms. chiedere chiudere conoscere decidere leggere mettere nascere prendere chieschiusconobbdecislessmisnacqupresrispondere sapere scegliere scrivere vedere venire vivere volere risposseppscelsscrissvidvennvissvoll-

The present perfect of the historical past is formed the same way as the present perfect of the indicative. Just add the past participle to the historical past of avere or essere. 93. ART & LITERATURE architect architecture art artist artwork exhibit fresco landscape literature masterpiece mosaic music novel painter painting poem / poetry poet portrait restoration sculptor sculpture short story statue writer l'architetto l'architettura l'arte l'artista l'opera la mostra l'affresco il paesaggio la letteratura il capolavoro il mosaico la musica il romanzo il pittore / la pittrice il quadro / il dipinto la poesia il poeta / la poetessa il ritratto il restauro lo scultore / la scultrice la scultura la novella / il racconto la statua lo scrittore / la scrittrice 94. HOLIDAYS Halloween bat candy cat ghost skeleton Halloween il pipistrello le caramelle il gatto il fantasma lo scheletro Christmas Eve la vigilia di Natale Christmas angel bell candle card il Natale l'angelo la campana / la campanella la candela il biglietto di auguri extract paper / report protagonist quotation research subject / topic summary theme to admire to appreciate to build to do / execute to draw to illustrate to paint to quote to sculpt to summarize to write Middle Ages Renaissance classical modern period postmodern il brano la relazione il protagonista la citazione la ricerca l'argomento il riassunto il tema ammirare apprezzare costruire eseguire disegnare illustrare dipingere citare scolpire riassumere scrivere Il Medioevo il Rinascimento classico la modernit il postmoderno

skull spider web witch Thanksgiving apple corn cornucopia cranberry crow hat hay leaf pie pumpkin rake roll scarecrow turkey yam

il cranio il ragno la ragnatela la strega Giorno del Ringraziamento la mela il granturco il corno di abbondanza l'ossicocco la cornacchia il capello il fieno la foglia il pasticcio la zucca il rastrello il filoncino lo spaventapasseri il tacchino l'igname

carol elf fireplace garland holly lights log mistletoe nativity North Pole present reindeer Santa Claus sleigh star stocking toy tree New Year's Eve New Year's Day 95. HOBBIES

il canto l'elfo il camino la ghirlanda l'agrifoglio i luci natalizie il ceppo di Natale il vischio la nativit il Polo Nord il regalo la renna Babbo Natale la slitta la stella la calza il giocattolo l'albero di natale il San Silvestro il Capodanno

chess checkers board game dartboard darts bullseye dice deck of cards dominoes backgammon do-it-yourself

scacchi la dama i giochi da tavolo il bersaglio le freccette il centro i dadi il mazzo di carte il domino il tric tac il fai da te

lens negative print videogame comic strip cinema adventure film comedy horror film spy film romantic film

l'obiettivo il negativo la copia il videogioco il fumetto il cinema un film d'avvenura una commedia un film dell'orrore un film di spionaggio un film sentimentale

handicrafts embroidery cross-stitch sewing sewing machine needle thread thimble pin pin cushion tape measure scissors knitting yarn knitting needle woodworking pottery drawing cooking gardening painting photography camera

l'artigianato il ricamo il punto croce il cucito la macchina da cucire l'ago il filo il ditale lo spillo il puntaspilli il metro le forbici il lavoro a maglia la lana il ferro da calza la falegnameria le ceramiche il designo la cucina il giardinaggio la pittura la fotografia la macchina fotografica

historical film detective film western science-fiction film war film cartoons documentary political film tent map compass sleeping bag hiking boots backpack water bottle paddle canoe flashlight campfire

un film storico un film poliziesco un film western un film di fantascienza un film di guerra i cartoni animati un documentario un film politico la tenda la mappa la bussola il sacco a pelo le scarpe da escursionismo lo zaino la borraccia la pagaia la canoa la torcia il fuoco

