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Essays Global Warming How would be the life after some 50 years if the earth goes on getting warmer in an alarming rate just like today? The earth is getting warmer. The changes are small, so far, but they are expected to grow and speed up. Global warming is the warming near the earth's surface that results when the earth's atmosphere traps the sun's heat. Different causes are contributing for global warming, and of course, there are different measures that can be taken to minimize the impact of it, yet little has been done towards it. Within the next fifty to one hundred years, the earth may be hotter than it has been in the past million years. A world-wide study shows that the average temperatures of the earth has raised by as much as 0.2 degree Celsius every decade. The rise in temperature is due to global warming, which has now become an imminent threat. As oceans warm and glaciers melt, land and cities along coasts may be flooded. Heat and drought may cause forests to die and food crops to fail. Global warming will affect weather, plants and animals, and people everywhere; humans are warming the earth's atmosphere by burning fuels, cutting down forest, and by taking part in other activities that release certain heat trapping gases into the air. One major cause of global warming is the use of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas that were formed from the remains of plant material deposited during the earth's carboniferous period. We have known for only a few thousand years that coal, oil, and natural gas can be burned to provide energy. It was not until the mid-1800s, however, that we began to burn very large quantities of these fossil fuels. The worldwide consumption of fossil fuel has increased dramatically. Unfortunately, burning fossil fuels is not the only thing that we humans are doing to increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. In many parts of the world today, forests are being destroyed at an alarming rate. Enormous numbers of trees are being cut down, both to provide timber and to clear the land for farming. Because there has been little attempt to replant trees in deforested areas, the world's forests are disappearing very quickly. Prevention is always better than cure. Human efforts can certainly prevent and control global warming. It can be best carried out by checking atmospheric pollution. Deforestation should be stopped. Wood should be used as little as possible. Bricks houses should be encouraged as they retain less heat. Unnecessary combustion of fuel should be checked. Encouraging biogas plants in village communities has multi-fold effects. Renewable sources of energy should be used as it is non-polluting and very efficient. These renewable sources of energy are solar energy and wind energy. Hydro-electricity is also of considerable use. Lastly, treatment appliances should be applied on the sources of green house gases which are carbon dioxide and methane, so that they may not violate the atmospheric balance. If we can reduce the greenhouse gases going into the atmosphere, we probably can slow the rate of global warming and climate change. There are a number of things that we can do to prepare for the changes that are coming. If we act now, perhaps we can "soften the blow" of the greenhouse effect. Without human intervention, many kinds of plants also may not survive as the earth's climate changes.

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Movement for World Peace Peace is the mother of progress. Without peace a nation cannot make any progress. So peace is ever desirable. But now-a-days if there be no peace, the whole human race will be destroyed. Because modern war involves atom bomb and hydrogen bomb. So, war should always be avoided for world peace. The ancient battles were confined between two opposite armies. They were limited within a field called battlefield. But the modern warfare is totally different. The fight is not confined in a field or within the armies. The war-aeroplanes destroy the civilians by dropping bombs from the sky. On the 6th August 1945 the allied army dropped a small atom bomb on a Japanese city Hirosima. The whole city was destroyed with a second. Not a single man could escape. Negasaki another city of Japan got the same fate on the 9th August 1945. These two bombs with the brightness of thousand suns performed their monstrous destruction. This opened the eyes of the whole world. The wise men counted that the human civilization would be ruined to the bit, if a war ever takes place. So, they are working hard to establish permanent peace in the world. Except some war-mongers, the whole world is in favour of peace. United Nations Organization is the outcome of the desire of the world people. The organization is working for world peace by persuasion, conciliation, arbitration and by fighting against the culprit country in acute case. The Panchasila or the five points propounded by Jawaharlal Nehru has been accepted by many countries for world peace. The five points are (1) mutual respect for one another's territorial integrity and sovereignty. (2) non-aggression, (3) non-interference in one another's internal affairs for any reason of economic, political or ideological character, (4) equality and mutual benefit, (5) peaceful coexistence. India and the other non-aligned countries together have organized to peace-area. To conclude, world-peace is absolutely necessary. The public opinion of the world is in favour of lasting peace. None in the world approves of the military action of China in the border of India. It is hoped, world-peace will gain ground. Long live world peace! The Benefits of Physical Exercise In recent years many people have become increasingly aware of the need for physical fitness. Almost everywhere people turn, whether it is to a newsstand, television or billboard, advice for guarding and improving health bombards them. Although much of this advice is commercially motivated, some of it, especially that advocating a regular exercise program, merits serious attention. Such a program, if it consists of at least thirty minutes three times a week and if a person's physician approves it, provides numerous benefits. Regular exercise releases tension, improves appearance, and increases stamina. The first of these benefits, the release of tension, is immediate. Tension builds in the body because of an over-accumulation of adrenaline produced by stress, anxiety, or fear. Doctors agree that participating in an active sport such as tennis or volleyball for thirty minutes releases tension. If a person swims, jogs or rides a bicycle for half that time, he or she should

