Computer Control Process-Unit I 1. What is a digital controller?

A digital controller is a device introduced in the control system to modify the error signal for better control action. The digital controller can be a special purpose computer (microprocessor basedsystem) or a general purpose computer or it is constructed using nonprogrammable digital devices 2. Explain the terms sampling and sampler. Sampling is a process in which the continuous-time signal (or analog signal) is converted into discrete time signal by taking samples of the continuous time signal at discrete time instant Sampler is a device which performs the process of sampling. 3. What is periodic sampling? The periodic sampling is a sampling process in which the discrete t i m e s i g n a l o r s e q u e n c e i s obtained by taking samples of continuous time signal periodically or uniformly at intervals of T seconds. Here T is called sampling period and 1/T = F s is called sampling frequency. 4. State Shanon's sampling theorem. Sampling theorem states that a band limited continuous -time signal with highest frequency fm, hertz can be uniquely recovered from its samples provided that the sampling rate Fs is greater than or equal to 2fm samples per second. 5. Write the advantages and disadvantages of sampled data control systems. Advantages of sampled data control system Systems are highly accurate, fast and flexible. Use of-time sharing concept of digital computer results in economical cost and space. Digital transducers used in the system have better resolution. The digital components are less affected by noise, non-linearities and transmission errors of noisy channel. Disadvantages of sampled data control system Conversion of analog signals to discrete-time signals and reconstruction introduce noise and errors in the signal. Additional filters have to be introduced in the system if the components of the system do not have adequate filtering characteristics. 6. What is sampled data control system? When the signal or information at any or some points in a system is in the form of discrete pulses, then the system is called discrete data system or sampled data system. 7.What are the advantages of digital controllers. The digital controllers can perform large and complex computation with any desired degreeof accuracy at very high speed. The digital controllers are easily programmable and so they are more versatile. Digital controllers have better resolution.

8. Compare the analog and digital controller. Analog controller Digital controller Complex Costlier than digital controller Slow acting Non-programmable Separate controller should be employed for each control signal Simple Less costlier than analog controller Fast acting Programmable. A single controller can be used to control more than one signal on time shared basis 9. When the control system is called sampled data system? The control system becomes a sampled data system in anyone of the following situations. When a digital computer or microprocessor or digital device is employed as a part of the control loop. When the control components are used on time sharing basis. When the control signals are transmitted by pulse modulation. When the output or input of a component in the system is digital or discrete signal.

10 .Distinguish between discrete time systems and continuous time systems. The discrete time systems are devices or algorithm that can process discrete-time signals where as the continuous time systems are devices that can process analog signals. The input and output signals of discrete-time systems are digital or discrete, but the input and output signals of continuous time systems are analog or continuous time signals. 11. What is meant by quantization? The process of converting a discrete-time continuous valued signal into a discrete time discrete valued signal is called quantization. In quantization the value of each signal sample is represented by a value selected from a finite set of possible values called quantization levels. 12. Define Acquisition time. In analog-to-digital conversion process, the Acquisition time is defined as the total time required for obtaining a signal sample and the time for quantizing and coding. It is also called conversion time. 13. Define Aperture time The duration of sampling the signal is called aperture time. 14. What is coding? The coding is the process of representing each discrete value by a n-bit binary sequence (or code or number). 15. What are hold circuits? Hold circuits are devices used to convert discrete time signals to continuous time signals. 16. What is zero-order hold The zero-order hold is a hold circuit in which the signal-is reconstructed such that the value of reconstructed signal for a sampling period is same as the value of last received sample. 17. What is first-order hold? The first-order hold is a hold circuit in which the last two signal samples (current and previous sample) are used to reconstruct the signal for the current sampling period. The reconstructed signal will be a straight line in a sampling period, whose slope is determined by the current sample and previous sample.

18. Define settling time In digital-to-analog conversion process the settling time is defined as the time required for the output of the D/ A converter to reach and remain within a given fraction of the final value, after application of input code word. 19. What are the advantages of state space analysis? The state space analysis is applicable to any type of systems. They can be used for modeling and analysis of linear & non-linear systems, time invariant & time variant systems and multiple input & multiple output systems. The state space analysis can be performed with initial conditions. The variables used to represent the system can be any variables in the system. Using this analysis the internal states of the system at any time instant can be predicted.

20. What is state and state variable? The state is the condition of a system at any time instant, t. A set of variable which describes the state of the system at any time instant are called state variables. 21. What are the advantages of state space modeling using physical variable? The advantages of choosing the physical variable are the following, The state variable can be utilized for the purpose of feedback The implementation of design with state variable feedback becomes straight forward. The solution of state equation gives time variation of variables which have direct relevance to the physical system.

22. What are phase variables? The phase variables are defined as those particular state variables which are obtained from one of the system variable and its derivatives. Usually the variable used is the system output and the remaining state variables are then derivatives of the output. 23. What is bush form or companion form of state model? In bush form or companion form of state model, the system matrix, A has all 1s in the upper off-diagonal and its last row is comprised of the negative of the coefficients of the original differential equation and all other elements are zero 24. What are the advantages in choosing phase variables for state space modeling? Using phase variables the system state model can be written directly by inspection from the differential equation governing the system. The phase variables provides a link between the transfer function design approach andtime-domain design approach..