96. TOOLS & MATERIALS axe board broom chisel clippers cord faucet l'ascia la tavola la scopa lo scalpello le tanaglie la corda il rubinetto string tape measure tool tool box washer wire wrench la corda il metro l'arnese (m) la scatola degli attrezzi la rondella il filo di ferro la chiave

file gun hammer hoe hoe hook (fishing) hose ladder lawn mower level line (fishing) nail net nut pliers plow rake rod (fishing) saw scissors screw screwdriver scythe shovel spade spring

la lima il fucile il martello la zappa la zappa l'amo la pompa la scala la tagliaerba la livella la lenza il chiodo la rete le pinzette l'aratro il rastrello la canna la sega le forbici la vite il cacciavite la falce la vanga la pala la molla

alloy brass brick cement chalk clay coal concrete copper cork glass gold iron leather lime marble mercury metal rubber silver steel stone tar tin wood

la lega l'ottone (m) il mattone il cemento la creta l'argilla il carbone il calcestruzzo il rame il sughero il vetro l'oro il ferro il piombo il cuoio la calce il marmo il mercurio il metallo la gomma l'argento l'acciaio la pietra il catrame lo stagno il legno

la madrevite / il dado lead

97. ADVERBS OF TIME & MANNER after again ago already always at first at last dopo / in seguito ancora / di nuovo fa gi sempre dapprima finalmente / alla about above all actually a little almost aloud also, too as (like) circa / verso sopratutto infatti un poco quasi ad alta voce anche come

as soon as possible il pi possibile

fine at once at present at the latest at the same time at times / sometimes before daily early ever (at all times) ever (at any time) finally formerly from ... to ... from time to time from now on in the evening in the future in the morning in time last night last week late lately meanwhile monthly never next week no longer not yet now now and then subito adesso / ora al pi tardi allo stesso tempo qualche volta / talvolta prima di ogni giorno di buon'ora sempre mai finalmente altre volte da ... a ... di quando in quando d'ora innanzi di sera per l'avvenire di mattina in tempo ieri sera la settimana passata tardi recentemente frattanto al mese mai la settimana prossima non... pi non ancora ora / adesso di quando in quando as it were as much at least at most badly besides / moreover by all means by no means by chance by heart by the way certainly chiefly completely directly enough even evidently exactly extremely first for instance fortunately hardly hastily indeed in general in vain less and less little little by little more and more per cos dire tanto almeno tutt'al pi male inoltre ad ogni modo in nessun modo a caso a memoria a volo / a proposito certamente principalmente completamente direttamente assai perfino evidentemente giusto estremamente prima / in primo luogo per esempio per fortuna appena in fretta davvero generalmente invano de meno in meno poco poco a poco di pi in pi

in / in (+ future time) in / fra

nowadays often per day previously recently repeatedly seldom / rarely since soon (shortly) soon after still, yet the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday the other day then (after that) then (at that time) this evening this morning three weeks ago today tomorrow tomorrow evening tomorrow morning tonight week from today weekly yearly yesterday within / from now until / up until

oggigiorno spesso al giorno innanzi recentemente a pi volte raramente da fra poco poco dopo anche / tuttora dopodomani avantieri l'altro giorno poi allora stasera stamattina tre settimana fa oggi domani domani sera domattina stasera oggi a otto settimanalmente annualmente ieri entro

more or less mostly much namely / that is to say not not at all not even of course only on purpose partly perhaps probably quickly rather (preferably) slowly so (so much) so (thus) somewhat suddenly together too, too much unfortunately very well willingly

pi o meno per lo pi molto cio non niente affato neanche / neppure naturalmente / si capisce soltanto / nonche apposta in parte forse probabilmente presto piuttosto lentamente / pian piano tanto cos alquanto improvvisamente / d'un tratto insieme troppo per sfortuna molto bene volentieri

until / up to this time fino a 98. GRAMMATICAL TERMS

adjective adverb noun pronoun conjunction preposition verb infinitive present past future present perfect past perfect future perfect imperfect preterite subjunctive conditional present participle past participle imperative regular irregular reflexive reciprocal passive

l'aggettivo l'avverbio il nome il pronomo il congiunziono il preposiziono il verbo infinito presente passato futuro passato prossimo trapassato prossimo futuro anteriore imperfetto passato remoto congiuntivo condizionale participio presente participio passato imperativo regolare irregolare riflessivo reciproco la forma passiva

masculine feminine singular plural formal informal comparative superlative article definite indefinite possessive demonstrative subject object direct indirect relative affirmative negative interrogative sentence phrase word spelling punctuation

maschile femminile singolare plurale formale informale il comparativo il superlativo l'articolo determinativo indeterminativo possessivo il dimostrativo il soggetto l'oggetto diretto indiretto relativo affermative negativo interrogativo la frase l'espressione la parola l'ortografia la punteggiatura

