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Retaining Wall 101

D. Ashton Lawler Structure and Bridge Division Virginia Department of Transportation 1401 E. Broad Street Richmond, Virginia 23219 Phone (804)786-2355 e-mail: ashton.lawler@vdot.virginia.gov
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Learning Goals
Get reacquainted with basic retaining wall design Brief look at Conventional C.I.P. Walls Introduction to MSE Walls Learn how to develop plans for MSE Walls Check out what not to do Get some good references
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Foundation Analysis and Design Joseph E. Bowles

Foundation Analysis and Design Joseph E. Bowles

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Typical Section
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What are MSE Walls?

MSE wall are retaining wall systems consisting of several different components. All of these components must work together for a successful design.

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Three Basic Components of an MSE wall: Reinforcing Elements Select Backfill Precast Facing Panels

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Courtesy of The Reinforced Earth Company

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Courtesy of The Neel Company

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Why do we use these wall systems?

1. Economical 2. Versatile 3. Tolerate settlement well

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Relationship between joint width and limiting differential settlements

Joint Width Limiting Differential Settlements 1/100 * 1/200 1/300

*When significant differential settlements are anticipated (greater than 1/100) slip joints must be provided.
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VDOT Approach to MSE Wall Design External Stability - The Departments (or
our Consultants) responsibility.

Internal Stability The Wall

Manufacturers (and the Contractors) responsibility.

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External Stability
1. Bearing Capacity 2. Settlement 3. Overturning Resistance 4. Sliding Resistance 5. Global Stability

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Internal Stability
1. Pullout Failure of Reinforcement. 2. Breakage of Reinforcement.

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Plan Preparation Requirements

For Mechanically-Stabilized Earth

(MSE) Walls

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Refer to

Requirements for Preparation of Alternate Retaining Wall Plans [Notes To Designer]

Lets look at each of the notes individually. What appears on these slides is an abbreviated description of each Note.

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v =
L - 2e

= Contact pressure generated by the wall loading

qult R v = L 2e F.S.

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This is what happens if you dont follow these guidelines /

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Date
09/30/85 10/30/85 11/29/85 12/29/85 01/28/86 02/27/86 03/29/86 04/28/86 05/28/86

0 5
Begin Wall

10 15
Washout Wall Completed

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Frequent Rains

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Station No.

51 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

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Station No. 51 0 2 4 Base of Wall 6 8 Top of Wall 10 12 52 53

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11"

1.5 1 18"

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2' - Live Load Surcharge

Height = 17' SFOT = 3.3 SFsliding = 2.0 SFbearing = 2.5

4' Berm 1.5 1 2.3'

3.25 ksf

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2' - Live Load Surcharge

Height = 17' SFOT = 3.3 SFsliding = 2.0

4' Berm 1.5 1 2.3'

3.25 ksf Safet Factor for Bearing Capacity Good Compaction 0 = 120 pcf; c = 500 psf; = 32.5 SF = 2.5 Low Compaction 0 = 110 pcf; c = 0 psf; = 30.0 SF = 1.7

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2' - Live Load Surcharge

Height = 17' SFOT = 3.3 SFsliding = 2.0 SFbearing = 2.5

4' Berm 1.5 1 2.3'

3.25 ksf

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2' - Live Load Surcharge

Height = 17' SFOT = 3.3 SFsliding = 2.0

Safet Factor for Bearing Capacity WITH BERM Good Compaction Low Compaction 0 0 = 120 pcf; c = 500 psf; = 32.5 = 110 pcf; c = 0 psf; = 30.0 SF = 2.5 SF = 1.7 WITHOUT BERM SF = 1.9 SF = 0.8

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2' - Live Load Surcharge

Height = 17' SFOT = 3.3 SFsliding = 2.0

Safet Factor for Bearing Capacity WITH BERM

Good Compaction = 120 pcf; c = 500 psf; = 32.5
0

Low Compaction = 110 pcf; c = 0 psf; = 30.0

0

Poor Compaction & Embankment Material = 85 pcf; c = 100 psf; = 20.0

0

SF = 2.5

SF = 1.7 WITHOUT BERM SF = 0.8

SF = 1.0

SF = 1.9

SF = 0.4

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FHWA OFFICE OF BRIDGE TECHNOLOGY www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/index.htm Click on Geotechnical

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MSEW Version 3.0 Software

ADAMA Engineering, Inc. Web: www.geoprograms.com Email: adama@geoprograms.com Phone: (302) 368-3197

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Questions?