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sleep better at night and have a better temperament the next day. In addition, after the release of tension, petty irritations and frustrations should be less troubling. For example, an employee upset by the day's work and by traffic congestion may rush home, argue with the family, and eat excessively. Taking about thirty minutes to release frustrations through physical exercise could help him or her to avoid this behavior. Planned physical exercise, therefore, can eliminate, or at least control, tension. An improved appearance, which is a second benefit of regular exercise, is not as immediately apparent as a better disposition. Exercise takes perhaps a month or longer to show its results in a trimmer figure. Improvement, however, will come. A person who is five kg overweight, for instance, may be able during this time to burn away most excess fat and to tighten muscles, thereby reshaping the physique. Having improved muscle tone and even posture, he or she will wear clothes more attractively and comfortably. Combined with a sensible diet, an exercise program will also improve a person's skin tone. This improved appearance will provide confidence and favorably impress others. In addition to the self-confidence engendered by an improved appearance, increased physical strength produces stamina. A stronger, healthier body is obviously more capable of working harder and , in fact, of withstanding normal fatigue then a tense, weak one. A worker who exercises should be able to complete a forty-hour week and still retain enough energy for painting the garage, or cleaning windows. Equally important, this stamina helps to ward off illnesses such as colds and influenza. Altogether, improved endurance is one of the most important benefits of a regular exercise program. Although easy solutions to the goals of losing weight and achieving an attractive, energetic body saturate the media, actually acquiring these benefits is not easy. The rewards, however, are fully worth the effort of an established exercise program that makes a person feel relaxed, look healthy, and have adequate strength for strenuous as well as routine activities. Education What can education bring us? Is high mark the real destiny of education? As researchers and scholars are investigating this subject, the accurate definition of education begins to have slight difference from what was in peoples mind before. Education, the bridge between teachers and students, the mediator between individual and society, means more than knowledge transmit, but being a wholly developed person in the society. First, education brings us basic knowledge and skill to survive. From primary school on, students learn subjects like Math, Physics, English, or in other words, academic subjects to gain the initial knowledge of the nature and world, which are extremely useful for our future career. Upon this, students also learn skills like sewing, cooking, and mending bicycles, which help them a lot in their future family life. To this extend, education provided us with fundamental concepts of living. Second, education can cultivate our sentiment. Apart from academic subjects, art subjects such as music and art seems more interesting toward students. From these subjects, one can

