Stratified Setiap strata ada wakil (s1 ada 100, s2 ada 30, s3 ada 10..

lalu diambil brapa persen dari masing starata tsb) Two-stage random sampilng: there are 2 stages (ada 2x proses) What should be considered in selecting the number of sample? Homogenity, research method, and other factors Weak non random, true random, factorial random, quasi non random Validity Reliability Nominal scale: data berupa angka (skala yg digunakan untuk memberikan simbol berupa angka tp tidak memiliki nilai matematis Ordinal scale:berupa peringkat tp punya nilai matematis Interval scale: hasi nya berupa continuous data (tidak putus) 6/4/13 CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH is 1)to investigate the possible correlation among the variables (two or more quantitavie variables) For exampe: the correlation between learning styles and learning achievement (all the data should be in number/score) 2) to predict ( the correlation between High School GPA (predictor X) and The first semester College GPA (criterion Y) ) (The influence of motivation and attitude towards English learning achievement)

X1
Y X2 (Kalau koofisien ny rendah, jd tdk bs diprediksi) Predictor variable Criterion variable Experimental Research is to find out the cause effect between two or more variables There are 2 types of CR: 1. Positive correlation means if one varibale gets high score and another variable also gets high score and vice versa

2. Negative correlation means if one variable gets high score and another gets low score and vice versa By using coeficient correlation (the closer to the positive, the stronger the correlation and vice versa) To find out coeficient correlation, we can use Correlation of Pearson Product Moment 0.0 0.20 0.21 0.40 0.41 0.60 0.61 0.80 0.81 1.00 very weak weak average strong very strong

Tanggal 4 May 2013 Qualitative Research Quantitative Positivism Observable, concrete, measurable Qualtitative Post-positivism Multiple, holistic, interpretative, comprehensive

Paradigm/axiom

Data Objectives/goals

Numbers To test hypothesis, to generalize Standardized, valid, reliable Big or representative Test, questionnaires Validity/reliability by applying statiscal formula (only in quantitative research)

Instruments Sample Collecting data

Words, phrase, sentences, etc To generate, confirm hypothesis, or create new theories Researcher him/her self Small or not representative (respondence) Interview, observation, documentation Trustworthiness -prolong engagement and persist observation -multiple data sources -peer research support group

Data Analysing 1. Display the data 2. reduce the data (by classifying/grouping the data) 3. Make summary

Although you might not expect it, ethnographers often do use statistics in their work. Usually, however, they use nonparametric techniques (see Chapter 11), such as a chi-square test, more often than parametric ones. Typically, they are more likely to report frequencies than scores. They do use parametric statistics when they have large samples, however. Nevertheless, the use of statistics in ethnographic research presents a number of problems. Meeting the assumptions that many inferential tests require (e.g., that the sample is random) often is virtually impossible. Typically, ethnographic studies use small samples and purposive samples. On the other hand, descriptive statisticsmeans and medianscan at times be used to summarize the frequency of actions or events and are increasingly found in ethnographic reports. 18 may 2013 The hypothesis is never stated in the initial time. The hypothesis will be developed along the process of the research and the hypothesis might be changed based on the data obtained Ethnograpich research studies life in certain community of a group of people with their culture, attitude, customs, lifestyle, etc. It is also called as field research/natural setting, so researcher is as a participant, observer, interviewer, etc. It is also called as thick description/portrayed, etc. Validity & Reliabilty To make valid by using credible informan (in interview) To make reliable by prolong the observation Data Analysis in the field (along the process of research and in obtaining data) FINAL TASK: buat small ethnograpic researh 1 June 2013 R&D starts from defining and Potential and problem Steps in R&D