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Requirements for Preparation of Alternate Retaining Wall Plans

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1. Review road plans and cross-sections to estimate approximate wall location, height and length of reinforced soil mass. a) Check that the entire wall (including the reinforced mass) is located within the Departments right-of-way (R/W). If the wall is outside the R/W limits, determine if it is feasible to acquire additional R/W or underground easement. b) Check if any utilities or obstructions located within the reinforced soil mass can be adequately accommodated within the requirements and limitations of the proposed systems allowed for construction. 2. Review the geotechnical information [geotechnical reports, boring logs (geology sheets), laboratory test data, etc.] and estimate the location of the proposed bearing stratum. 3. Perform bearing capacity calculations to determine the maximum allowable soil bearing capacity at the estimated bearing stratum. The maximum allowable soil bearing pressure must be stated on the plans. 4. Determine the anticipated loading condition (level backfill, level backfill with traffic surcharge, sloping backfill, or sloping backfill with traffic surcharge, etc.).
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Calculate the maximum bearing pressure that the wall will impose on the soil. If the maximum bearing pressure imposed by the wall is less than the maximum allowable soil bearing capacity calculated in Step 3, the bearing pressure requirements are satisfied. Perform settlement calculations to determine total and differential settlements. In addition to the magnitude of settlement, an estimate of the time-rate of settlement shall be performed. Wick drains, surcharge loading, or some other method of ground improvement may be required to limit post wall construction settlements to an acceptable amount. Check the angular distortions to determine if they appear to be within allowable limits according to AASHTO. Depending on the amount of anticipated settlement, the designer shall implement one of the following actions:
Settlement 2 inches. Settlement up to 4 inches and longitudinal differential settlement less than 1% Settlement up to 4 inches and longitudinal differential settlement greater than 1% Settlement 4 inches. No action required. No action required. Slip joints to be placed at appropriate intervals in order to limit the longitudinal differential settlement to less than 1% Requires approval from State Structure and Bridge Engineer.

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Estimated settlements along the wall shall be shown in the plans. Method of payment (if any) for additional square footage of wall created by the settlements should be addressed in the contract documents. Evaluate whether a waiting period for installing coping, parapet, barrier, moment slab, piles, paving etc. is required after wall completion.

Calculate factors of safety with respect to overturning, sliding, and global stability for the applicable loading conditions. If the factors of safety are greater than required, the overall stability requirements are satisfied. Evaluate the site for potentially deleterious environmental factors such as corrosive groundwater, seepage forces, stray currents, etc. which may adversely affect the wall.

If all of the external stability issues described above (bearing pressure, settlement, overturning, sliding and global stability requirements) are satisfied, alternate walls may be used at this location. If any of the above is not satisfied, ground modification or a different type of retaining wall may be required.

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If an alternate wall is feasible, determine the wall geometry (stationing and offsets).

10 Determine the top-of-wall elevations at intervals not exceeding 50 ft. This can be accomplished using roadway information such as road plans, profiles, crosssections, and the like. The top of wall shall be either the top of coping or the top of the moment slab (whichever is applicable). 11 Determine the bottom-of-wall elevations at the same locations (stations) that the top-of-wall elevations were found in Step 10. Check that there is adequate embedment at the toe of the wall in accordance with AASHTO and that the embedment satisfies global stability requirements. The bottom of wall shall be taken to be the top of the leveling pad. 12 Check that the top and bottom elevations of the wall determined in Steps 10 and 11 are within the limits assumed in Step 1. If not, recalculate the bearing capacity, settlement, and the factors of safety with respect to overturning, sliding, and global stability to be sure that the external stability of the wall is adequate. 13 Draw the Elevation View (or Three-Line Drawing) showing the top of wall, bottom of wall, and the approximate finished grade adjoining the front face of the wall. Show the locations of all pipes and utilities that will be penetrating the wall or behind the panels, so the selected alternate wall company can design for those conditions.
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14 Draw the Plan View. Show stationing, offsets, boring locations, and all pipes and utilities in the vicinity of the wall. 15 If required, rustication treatment and details shall be included on the drawings. 16 Draw Typical Sections for all significantly different wall sections. For each section, show the limits of payment, the required slope in front of the wall, the required slope of the backfill, and all special loading conditions. The limits of Payment shall be shown to extend from the top of the wall (top of coping or moment slab) to the bottom of the wall (top of the leveling pad). 17 Calculate the surface area of the wall based on top and bottom wall elevations and show this quantity on the plans (Square Feet, Plan Quantity Item). When required, the traffic barrier/parapet shall be listed as a separate payment item (Linear Feet, Plan Quantity Item). 18 The plans shall clearly indicate whether some method of ground improvement is required and the manner in which the Contractor will be paid for this work. If overexcavation and replacement is required, these items shall be listed as separate payment items [Undercut Excavation, (Cubic Yards)] and [Select Material Type I, Minimum CBR of 30 (tons)]. The estimated limits of undercut and backfilling shall be indicated on the Elevation View and the Typical Sections.
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19 List the approved wall companies with their addresses and telephone numbers on the plans so the Contractor can contact them to request bids. Some projects have geometric constraints (e.g., walls that wrap around bridge abutments) that preclude the use of some wall systems. Wall systems that cannot conform to the geometrics of the project shall not be included on the plans as an allowable wall system. 20 Include the boring logs (Geology Sheets) in the plans. 21 Place appropriate General Notes on the Plans.