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enjoy the pleasure of listening to music, try to guess a composers emotion when writing a music chapter, or understand the meaning of a piece of drawing, from which process they themselves are edified and finally have their own clear opinion on what is beauty. Third, education makes an individual adapted to the society. Being innocent and naive, young people always find it hard to immerge into the complicated environment, and feel frustrated. Through education like communication skills, students may know the essence of getting on with other people. This kind of education influences our personality and views everyone as a whole individual in the big family of society. Above all, knowledge, emotion, and personality form the most important part of the content of education. The aim of education is to teach a person become a completely developed individual. International Tourism International tourism is booming: millions of tourists go to other countries to explore the outside world. Tourism enhances the mutual understanding between the local people and tourists. Some people hold opposite opinions. They think that international tourism causes tension rather than promoting understanding between people from different cultures. The people holding the latter view suppose that tourists are likely to offend the local people because of the lack of knowledge of the local customs, which differ from their own. Moreover, tourism inevitably harms the natural resources and the cultural legacy, which may lead to the resentment of the local people. However, I can hardly extent to this idea: the above mentioned rarely happens. In my opinion, international tourism does encourage the understanding between people from different countries. For one thing, without going to see for themselves, people may never know what other countries are really like and thus can be misled by hearsay or films and TV programs, which, more often than not, are one-sided. For instance, one of my American friends told me that most Americans had a strange bias against the Russian people until some young Americans traveled to Russia and saw with their own eyes that the Russians are human beings just like them. Secondly, having seen the fine scenery or experienced the rich culture of other countries, tourists will have the desire to develop a good relationship with the locals, which certainly contributes to the understanding between them. In conclusion, instead of causing tension, international tourism furthers the understanding of people from different countries. Role of Government in Controlling Global Warming The earths temperature is rapidly changing. As a result there has been a lot of climate change such as heat waves, droughts and floods. Scientists believe that this is the result of human activity, which is polluting the Earths atmosphere. This could become a disaster if

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governments do not act to help control global warming. They can act in three ways; by supporting research, by making laws and by keeping the general public informed. Firstly, governments can support research. For example, they should encourage companies to develop vehicles that cause less pollution. They should also support alternative sources of electricity from wind and water rather than from oil and coal. As well, they should sponsor conferences to discuss the effects of greenhouse gas emissions and possible solutions to the problem. Secondly, they should make laws that limit the amount of greenhouse gases that companies can emit. Private companies should be rewarded for following these laws. They should also be punished for creating pollution. Finally, everybody is affected by global warming. Therefore, it is important that governments involve individuals in the problem solving process. For example they should encourage households to save as much energy as possible by using more efficient light bulbs or less hot water. They should also encourage the public to recycle, and this should be compulsory for everyone. Another way of saving energy is by public transport systems. Governments should spend money on public transport to make it as easy as possible for the public to save energy. In summary, it is clear that there are a lot of things that governments can do to combat global warming. They should involve companies, support scientists and encourage individuals to protect the planet. Language Functions Some examples of conversation starters "Lovely day, isn't it!" "Bit nippy today." "What strange weather we're having!" Agreeing in English Agreeing in English "I think you're right." "I agree with you." Strong agreement "You're absolutely right." "I agree entirely." "I totally agree." Partly agreeing "I agree with you up to a point, but" "That's quite true, but" Disagreeing "I'm not sure I agree with you." "(I'm afraid) I don't agree." "(I'm afraid) I disagree." "(I'm afraid) I can't agree with you." Disagreeing strongly "I don't agree at all." "I totally disagree." "I couldn't agree with you less." Complaining in English In a shop "Excuse me, I think you've given me the wrong change", or "Sorry, I think this change is wrong. I gave you $20, not $10." In a hotel "Excuse me, but there's a problem with the heating in my room." "Sorry to bother you, but I think there's something wrong with the air-conditioning." "I'm afraid I have to make a complaint. Some money has gone missing from my hotel room." "I'm afraid there's a slight problem with my room - the bed hasn't been made."