99. REVIEW OF AGREEMENT OF VERB TENSES Whenever a sentence has two clauses, one independent (can exist on its own as a sentence) and one subordinate (depends on another clause to be complete and is introduced by a subordinate conjunction), the verb tenses used must be in agreement. There is much more flexibility in English with regards to which verb tense can be used, but in Italian, these agreements must be respected. Also notice that English can omit that (che) but it must be used in Italian. Present + Present Torno verso mezzanotte se vado alla festa. I'll come home around midnight if I go to the party. Future + Future

Far il bagno se andr al mare. I'll go swimming if I go to the sea. Present + Conditional So che lo potrebbe fare. I know that he can do it. Past + Past Conditional Sapevo che non sarebbe servito a nulla. I knew that it would be useless. Subjunctive (Hypothetical) Present Indicative + Present Subjunctive Non penso che sia una buon'idea. I don't think it's a good idea. Past Indicative (any past tense) + Imperfect Subjunctive Pensavo che Luca fosse contabile. I thought Luca was an accountant. Comparisons More/Less + Subjunctive or Imperfect Subjunctive Pi facile di quanto creda. / Pi facile di quanto credesse. Easier than he thinks. / Easier than he thought. come se + Imperfect subjunctive Lo ama come se fosse suo figlio. She loves him as if he were her son. 100. INTERJECTIONS Accidenti! Ahim! Aiuto! Altroche! Attento! Basta! Bravo! Coraggio! Diamine! / Come no! Dio moi! Forza! Guai! Macch! Magari! Mamma mia! Darn! / Damn! Alas! Help! Absolutely! Look out! Enough! Well done! Chin up! Of course! My goodness! Come on! Watch out! Of course not! I wish! / if only! Good gracious!

Pazienza! Peggio per lui! Per carit! Piano! Presto! Voce! Zitto!

Nevermind! Too bad for him! God forbid! Softly! / Gently! / Quietly! Quickly! Talk louder! Be quiet! / Shut up! Attento, bravo and zitto are only used when talking to a man. If you are talking to a woman, say attenta, brava, and zitta. REGIONS OF ITALY

Italian Region Abruzzo Valle d'Aosta Puglia Basilicata Calabria Campania Emilia-Romagna Friuli-Venezia Giulia Lazio Liguria Lombardia Marche Molise Piemonte Sardegna Sicilia Trentino-Alto Adige/Sdtirol Toscana Umbria Veneto

English Translation Abruzzo Aosta Valley Apulia Basilicata Calabria Campania Emilia-Romagna Friuli-Venezia Giulia Lazio Liguria Lombardy Marche Molise Piedmont Sardinia Sicily Trentino-Alto Adige/Sdtirol Tuscany Umbria Veneto MEANINGS OF DOVERE

Capital City L'Aquila Aoste Bari Potenza Catanzaro Napoli Bologna Trieste Roma Genova Milano Ancona Torino Cagliari Palermo Trento Firenze Perugia Venezia

English Translation L'Aquila Aosta Bari Potenza Catanzaro Naples Bologna Trieste Rome Genoa Milan Ancona Turin Cagliari Palermo Trento Florence Perugia Venice

Campobasso Campobasso

Depending on the verb tense, dovere can have many meanings in English: tense present present / imperfect present + infinitive present perfect + infinitive future conditional past conditional present + essere translation to owe to be supposed to to have to, must Ti devo quindici euro. I owe you fifteen euros. Dovevano arrivare oggi. They were supposed to arrive today. Maria deve affittare la sua casa. Maria has to rent out her house. Abbiamo dovuto aspettare tante ore, ma valsa la pena. We had to wait several hours, but it was worth it. Ci dovr andare alle undici. He will have to go there at eleven. Dovrei leggere tutto il libro? Should I read the entire book?

had to

will have to should, ought to

should have, ought Avreste dovuto vedere il film ieri sera. to have You should have watched the movie last night. must be, is probably Deve essere malato. He must be sick. Hanno dovuto essere a scuola. They must have been at school.

present perfect / must have been, imperfect + was probably essere

GERUND VS. PRESENT PARTICIPLE Italian frequently uses the gerund in the progressive tenses, but present participles are not very common. Even though gerunds and present participles have identical forms in English (-ing form of the verb), in Italian they have different endings: -are verbs end in -ante and -ere/-ire verbs end in ente. Most present participles function as adjectives or nouns, such as esigente (demanding) or il cantante (singer). When adjectives, they must agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. The past gerund also exists in Italian, though it is not very common either. It is formed with the gerund of either avere or essere (depending on the main verb) and the past participle of the main verb. In general, it is translated in English by having + past participle. Remember that object pronouns can be attached to the gerund, so you will end up with words such as avendolo, and that participles need to agree with the subject for essere verbs and with the pronoun for avere verbs (but only if the pronoun precedes the participle.)