25. What is the disadvantage in choosing phase variable for state-space modeling? The disadvantage in choosing phase variables is that the phase variables are not physical variables of the system and therefore are not available for measurement and control purposes. 26. Write the canonical form of state model of nth order system. In canonical form of state model, the system matrix, A will be a diagonal matrix. 27. What is the advantage and the disadvantage in canonical form of state model. The advantage of canonical form is that the state equations are independent of each other. The disadvantage is that the canonical variables are not physical variables and so they are not available for measurement and control.

Unit-II
1.State the theoretical properties required for a digital control algorithm Open loop characteristics, Reset problem, Controller tuning, Robustness, Constraint handling, dead time Compensation, working with right half plane. 2. State deadbeat algorithm? An algorithm that requires the closed loop response to have finite settling time, minimum rise time and zero steady state error is referred to as a dead beat algorithm. 3. Give the advantages and disadvantages of a deadbeat algorithm. Advantages: Control Specification is simple. Disadvantages: Existence of ringing Closed loop response is likely to deviate from the specification due to inertia present in the industrial scale processing and modeling errors. 4. State Dahlin Algorithm. Dahlins Algorithm specifies that the closed loop sampled data control system behave as though it were a first order process with dead time. 5. State the closed loop specification for a Dahlin Algorithm. The closed loop specification is given by C(z)/R(z)= F(z) . z -(N+1) F(z)First Order lag N Number of Sampling periods in the process dead time, d 6. Give the disadvantage of Dahlin Algorithm. The only disadvantage of Dahlin Algorithm is it is unsuitable for process with inverse response due to the choice of z -(N+1) 7. Give the difference between the position and velocity algorithm in a digital PID. The difference between the position and velocity algorithm is that the velocity algorithm only computes the incremental output instead of the actual output of the controller. 8. What are the features of a digital PID Controller? Elimination of reset windup. Elimination of derivative kick Effect of saturation on controller performance Comparison of position and velocity algorithms Use of dimensionless controller gain Time delay compensation

9. Give the specification of deadbeat algorithm C(z)/R(z)=Z-1

10. Give the advantage of Smith Predictor Algorithm. In a Smith Predictor Algorithm the dead time of a process is determined and compensation is performed to avoid it in the process output. 11. What are the advantages of velocity form over the position form? (i) It does not need initialization (ii) It is protected against integral windup (iii) It protects the process against computer failure 12. Explain ringing. When the roots of the denominator D(z), transfer function contain a term whose coefficient is positive then it implies the presence of a pole of negative value, thus the controller ringing is caused. 13. How can ringing be avoided? It can be eliminated by multiplying the transfer function with the ringing term and then multiplying the term to the denominator by applying a limit z1. 14. What are the criteria to be noted while using the f in D(z)? a) The high value of f close to 1 gives a high degree of robustness but the response becomes quiet sluggish b )Smaller value of f close to zero includes dynamic response but the system becomes more sensitive to modeling errors. 17. What are the advantages of using f ? f can be used to enhance the robustness of the loop in the presence of modeling errors and even in the absence of modeling errors the parameter f can be used to shape the output response and to reduce ringing. 18. State the condition when a controller is said to be physically unrealiasable? If the process contains a time delay i.e. d>n then D(z) will require future values of the error to determine the current value of controller output which is physically impossible, when this occurs the controller is said to be physically unrealiasable. 19. Define robustness of a digital control algorithm. The control algorithm must have the ability to maintain stability of the control system in the presence of a plant model mismatch i.e. it must maintain stable process operation in the presence of modeling errors. 20. What is a sampler and hold? A sampler is used for the purpose of ADC, it converts the continuous signal into a discrete signal of samples. A hold is similar to a DAC but the output is a continuous signal in pulsed form.

Unit-III
1. Draw the general block representation of a computer control system?

2. Define SCADA? Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) system is computerised hardware and software based project that provides a single integrated view of all control and information resouces, enable engineers, supervisors, managers, operators to view and interact with the working of an entire operation through graphical representation of their product process. 3. What is CIMPLICITY? CIMPLICITY is a SCADA package. It is based on a client-server architecture consisting of servers and viewers. Servers are responsible for the collection and distribution of data. Viewers connect into servers and have full access to the collected data for viewing and control actions. 4. State the requirement of CIMPLICITY HMI Plant Edition? CIMPLICITY HMI Plant Edition provides an extraordinary selection of features that enables to configure comprehensive and robust project. It gives a quick tour which provides links to the related subject in the documentation. 5. What is a DDC? The DDC (Direct Digital Control) directly interface to the process for data acquisition and control purposes. 6. List the tasks performed by P in DDC? It reads the various process variables from different transmitters through multiplexer and ADC It determines the error for each control loop and executes control strategy for each loop It outputs the correction value of control valve through DAC

7. Mention the two algorithms used in DDC software ? There are two algorithms for programming a three mode PID control loop Position algorithm Velocity algorithm

8. Define AI ? Artificial intelligance has been defined as the branch of computer science which deals withthe software and hardware techniqes to solve symbolic problems as against number crunching problems solved by EDP machines. 9. What is heuristics?

The learned facts, experience and intuition are three basic inputs which enable decisionmaking collectively these are known as heuristics. In AI systems the decisions are taken on the basisof heuristics. 10. Detail on the difference in working of conventional EDP systems and AI systems. Conventional EPD systemsAI systemsInitial data to solve problemFormal knowledge in the field of Problem solvesProblem solving using wellproblem solving byKnown algorithms-reasoningsearch-heuristicsspecific numerical solutionsSolutions in the form of -opinions