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"I'm sorry - I'll get someone to check it for you." "Sorry to hear that - I'll send someone up." English greetings Two friends meeting "Hi! How are you?" "How are things?" Hello!" "How's life?" "Fine thanks, and you?" "Fine thanks, what about yourself?" "Not bad." Greeting people you don't know "Good morning / afternoon / evening." "How was your trip?" or "Did you find our office easily?" Introducing yourself At an informal party "Hello, I'm Maria." Or "Hello, my name's Maria." "Hi, I'm Sarah." Or "Hello Maria, I'm Sarah." Or "Nice to meet you, I'm Sarah." At work-related events "I'd like to introduce myself. I'm Maria, from Egnland." Or, "Let me introduce myself. I'm Maria from .." "Nice to meet you. I'm Peter Mitchell, from France." "How do you do? I'm Peter Mitchell from ." Introducing other people "Sarah, have you met my colleague John?" "Sarah, I'd like you to meet my colleague John." "Pleased to meet you, John." Or "Nice to meet you, John." "Nice to meet you too, Sarah." Or "Hello, Sarah." Making appointments Asking to meet "Are you available on the 17th?" "Can we meet on the 16th?" "Are you free next week?" "Would Friday suit you?" "What about sometime next week?" Agreeing on a date "Yes, Thursday is fine." "Thursday suits me." "Thursday would be perfect." Suggesting a different date "I'm afraid I can't on the 3rd. What about the 6th?" "I'm sorry, I won't be able to make it on Monday. Could we meet on Tuesday instead?" Making invitations Inviting "Would you be interested in coming to the cinema with me tonight?" "How do you fancy going out for a meal at the weekend?" Accepting "I'd love to, thanks." "That's very kind of you, thanks." "What a great idea, thanks." Declining "That's very kind of you, but actually I'm doing something else on Saturday." "I'm really sorry, but I've got something else on." Making offers "Can I help you?" Would you like me to ? "Can I help you?" "Shall I open the window for you?" "Would you like another coffee?" Responding to offers "Yes please. That would be very kind of you." "No thanks." Or, "No thank you." "Yes please, that would be lovely." Or, "Yes please, I'd love one." Making requests Asking someone to do something for you "Could you open the door for me, please?" "Can you open the door for me, please?'

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"Would you mind opening the door for me, please?" Asking if you can do something "Can I use your computer, please?" "Could I borrow some money from you, please?" "Do you mind if I turn up the heating?" "Would you mind if I turned up the heating?" Suggestions in English "You should try to practise English." "Why don't you join an English club?" "You ought to read more." "If I were you, I'd watch more television." "Have you considered"" Do you think it's a good idea to" "I suggest visiting the Eiffel Tower." "I suggest that you visit the Eiffel Tower." "I advise you to buy a good dictionary." "Perhaps we could" Talking about likes and dislikes in English If you love or like something "I love eating ice-cream." "I adore sun-bathing." "She's fond of chocolate." "I like swimming very much." "He quite likes going to the cinema." "I like cooking." If you neither like nor dislike something "I don't mind doing the housework." If you don't like something "She doesn't like cooking very much." "He's not very fond of doing the gardening." If you really dislike something "I don't like sport at all." "He can't stand his boss." "I dislike wasting time." "She can't bear cooking in a dirty kitchen." "I hate crowded supermarkets." "He detests being late." "She loathes celery." Rephrasing expressions "What I meant to say was" "Let me put this another way" "Perhaps I'm not making myself clear" "If we go back to the beginning" Giving advice in English "If I were you, I would" "Have you thought about" "You really ought to" "Why don't you" "In your position, I would" "You could always" Giving your opinions Giving your opinion neutrally "I think" "I feel that" "In my opinion" "As far as I'm concerned" "As I see it" "In my view" "I tend to think that" Giving a strong opinion "I'm absolutely convinced that" "I'm sure that" "I strongly believe that" "I have no doubt that" English expressions for asking someone's opinion "What do you think?" "What's your view?" "How do you see the situation?" How to talk about illness General aches and pains "I feel a bit under the weather." "I'm not feeling very well." "I think I'm going down with a cold. I've got a sore throat." "I've got a slight headache." "I'm not sleeping very well at the moment." "I feel a little faint." "I've got a splitting headache - I hope it's not a migraine." Sympathetic responses "I'm sorry to hear that." "You don't look very well." "You look a little pale." Mild illness "I have a bit of a stomach bug." "I think I've got a bit of a temperature." "I have a touch of flu." "I've got a nasty cough." Making appointments Asking to meet "Are you available on the 17th?" "Can we meet on the 16th?" "Would Friday suit you?"