Avendo avuto il tempo di studiare l'italiano prima di andare in Italia, ha ora pochissima difficolt a capire e a farsi capire. Having had the time to study Italian before going to Italy, she now has little difficulty in understanding and making herself understood. TALKING ON THE TELEPHONE Pronto Hello Chi al telefono? Who's calling Sono ___ This is ___ A chi desidera parlare? Who would you like to talk to? Potrei parlare con (il signor / la signora) ______ ? May I speak to (Mr. / Ms.) _____ ? Vorrei parlare con (il signor la signora) ______. I would like to speak to (Mr. / Ms.) _____. Potrebbe passarmi (il signor / la signora) ______ ? Could you transfer me to (Mr. / Ms.) _____ ? Grazie di pazientare. Please hold. assente / in riunione. S/He's not here / in a meeting. Quand sar di ritorno? When will s/he be back? La linea occupata. The line is busy. Desidera lasciar un messagio? Would you like to leave a message? Posso lasciar un messaggio? May I leave a message? Mi dispiace, ha sbagliato numero. I'm sorry, you have the wrong number. GOING TO A DOCTOR allergy illness cold fever flu migraine bump burn poisoning sting / bite scratch scar l'allergia (f) la malattia il raffreddore la febbre l'influenza (f) l'emicrania (f) il bozzo la bruciatura l'intossicazione (f) la puntura la graffiatura la cicatrice X-ray antibiotics drops pills tablet ointment bandage / bandaid prescription medicine vitamin lozenge sleeping pills la radiografia gli antibiotici le gocce la pillola la compressa il balsamo il bendaggio / il cerotto la ricetta la medicina la vitamina la pastiglia il sonnifero

scab blister sprain ear infection dizziness constipation diarrhea pain

la crosta la vescica la distorsione l'otite (f) le vertigini la costipazione la diarrea il dolore

to skin to sprain to burn to break swollen infected to cough to sneeze

sbucciarsi distorcersi bruciarsi rompersi gonfio infetto tossire starnutire

Ho il naso che cola. I have a runny nose. Mi sento debole. I feel weak. Ho mal dappertutto. I feel sore everywhere. Sono allergico alla penicillina. I'm allergic to penicillin. Apra la bocca / Tiri la lingua Open your mouth / Stick out your tongue Inspiri / Espiri Inhale / Exhale Si stenda sulla schiena / sulla pancia Lie down on your back / on your stomach Le fa male quando premo qui? Does it hurt when I press here? Deve fare delle analisi del sangue. You need some blood tests. Si riposi et beva molto. Get some rest and drink plenty of liquids. CLOTHES & SHOPPING plaid striped dotted cotton wool leather silk outfit camisole tank top sneakers running shoes windbreaker a quadri a righe a pois di cotone di lana di pelle di seta la tenuta il corpetto la conottiera le scarpe da corsa la giacca a vento tight baggy light heavy sporty classic elegant youthful bright, vivid cloth fabric stretto largo leggero pesante sportivo classico elegante giovanile vivace trendy, in tendenza il tessuto la stoffa

comfortable comodo

le scarpe da ginnastica trendy

ski suit boots (ski/hiking)

la tuta di sci gli scarponi

to button up abbottonarsi to dress to undress vestirsi spogliarsi

headband (winter) la fascetta invernale

A che ora aprite? What time do you open? A che ora chiudete? What time do you close? Cerco... I'm looking for... Posso aiutarLa? Can I help you? Grazie, d solo un'occhiata. No thanks, I'm just looking. Dov' il reparto donne / uomini / calzatura ? Where is the women's / men's / shoe department? Dove sono le cabine di prova? Where are the changing rooms? Quale la Sua taglia/misura? What size are you? Avete une taglia pi piccola / grande? Do you have a smaller / bigger size? troppo largo / stretto. It's too big / small. Mi sta bene. It looks good on me./It fits. Non mi sta. It doesn't look good on me./It doesn't fit. Non riesco a decidermi. I can't decide. Quanto costa? How much is it? Avete qualcosa di meno caro? Do you have something cheaper? Accettate le carte di credito? Do you accept credit cards? Pago in contanti. I'm paying in cash. MARKET, COOKING & KITCHEN box / tin can package jar / pot (glass) jug / mug (beer) can (soda/beer) pitcher coffee maker teapot clove of garlic stalk of celery la scatola il pacchetto il vasetto il boccale la lattina la brocca la caffettiera la teiera lo spicchio d'aglio frozen food organic food animal food to salt to pepper to brown to cut to pour to add i surgelati i prodotti bio gli alimenti per animali salare pepare rosolare tagliare versare aggiungere mescolare