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General Notes for Alternate Retaining Wall Plans

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These are suggested wordings for notes that are regularly or occasionally needed. Where these notes are fully applicable, there may be no need to change their wording. They should be changed, however, or other notes added, wherever they are not adequate. Notes should line up with the GENERAL NOTE on the Alternate Retaining Wall Plan. Notes in the single parentheses indicate alternate wordings to be selected by the designer. Notes in the double parentheses ((italics)) are explanations and instructions to the designer. Skip a line between paragraphs. Specifications: Construction: Virginia Department of Transportation Road and Bridge Specifications, 2002. Design: AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 1996; 1997 and 1998 Interim Specifications; and VDOT Modifications. (Structure(s) is (are) designed for Seismic Performance Category B). ((Use note only when designing for Seismic Performance Category B. Do not show note when designing for Seismic Performance Category A.)) Standards: Virginia Department of Transportation Road and Bridge Standards, 2001. These plans are incomplete unless accompanied by the Supplemental Specifications and Special Provisions included in the contract documents.

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The minimum design life of MSE wall shall be (75-year) (100-year). The maximum allowable foundation bearing pressure shall be _____ tons/sq. ft. ((Add table if allowable bearing pressure varies along wall alignment.)) The anticipated MSE wall total settlement is ____ inches and differential settlement is _____. ((Add table if settlement varies along wall alignment.)) Vertical slip joints shall be placed in the wall at intervals not to exceed ____ ft. between Stations __________ and _________.

Prior to wall construction, the foundation shall be compacted with a smooth wheel vibratory roller. The drums of the roller should be ballasted and each pass of the roller should overlap one half the width of the previous pass. The roller shall make at least ten passes over the proposed wall foundation zone. No density test will be required. Any foundation soils found to be unsuitable shall be removed and replaced with select material Type I minimum CBR of 30. ((Use note where marginal foundation conditions exist or zones of unsuitable material maybe encountered.)) The minimum required depth of undercut shall be _____ ft. between Stations _________ and _________. ((Add table if undercut depth varies along wall alignment.)) Remove unsuitable or unstable foundation material below the bottom of the wall and replace with select material prior to wall construction. Compact the foundation area according to the VDOT Specifications. The estimated required depth of unsuitable material to be removed is shown on the plans. The lateral limits of excavation are dependent on the depth at a particular location below the wall. Additional localized excavation may be required depending on the site conditions at the time of construction.