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"How does the 3rd sound to you?" "Are you free next week?" Agreeing on a date "Yes, Thursday is fine." "Thursday suits me." "Thursday would be perfect." Suggesting a different date "I'm afraid I can't on the 3rd. What about the 6th?" "I'm sorry, I won't be able to make it on Monday. Could we meet on Tuesday instead?" "I really don't think I can on the 17th. Can we meet up on the 19th?" Changing the arrangement "You know we were going to meet next Friday? Well, I'm very sorry, but something urgent has come up." "I'm afraid that I'm not going to be able to meet you after all. Can we fix another time?" "Something has just cropped up and I won't be able to meet you this afternoon. Can we make another time?" Letters 17 Sallaghari Bhaktapur 10 July 2010 My Dear Karuna, My happiness knew no bounds when I received your letter this morning. Thank you for writing to me. I am very pleased to know that you are visiting Kathmandu with your parents during the upcoming holidays. Before you come to visit here let me tell you something about this place as you have also asked me to do so. The climate in Kathmandu is a bit cold in comparison to Biratnagar. The weather these days is quite wonderful. The hills around the valley are worth watching. Once you are here you will have many things to see, many places to visit. You will never feel that you have had enough. The places that will be of interest to you are definitely the Pasupatinath Temple, Swoyambhunath, Mahaboudha, Dakshinkali, National Zoo in Jawalakhel, all three durbar squares and many more religious sites. You can also have a sight of the Kathmandu from the Dharahara. It is very much exciting. You should not miss to visit the Narayanhiti Museum too. If you have time, you should also go to Nagarkot to see the sun rise. But you should reach there as earlier as 4:30 a.m. When you are here, please give me a ring. I will also accompany you. Karuna, I cant tell you how much I miss you! Though I have made some friends here, none of them has become as close as you were. I hope youll be able to visit me during your stay here. How is everybody at home? Do convey my regards to your parents and love to your little brother. Also write as soon as you can with all your news. Okay, see you in Kathmandu. Bye! Yours affectionately, Priyanka

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A Letter to a Mom Biratnagar 6 February 2010 Dear Mom, It may be a great surprise to you as your daughter is writing to you today rather than giving you a call. The reason why Im writing this letter is because one of our teachers Mrs. Rai asked us to write a letter to an important person and I picked you. Well, as you already know that I have been trying my hardest at school so you could be happy with me. Today I went to class and I have already completed all my work. I have grown up thanks to you and daddy who made me go to school even though I didnt want to. I want to say thank you for so many things. You have taught me everything, and I cant begin to list them all. You have given freely of your time and life to raise me and you made it look so easy. Now that I am grown up, I realize all that you and Dad sacrificed for me, and the efforts you made to keep me safe and healthy. You have given me manners and taught to respect others. You have also taught me how to have friends and work things out. Thank you mom for all the qualities and abilities you have inculcated in me. Next year I want you to be more delighted with me because Im going to keep my grades up and go to school every day except when Im sick! Love always, Aditi Job Application for the position of a Cashier Bagbazar, Kathmandu 17 January 2010 The Human Resource Manager Nepal Investment Bank Branch Office New Road, Kathmandu Dear Sir, This is in answer to your advertisement for the post of a Cashier advertised in the Kathmandu Post of 12 January. Since my qualifications and experience best fit your job criteria, I would like to apply for the same post. I am a young Nepali citizen of 18. I have recently completed my +2 in management from Kathmandu Model College, Bagbazar. I have also 6 months of experience in handling customers money transaction in Subha Fincance Company, Putalisadak. I also have the ability to use basic computer applications. I have had the experience and training which would, I think enable me to fill such a position satisfactorily. I would appreciate the opportunity to show you how I can help your institution meet its goals in the detailed

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interview. I am sure I can contribute to your organization. I further confirm you that I am ready to face all the norms of selection. I have enclosed my updated CV and other credentials hereunder which will further illustrate my employment background, and which would allow me to readily fit into your sought position. I am looking forward to working in your team. Sincerely yours, Pujan Subedi Pujan Subedi Leave letter Kamalbinayak, Bhaktapur 1 September 2010 The ..Officer . . Kathmandu Dear Sir, I would like to bring to your kind notice that I have got a problem with my left foot. So, I have to undergo a minor operation on 3 September and the doctor has advised me to take complete rest for at least four days. Therefore, I request you to grant me leave for five days i.e. from 3 September to 7 September. I am attaching a copy of appointment letter. I also assure you that I will join the duty and do the necessary works from Sunday. Please consider my request at your earliest convenience. Sincerely yours, Dipen Rai (Post/Rank)