Chapter 1 - Limits PDF

SFM 1002 Mathematics II
Chapter 1 Limits

1

CHAPTER 1
LIMITS

________________________________________________________________________

At the end of chapter, the students are able to
find the limit of function ) (x f , whether x approaches a real number or (C1)
trace the limit properties to solve the limit problems (P3, C3)
use the concept of limit to determine continuity of the function (C3)
________________________________________________________________________

1.1 Introduction to Limits

Definition 1.1: Let x be any real number variable, and let c be a fixed real number. To say that x
approaches c

means that x can take on any value which is arbitrarily close to c.
Notation: x approaches c is written as c x . If c x , then the distance between x and c
differs by arbitrarily small amount which can be denoted by a positive number such that
< c x .

+

Figure 1 : Distance x from c

Example 1.1: If = 2 and = 0.01, then 1.99 < < 2.01 approaches 2.

Definition 1.2 (Limit of a function): If a function () approaches some real number L when x
approaches c, then we call L as limit of when x approaches c

.
x
y
Chapter 1 Limits

2

Example 1.2(a): Let () =

2
9
3
and 3. As we known, () is defined for all except
= 3. To find the limit of () when approaches 3, we choose any number close to 3.
2 2.5 2.9 2.99 2.999
() 5 5.5 5.9 5.99 5.999
or
4 3.5 3.1 3.01 3.001 3.0001
() 7 6.5 6.1 6.01 6.001 6.0001

Figure 2 : Table of x and ()
From the table above we can observe that as x approaches 3, () will approach 6. If we choose
x close enough to 3, then f will be nearer to 6. We conclude that 6 is the limit of f as x
approaches 3.

The above result can be written as follows,
lim
3
2
9
3
= 6.

Example 1.2(b): Let
5
125
) (
3
=
x
x
x f and 5. Find the limit of ) (x f when approaches 5.

Chapter 1 Limits

3

Definition 1.3: The limit of () when approaches from right side can be written as
lim
+
().

Definition 1.4: The limit of () when approaches from left side can be written as
lim
().

Proposition 1.1: If L x f
c x
=
+
) ( lim and L x f
c x
=
) ( lim , then L x f
c x
=
) ( lim .

Example 1.3(a): Find 1 2 lim
3
+
x
x
.
Solution:
Step 1: 7 1 2 lim
3
= +
+
x
x
;
Step 2: 7 1 2 lim
3
= +
x
x
.
Conclusion: Because of 1 2 lim 1 2 lim
3 3
+ = +
+

x x
x x
, thus 7 1 2 lim
3
= +
x
x
.

Example 1.3(b): Find 1 lim
2
5
+
x
x
.

Proposition 1.2: If ) ( lim ) ( lim x f x f
c x c x
+

, then ) ( lim x f
c x
does not exist.

Method:
To find the limit of the function ) (x f , we need to the follow:
Step 1: Find the value of ) ( lim x f
c x
+

Step 2: Find the value of ) ( lim x f
c x

Step 3: Make a conclusion
If ) ( lim ) ( lim x f x f
c x c x
+

= , thus ) ( lim ) ( lim ) ( lim x f x f x f
c x c x c x
+

= =
If ) ( lim ) ( lim x f x f
c x c x
+

, thus ) ( lim x f
c x
does not exist.
Note: The function ) (x f and the number c will be given.

Chapter 1 Limits

4

Example 1.4(a): Find ) ( lim
2
x f
x
, where
<

=
2 for , 1
2 for , 2
) (
x x
x x
x f .
Solution:
Step 1: 0 2 lim ) ( lim
2 2
= =
+ +

x x f
x x
;
Step 2: 1 1 lim ) ( lim
2 2
= =

x x f
x x
.
Conclusion: Because of ) ( lim ) ( lim
2 2
x f x f
x x
+

, thus ) ( lim
2
x f
x
does not exist.
Example 1.4(b): Find ) ( lim
5
x f
x
, where
<

=
5 for , 2
5 for , 2
) (
2
x x
x x
x f .