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Rustication treatment shall be ______________. Forms and liners shall be approved by the Engineer. Concrete surface coating shall be _______, similar to Federal Standard Color No. _______. Minimum panel design thickness is _____ inches. Thickness of concrete must increase to accommodate any architectural surface finish that may be specified. An impervious membrane shall be placed below the pavement and just above the first row of reinforcement to intercept any flows containing deicing chemicals. The membrane shall be sloped to drain away from the facing to an intercepting longitudinal drain outletted beyond the reinforced zone. ((Used when the extensive use of deicing chemical may cause accelerated corrosion problems)). A geotextile shall be used as a separator between the mechanically stabilized earth mass and the subbase. ((Used where the potential for the subbase migration into an oversized selected material may occur)). Epoxy coated reinforcement steel shall be used in (copings) (facing panels) (parapets) (moment slabs) (traffic barriers) and __________. ((Epoxy coated steel is required in area of heavy salt or chemical spray)). (Coping) (Parapet) (Barrier) (Moment slab) (Piles) (Paving) shall not be placed until _____ days after wall completion have elapsed. The selected wall supplier will submit a detailed design and shop drawings for approval. Provide drainage details such as perforated pipe underdrain and/or drainage blanket based upon field conditions. For wall installation at stream crossing, provide adequate drainage so the difference between streambed and saturated backfill is not greater than what is considered in the design. All panel types and other related elements shall be detailed on shop drawings.

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This worksheet checks the external stability (i.e. eccentricity, sliding, and bearing pressure) of MSE walls based on the strength limit state requirements in AASHTO LRFD 4th Edition (2007) Version 2-1, 2/08 Project Name: Project Number: Designer: Test 123456 KL

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INPUT (Yellow Colored Cells) Wall Geometry: Total Wall Height, H (ft) 30.00 Reinforcement Length, L (ft) 21.00 Backslope Height, h (ft) 0.00 Backslope Run, r (ft) 100.00 Wall Embedment, Df (ft) 2 * For level backslope, enter zero for backslope height. Soil Parameters: ' (deg.) c' (psf) Reinforced Soil 125.00 34.00 0.00 Retained Soil 125.00 30.00 0.00 Foundation Soil 125.00 30.00 0.00 Depth of Groundwater Below Grade in Front of MSE Wall, Dw (ft) Reinforced Soil L Foundation Soil Retained Soil

Df

(pcf)

100

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Vehicular Live Load Traffic Live Load, LS (psf) 250.00

(See Tables below for guidelines)

Load Factors: Different combinations of maximum and minimum values of load factors, p, is considered as follows: Group Strength I-a Strength I-b EV 1 1.35 LSV 1.75 1.75 LSH 1.75 1.75 EH 1.5 1.5

Resistance Factors at Strength Limit States: Resistance factor for sliding resistance of foundation, is = (See AASHTO Table 10.5.5.2.2-1) Resistance factor for bearing resistance, b = (See AASHTO Table 10.5.5.2.2-1) 0.45 0.9

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External Stability Results Summary:

Eccentricity: Group Strength I-a Strength I-b Allowable max.e, emax (ft) 5.25 5.25 e (ft) 4.40 3.26 Performance Ratio* 1.19 1.61 Result OK OK

Sliding Group Strength I-a Strength I-b Rr (kips/ft) 40.92 55.24 Htotal (kips/ft) 32.50 32.50 Performance Ratio* 1.26 1.70 Result OK OK

Bearing Resistance Group Strength I-a Strength I-b qR (ksf/ft) 10.33 11.52 qmax (ksf/ft) 6.71 7.70 Performance Ratio* 1.54 1.49 Result OK OK

* Performance Ratio 1 means factored resistance factored load OK Performance Ratio < 1 means factored resistance < factored load NG

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CALCULATIONS Back Slope Angle (deg,) Broken Slope Equivalent Angle (deg.) Active Lateral Pressure Coeff. for Ext. Stability* Additional Height from Backslope Total Design Height for External Stability *For equation of Ka, see Articles 3.11.5.3 & 11.10.5.2 = eq = Ka = h (ft) = H+h (ft) = 0.00 0.00 0.333 0.00 30.00

(Art. 3.11.5.8.1)

(A) Unfactored Loads Horizontal Components PEH = P(LS)H = Vertical Components PEV1 = P(LS)V1 = 0.5KaH cos(eq) = Ka(LS)Hcos(eq) =
2

18.75 2.50

k/ft k/ft

HL = (LS)L =
2

78.75 0.00 5.25

k/ft k/ft k/ft 0.00 0.00 k/ft k/ft

PEV2 = 0.5hL =

P(EH)V = 0.5KaH sin(eq) = P(LS)V2 = Ka(LS)Hsin(eq) =

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LS Equivalent Backslope

EV2

eq
EV1 H (H+h)/3 L (H+h)/2

EH

LSH

Toe

where: EH is lateral earth pressure acting at eq from horizontal EV1 and EV2 are vertical earth pressures LSH is lateral live load acting at eq from horizontal