una costa di sedano to mix

100 grams kilogram dozen bunch (herbs) grater cutting board pan baking pan glass pan pressure cooker ladle peeler

un etto un chilo una dozzina un mazzetto la grattugia il tagliere il tegame la teglia la pirofila la pentola a pressione il mestolo il pelaverdure

to season to fry to chop to cook to slice thinly cooked raw lean / low-fat mature (cheese) fresh piece slice

condire friggere tritare cuocere affettare finemente / sottile cotto crudo magro stagionato fresco un pezzo una fetta

colander/strainer il colapasta

Desidera? Can I help you? E per Lei, cosa sar? And for you, what will it be? Quanto ne vuole? How many do you want? Va bene cos? Is this fine? E con questo, sar tutto? Is that all? Ancora qualcosa? Anything else? Nient'altro, grazie. That's all, thank you. Devo andare a fare la spesa. I have to go grocery shopping. Prendiamo un cestino o un carrello? Shall we take a basket or cart? HOTEL & RESTAURANT single room double room twin beds with bathroom with shower reservation key keycard la camera single la camera doppia i letti gemelli con bango con doccia la prenotazione la chiave la tessera menu before dinner drink appetizer first course pasta second course meat rare il men / la lista l'aperitivo l'antipasto il primo la pasta il secondo la carne al sangue

extra bed minibar safe pool game room sauna gym

il letto supplementare il minibar la cassaforte la piscina la sala giochi la sauna la palestra

medium well-done side dish salad to go Dutch It's on me. Enjoy your meal!

mediamente ben cotto il contorno l'insalata (f) pagare alla romana Invito io. Buon appetito!

Avete una camera libre? Do you have a vacant room? Posso prenotare une camera? Can I reserve a room? Da che ora possiamo fare il check-in ? What time can we check-in? Desidero essere svegliato/a a ___ I would like to be woken up at ___ La colazione servita dalle 07.00 alle 10.00 Breakfast is served from 7 to 10 am Il ristorante aperto fine alle 24.00 The restaurant is open until midnight Gli animali non sono ammessi Animals are not allowed A che ora si deve lasciare la camera? What time is checkout? Siamo in 5 There are 5 of us Potrei aver il men? May I have the menu? Qual il piatto del giorno? What is the special of the day? Cosa consiglia? What do you recommend? Non ho ancora scelto I haven't decided yet Prender del ___ I will have ___ Quale cottura? How would you like the meat cooked? Non quello che ho ordinato This isn't what I ordered Posso avere il conto, per favore? Can I have the bill, please? BANK & POST OFFICE money ATM check transfer il denaro / i soldi il bancomat l'assegno il bonifico mail stamp letter envelope la posta il francobollo la lettera la busta

cash bill coin small change overdrawn broke to make a payment to cash to deposit to transfer

i contanti il biglietto la moneta gli spiccioli allo scoperto al verde effettuare un pagamento incassare fare un deposito trasferire

postcard package counter registered return receipt express air mail surface mail value contents

la cartolina il paccho lo sportello raccomandata la ricevuta di ritorno espresso via aerea via normale il valore il contenuto il regalo l'ultima levata la vaglia postale l'indirizzo il codice postale la casella postale

to write the check redigere l'assegno gift to a nome di to insert (card/coin) Type PIN Give exact change form in capital letters inserire Componete il codice Fare l'importo esatto il modulo in stampatello last collection money order address zip code post office box

Desidero ritirare del denaro. I would like to withdraw some money. C' un distributore automatico / un bancomat? Is there an ATM? Il distributore non funziona. The ATM doesn't work. Non ho pi del denaro in contanti. I don't have any cash. Sono allo scoperto. I'm overdrawn. Quanto costa un francobollo per gli Stati Uniti? How much does a stamp for the US cost? Vorrei spedire questo pacco. I would like to send this package. Quanto ci metter ad arrivare? How long will it take to arrive?