Theorem 1.1(Limit Properties): Let be a positive integer, be a constant, and f and g be
functions that have limits at . Then
1. k k
c x
=
lim ;
2. ) ( lim ) ( lim x f k x kf
c x c x
= ;
3. | | ) ( lim ) ( lim ) ( ) ( lim x g x f x g x f
c x c x c x
+ = + ;
c x c x c x
= ;
c x c x c x
= ;
6.
) ( lim
) ( lim
) (
) (
lim
x g
x f
x g
x f
c x
c x
c x
= , if 0 ) ( lim
x g
c x
;
7. | | | |
n
c x
n
c x
x f x f ) ( lim ) ( lim

= ;
8. n
c x
n
c x
x f x f ) ( lim ) ( lim

= , if 0 ) ( lim >
x f
c x
.
Chapter 1 Limits

5

Example 1.5(a): Let 2 = n , 5 = k , 3 = c ,
3
9
) (
2
=
x
x
x f , and 1 2 ) ( + = x x g . Verify the limit
properties.
Solution:
Step 1: 6
3
9
lim ) ( lim
2
3 3
=
=

x
x
x f
x x
and 7 1 2 lim ) ( lim
3 3
= + =

x x g
x x
;

Step 2:
1. 5 5 lim lim
3
= =
x c x
k ;
2. 30 6 5 ) ( lim 5 ) ( lim ) ( lim
3
= = = =

x f x f k x kf
x c x c x
;
3. | | 13 7 6 ) ( lim ) ( lim ) ( lim ) ( lim ) ( ) ( lim
3 3
= + = + = + = +

x g x f x g x f x g x f
x x c x c x c x
;
3 3
= = = =

x x c x c x c x
;
3 3
= = = =

x x c x c x c x
;
6.
7
6
) ( lim
) ( lim
) ( lim
) ( lim
) (
) (
lim
3
3
= = =
x g
x f
x g
x f
x g
x f
x
x
c x
c x
c x
;
7. | | | | | | 36 6 ) ( lim ) ( lim ) ( lim
2 2
3
= = = =

x f x f x f
x
n
c x
n
c x
;
8.
2
2
3
6 ) ( lim ) ( lim ) ( lim = = =

x f x f x f
x
n
c x
n
c x
.
Example 1.5(b): Let 3 = n , 7 = k , 5 = c ,
5
125
) (
3
=
x
x
x f , and 1 ) (
2
+ = x x g . Verify the limit
properties.

Chapter 1 Limits

6

1.2 Limit involve Infinity

Definition 1.5: If the function ) (x f increases without limit when x approaches c , then we
write + =
) ( lim x f
c x
.

) (x f
+ +

x
c

Figure 3: Limit ) (x f approach +

Definition 1.6: If the function ) (x f decreases without limit when x approaches c , then we
write =
) ( lim x f
c x
.

) (x f
c
x

Figure 4: Limit ) (x f approach

Notation: + =
) ( lim x f
c x
or =
) ( lim x f
c x
does not mean that limit does not exist. This is
because + and is not real number.

Example 1.6(a): Find
3
1
lim
3

x
x
.
Chapter 1 Limits

7

Solution:
Step 1: + =
3
1
lim
3
x
x
;
Step 2: + =
3
1
lim
3
x
x
.
Conclusion: Because of
3
1
lim
3
1
lim
3 3

=
+

x x
x x
, thus + =
3
1
lim
3
x
x
.

Example 1.6(b): Find
1
1
lim
1

x
x
.

Definition 1.7: If the limit of the function ) (x f as x approaches a very large value, like +
and then we write ) ( lim x f
x +
and ) ( lim x f
x
.

Proposition 1.3: 0
1
lim =
+
n
x
x
for any number of n .

Method:
To find the limit of the function ) (x f as x approaches + or , we need to
the follow:
Step 1: Suppose that
) (
) (
) (
x q
x p
x f = , then determine the highest order of
x for functions ) (x p and ) (x q , let say is n ;

Step 2: Both functions ) (x p and ) (x q divided by
n
x ;

Step 3: Using the limit properties to solve the limit of function ) (x f

Chapter 1 Limits

8

Example 1.7(a): Find
5 2
3 4
lim
+
+
+
x
x
x

Solution :
2
2
4
0 . 5 2
0 . 3 4
(3)) & (2) 1.1 Theorem (
1
lim 5 2 lim
1
lim 3 4 lim
(6)) 1.1 Theorem (
5
2 lim
3
4 lim
) by divide (
5
2
3
4
lim
5 2
3 4
lim
= =
+
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ +
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x x

Example 1.7(b): Find
1 4
5 2
lim
3
2
+

x
x x
x

Example 1.7(c): Find
5 2
4 3
lim
2
+
+
x
x
x

Chapter 1 Limits

9

1.3 Continuity

Definition 1.8: A function ) (x f is said to be continuous at c x = if ) (x f satisfy the following
three conditions.
(a) ) (c f is defined (exist);
(b) exist ) ( lim x f
c x
, that mean ) ( lim ) ( lim x f x f
c x c x
+

= ;
(c) ) ( ) ( lim c f x f
c x
=
.