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Summary of Unfactored Horizontal Loads and Overturning Moments Horizontal Moment Moment Loads Arm about about Toe (kips/ft) Toe (ft) (k-ft/ft) 18.75 2.50 10.00 15.00 187.50 37.50

Items PEH PLSH

Summary of Unfactored Vertical Loads and Resisting Moments Vertical Loads (kips/ft) 78.75 0.00 5.25 0.00 0.00 Moment Moment Arm about about Toe Toe (ft) (k-ft/ft) 10.50 0.00 10.50 21.00 21.00 826.88 0.00 55.13 0.00 0.00

Items PEV1 PEV2 P(LS)V1 P(EH)V P(LS)V2

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(B) Load Factors In theory, structures should be evaluated for each of the strength limit states. However, depending on the particular loading conditions and performance characteristics of a structure, only certain controlling strength states need to be evaluated for MSE wall. The following strength limit states are not considered in the analysis: Strength II: for Owner specified special design vehicles and/or evaluation permit vehicles, without wind. Not applicable for typical MSE wall unless special vehicle loading is specified. Strength III: for structure exposed to wind of velocity of exceeding 55 mph. Not applicable to MSE wall because wall is not subjected to other than standard wind loading. Strength IV: load combination relating to very high dead load to live load force effect ratio ratios. Not applicable to MSE wall. Strength V: load combination relating to normal vehicular use of the bridge with wind velocity of 55 mph. Not applicable to MSE wall because wind load is not a design factor.

Consequently, only Strength I loading applies to MSE wall analysis.

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(C) Factored Loads Factored Horizontal Loads PEH PLSH Group (kips/ft) (kips/ft) Unfactored Hori. Load, H 18.75 2.50 Strength I-a 28.13 4.38 Strength I-b 28.13 4.38

Total (kips/ft) 21.25 32.50 32.50

Group Unfactored Vert. Load, V Strength I-a Strength I-b

Factored Vertical Loads PEV1 PEV2 PLSV1 (kips/ft) (kips/ft) (kips/ft) 78.75 0.00 5.25 78.75 0.00 9.19 106.31 0.00 9.19

PEHV (kips/ft) 0.00 0.00 0.00

PLSV2 (kips/ft) 0.00 0.00 0.00

Total (kips/ft) 84.00 87.94 115.50

Factored Moments from Horizontal Loads PEH PLSH Group (kips/ft) (kips/ft) Unfactored Moment from Horizontal Load, Mh 187.50 37.50 Strength I-a 281.25 65.63 Strength I-b 281.25 65.63

Total (kips/ft) 225.00 346.88 346.88

Group Unfactored Moment from Vertical Load, Mv Strength I-a Strength I-b

Factored Moments from Vertical Loads PEV1 PEV2 PLSV1 PEHV (kips/ft) (kips/ft) (kips/ft) (kips/ft) 826.88 826.88 1116.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 55.13 96.47 96.47 0.00 0.00 0.00

PLSV2 (kips/ft) 0.00 0.00 0.00

Total (kips/ft) 882.00 923.34 1212.75

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(D) Eccentricity Check Eccentricity, e = L/2 - Xo where: L/2 = 10.5 ft

Xo =
Allowable max. e, emax = L/4 emax = 5.25 ft.

M V ,deadload M H ,total Vdeadload

for MSE wall on soils (see Article 10.6.3.3)

Group

Mv, dead load (k-ft/ft)

MH, total (k-ft/ft) 346.88 346.88

Vdead load (kips) 78.75 106.31

Xo (ft) 6.10 7.24

e (ft) 4.40 3.26

Result OK OK

Strength I-a 826.88 Strength I-b 1116.28 Note: OK if e emax; NG if e > emax.

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(E) Base Sliding Check Assumptions: 1. Passive earth resistance from soils in front of wall is ignored. 2. For clay foundation soils and a layer of compacted granular material is placed between the MSE mass and foundation soil, refer to Article 10.6.3.4 for sliding resistance calculations.

Factored Resistance against Base Sliding Failure on Cohesionless Soils, Rr = x V tan' Factored Resistance against Base Sliding Failure on Cohesive Soils, Rr = x Su where: is resistance factor for sliding resistance of foundation on soil (from Table 10.5.5.2.2-1) V is total vertical loads, excluding traffic live load. ' is the lesser of r of reinforced fill and f of the foundation soil. Su is undrained shear strength. Group/Item V (kips/ft) tan' 0.58 0.58 Su (ksf) 0.00 0.00 Rr (kips/ft) 40.92 55.24 Htotal (kips/ft) 32.50 32.50 Result OK OK

Strength I-a 78.75 Strength I-b 106.31 Note: OK if Rr Htotal; NG if Rr < Htotal.

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(F) Bearing Pressure Check Equivalent footing width, B' = B - 2e' Applied Bearing Pressure, qmax = (Vtotal)/B' Eccentricity to calculate equivalent footing width: e' = (B/2) - X'o B/2 = L/2 = where:

10.5

ft.

X 'o =

V , total

H , total

V total

Note: The values of e' for calculating equivalent footing width and bearing pressure are different from the e for eccentricity check. Factored Bearing Resistance = qR = b x qn where: b = Resistance Factor for Bearing Resistance qn = Nominal Bearing Resistance (calculated in Bearing Resistance Worksheet)

Group/Item Strength I-a Strength I-b

Mv,total (k-ft/ft) 923.34 1212.75

MH,total (k-ft/ft) 346.88 346.88

Vtotal (kips/ft) 87.94 115.50

X'o (ft) 6.56 7.50

e' (ft) 3.94 3.00

B' (ft) 13.11 14.99

Group/Item Strength I-a Strength I-b

qmax (ksf/ft) qR (ksf/ft) 6.71 7.70 10.33 11.52

Result OK OK

Note: OK if qmax qR; NG if qmax > qR.

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This worksheet checks the internal stability of steel strip MSE walls based on the strength limit state requirements in AASHTO LRFD 4th Edition ( 2007) Version 2-1, 2/08 Project Name: Project Number: Designer: Test 123456 KL

INPUT (Yellow Colored Cells) (Orange Cells are Input Imported from MSE Ext. Stability Worksheet

z Wall Geometry: Wall Height, H (ft) 30.00 Reinforcement Length, L (ft) 21.00 Backslope Height, h (ft) 0.00 Backslope Run, r (ft) 100.00 * For level backslope, enter zero for backslope height. Calculated backslope angle, (deg) = 0.00

Reinforced Soil

Retained Soil

L Foundation Soil

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Soil Parameters:

(pcf)
Reinforced Soil Retained Soil Foundation Soil 125.00 125.00 125.00

' (deg.) 34.00 30.00 30.00

c' (psf) 0.00 0.00 0.00

Vehicular Live Traffic Live Load, LS (psf)

250.00

Panel and Strip Properties MSE Wall Design Life (yr.) = 75 (From Contract Document) Effective Panel Width, (ft) = 4.92 (From MSE wall plans) Width of Strip, b (in) = 2 (From MSE wall plans) Nominal long-term strip design strength, Tal (kips/strip) = 7.2 (From MSE wall vendor) Nominal long-term connection design strength, Tcon (kips/conn) = 8.4 (From MSE wall vendor)

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Calculations A. Factored Tensile Resistance of Strip Reinforcement and Connection Resistance factor for strip tension, = Factored tensile resistance of strip, Tal = 0.75 for static loading 5.4 kip/strip for static loading 6.3 kip/strip (Per AASHTO Table 11.5.6-1)

Resistance factor for connection, = 0.75 Factored tensile resistance of connection, Tcon =

(Per AASHTO Table 11.5.6-1)

B. Factored Load on Strip Reinforcement The factored horizontal stress, H, at each strip level = where:

p(vkr+H) p = the load factor for vertical earth pressure EV from Table 3.4.1-2
p, EV = 1.00 (min) 1.35 (max) The load factor that produces the largest strip tensile force is p, EV = 1.35. Therefore,

only

p, EV = 1.35 is considered in the following calculations.

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kr = reinforced fill horizontal pressure coefficient kr = (kr/ka)x ka ka, active lateral pressure coefficient =

= 0.28 kr/ka , coefficient multipler, refers to Figure 11.10.6.2.1-3

' f tan 2 45 2

(C11.10.6.2.1)

v = pressure from soil self weight within and immediately above the reinforced wall backfill, and any surcharge loads present (ksf) v = rZ + 0.5Lr(tan) + LS Z is depth of reinforced fill at strip layer measured from top of MSE wall. H = horizontal stress at the reinforcement level resulting from any applicable concentrated horizontal surcharge load as specificed in Article 11.10.10.1 (ksf), such as "true" MSE abutment. H is not consiidered in this spreadsheet.

Factored load on strip reinforcement, Tmax = H x Sv x (width of 2 panels/# of strips in 2-panel) where: Sv = tributary height of strip reinforcement.

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C. Strip Reinforcement Tensile Strength and Connection Checks Number of strip reinforcement layers, N = 8 (From MSE wall shop plans)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Factored Factored Total Factored Load on Tensile Reinf. Strip Hori. Tributary # of Vert. Hori. Strip for Resist. of Tensile Connection Layer Rupture Pressure Strips Per Height, Sv Pressure, Strip, Rupture, Depth, Z Pressure, Strength Check Coeff. kr 2 Panels (ft) v (ksf) H (ksf) Tal Tmax (ft) Check (kips) (kips) OK OK 1.25 0.41 0.47 0.26 6.00 2.50 1.06 5.40 OK OK 3.75 0.72 0.45 0.44 6.00 2.50 1.81 5.40 OK OK 6.25 1.03 0.44 0.61 6.00 2.50 2.49 5.40 OK OK 8.75 1.34 0.42 0.76 6.00 2.50 3.11 5.40 OK OK 11.25 1.66 0.40 0.90 6.00 2.50 3.68 5.40 OK OK 13.75 1.97 0.38 1.02 6.00 2.50 4.18 5.40 OK OK 16.25 2.28 0.37 1.13 6.00 2.50 4.62 5.40 NG NG 18.75 2.59 0.35 1.22 6.00 12.50 24.99 5.40

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D. Strip Pullout Resistance Width of active zone for pullout calculation = 0.3xH1

0.3H1
Zone of max. stress or potential failure surface

tan 0 .3 H H1 = H + 1 0 .3 tan
H1/2 H1 = 0.3H1 = 30.00 9.00 30.96 ft. ft. Deg. H1 H1/2 H

La

Le

Only the effective pullout length (Le) which extends beyond the theoretical failure surface is considered in pullout resistance calculations.

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Nominal Pullout Resistance, Pr (kips/strip) = F*vCbLe where: F* = Pullout friction factor at top of wall = = Scale effect correction factor = 1.0 v = Unfactored vertical stress at the strip level (ksf) C = Overall strip surface area geometry factor = b = Width of strip (ft) Le = Length of strip in resistant zone (ft) Pullout Resistance Factor, = 0.9 Factored Pullout Resistance = Pr (kips/strip) For strip reinforcement pullout resistance computation, traffic live load (LS) is neglected in computing the vertical stress and pullout resistance at strip level (See AASHTO Fig. 11.106.2.1-1 and -2). Vertical pressure, v = rZp. where Zp is depth of soil at strip layer at beginning of resistance zone (See AASHTO Fig. 11.10.6.2.1-2) Factored tensile load on strip, Tmax, is calculated in Section C and is used to compare with the factored pullout resistance.. 2.0

for strip reinforcement

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E. Strip Pullout Checks Length of Strip Nominal Factored Total Pullout Beyond Pullout Vert. Pullout Resist. Resist. Pr Resist., Pressure, Failure Factor, F* v (ksf) Surface, Pr (kips) (kip) Le (ft) 0.16 12.00 1.92 1.20 1.08 0.47 12.00 1.75 3.28 2.96 0.78 12.00 1.59 4.96 4.46 1.09 12.00 1.42 6.21 5.59 1.41 12.00 1.25 7.06 6.35 1.72 12.00 1.09 7.48 6.74 2.03 12.75 0.92 7.97 7.17 2.34 14.25 0.76 8.43 7.59 Factored Load on Strip Strip for Pullout Pullout, Check (PrTmax) Tmax (kips) OK 0.41 OK 1.18 OK 1.89 OK 2.54 OK 3.12 OK 3.65 OK 4.11 NG 22.58

Reinf. Layer Depth, Z (ft) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1.25 3.75 6.25 8.75 11.25 13.75 16.25 18.75

Zp (ft)

Strip Pullout Check

(Le3')

1.25 3.75 6.25 8.75 11.25 13.75 16.25 18.75

OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK

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