Example 1.8(a): Determine whether
1 2
3 4
) (
2
+
+
=
x
x
x f is continuous at 2 = x .
Solution:
Step 1:
5
19
1 ) 2 ( 2
3 ) 2 ( 4
) 2 (
2
=
+
+
= f
Thus, ) (c f is defined.
Step 2:
5
19
1 2
3 4
lim ) ( lim
2
2
=
+
+
=
+ +

x
x
x f
x c x

5
19
1 2
3 4
lim ) ( lim
2
2
=
+
+
=

x
x
x f
x c x

Thus, exist ) ( lim x f
c x
, because ) ( lim ) ( lim x f x f
c x c x
+

=
Step 3: ) 2 ( ) ( lim
2
f x f
x
=

Conclusion: ) (c f is continuous at 2 = x .

Method:
To determine the function ) (x f is continuous at c x = , we need to the follow:
Step 1: Find ) (c f , the value of ) (c f must be a real number;

Step 2: Find the values of ) ( lim x f
c x
+
and ) ( lim x f
c x

, if they are equal, then

exist ) ( lim x f
c x
;

Step 3: Check ) (c f is equal to ) ( lim x f
c x
or not.
Conclusion: If all conditions are fulfill, then function ) (x f is continuous at
c x = ; if one of them cannot fulfill, then function ) (x f is not
continuous at c x = .
Chapter 1 Limits

10

Example 1.8(b): Determine whether
3
1 3
) (
2
+ +
=
x
x x
x f is continuous at 3 = x .

Exercise 1:

1. Evaluate the following limits:
a) ) 11 3 9 2 ( lim
2 3 5
2
+
x x x
x
b)
6 9 5
7 3
lim
2
3
1
+ +
+ +

z z
z z
x

c)
3 2
2
2 3 lim

x x
x
d) ) 7 3 ( lim
2
2
+

x x
x

e)
4
2
lim
4

x
x
x
f)
2
6
lim
2
2

+
x
x x
x

g) ) 4 5 ( lim
3 3
0
+
t t
x
h) ) 7 2 )( 5 ( lim
3
+
x x
x

i)
1
3
lim
2
1
+
+
z
z z
x
j)
7 5 3
10 3
lim
2
2
3
+
+
x x
x x
x

k)
14 x 19 x 4 x
6 x 11 x 6 x
lim
2 3
2 3
1 x
+ +
+

l)
2 x
10 x 7 x
lim
2
2 x
+
+ +

m)
1 x
2 x x
lim
2
2
1 x

+
n)
21 x 4 x
51 x 14 x
lim
2
2
3 x

o)
6 u u
x 2 u 2 ux u
lim
2
2
2 u

+

p)
3 x 2 x
u x ux x
lim
2
2
1 x
+
+

q)
2 2
2 2
x
x
4 x 6 x 2
lim
r)
4 w 4 w
) 6 w w )( 2 w (
lim
2
2
2 w
+ +
+

Chapter 1 Limits

11

2. Find the following limits:
a)
5 x
x
lim
x

b)
) x 3 )( 5 x (
x
lim
2
x

c)
3
2
x
x 5
x
lim

d)
15 x 8 x
x
lim
2
2
x
+

e)
2
2
t
t 7
t
lim

f)
2 3
3
x
x 100 x 2
x
lim

g)
5 t
t
lim
t

h)
4 5
5
5
lim

3. Determine the function ) (x f is continuous or not
a) 1 ) (
2
+ + = x x x f at 3 = x b)
1
4
) (
2
+
=
x
x
x f at 2 = x
c)
1
2 2
) (
3
+
=
x
x x
x f at 1 = x d)
1
2 2
) (
3
+
+ +
=
x
x x
x f at 1 = x
e)
4
16
) (
2
=
x
x
x f at 4 = x f)
1
4 3
) (
2
+

=
x
x x
x f at 4 = x
g)
=
+
=
0 for , 0
0 for , 2
) (
x
x x
x f at 0 = x i)
< +

=
2 for , 2
2 for , 4
) (
2
x x
x x
x f at 2 = x

Chapter 1 - Limits PDF

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Chapter 1 - Limits PDF

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

SFM 1002 Mathematics II

, if they are equal, then

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen