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2. Overview
In HAP's LEED EA Credit 1 Summary Report, the "Section 1.3 - Advisory Messages" lists the unmet heating and cooling load hours for the Proposed and Baseline buildings (Figure 1). This data is used to demonstrate compliance with the Performance Rating Method rules that neither the Proposed nor Baseline building can have more than 300 total unmet load hours, and the Proposed unmet load hours cannot exceed the Baseline by more than 50 hours. When either of these limits is exceeded, the energy model must be adjusted to reduce unmet load hours to bring them within the required limits. Often excessive unmet load hours indicate a problem with the energy model, and correcting the problem will improve quality of the results.
Advisory Messages Proposed Building Number of hours heating loads not met Number of hours cooling loads not met Baseline Building (0 deg. rotation) 870 31 647 38 Difference +839 +609
A systematic approach for identifying the causes of excessive unmet load hours and then correcting the problems is described in the following sections: Section 3 - Quick Start provides a concise summary of the steps in the procedure. This section is useful for readers highly proficient with HAP operating concepts and for those already familiar with the procedure who are seeking a refresher. Section 4 - Procedure Discussion explains each step in the procedure. The basic concept behind each step, the specific tasks to complete the step and an example applying these principles are all provided in this section. This section is useful for those learning about the procedure for the first time.
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Perform steps 2-5 once for Proposed building and once for Baseline 0-degree building as required. 2 Identify Individual Air Systems and Plants Responsible for the Unmet Loads a. Identify the plants and air systems included in the building. b. Identify which plants are contributing to the problem. Inspect Unmet Load Report for each plant. c. Identify which air systems are contributing to the problem. Inspect Unmet Load Report for each system. Inspect Zone Temperature Report for each air system. Evaluate and Resolve Air System Air-Side Problems Identified in Step #2 Using the Zone Temperature Report for each air system showing problems: a. Identify which zones require attention b. Identify the magnitude of problem. c. Identify relevant zone and system characteristics. d. Combine findings from (a) thru (c) to formulate and implement corrective action. Evaluate and Resolve Air System Equipment-Side Problems Identified in Step #2 Using the Unmet Load Report for each air system showing problems: a. Identify which equipment component or components require attention. b. Identify the maximum equipment load occurring during the simulation. c. Determine the equipment design capacity. d. Determine when unmet loads occur. Identify patterns or causes. e. Combine findings from (a) thru (d) to formulate and implement corrective action. Evaluate and Resolve Plant Equipment-Side Problems Identified in Step #2 Using the Unmet Load Report for each plant showing problems: a. Identify the maximum plant load occurring during the simulation b. Determine the plant design capacity. c. Determine when unmet loads occur. Identify patterns or causes. d. Combine findings from (a) thru (c) to formulate and implement corrective action.
Perform step 6 if any changes were made to the Baseline 0-deg building in preceding steps 6 Synchronize Baseline Building 90-deg, 180-deg, 270-deg Data with any Changes Made to Baseline 0-deg Building a. Erase all existing input data for 90-deg, 180-deg and 270-deg versions of Baseline building. b. Use "Perform LEED (90.1 PRM) Rotations" option to regenerate 90-deg, 180-deg and 270-deg Baseline buildings.
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Determine whether the Baseline building requires attention: Baseline building requires attention if: Cooling + heating unmet load hours for Baseline > 300 Cooling performance can be ignored if: Heating performance can be ignored if: Quantity of cooling unmet load hours is small or zero. Quantity of heating unmet load hours is small or zero.
Note: If the Baseline building requires revision, remember we are dealing specifically with the 0-degree version of the Baseline building, typically denoted with the prefix [B000] for building, system, plant and space names. Example: a. Generate LEED EA Credit 1 Summary Report and inspect "Section 1.3 - Advisory Messages". See Figure 2 below.
Advisory Messages Proposed Building Number of hours heating loads not met Number of hours cooling loads not met Baseline Building (0 deg. rotation) 870 31 647 38 Difference +839 +609
b. Evaluate Proposed building unmet loads. Conclusion: The Proposed building requires further study. The sum of cooling and heating unmet load hours exceeds 300 and both cooling and heating hours exceed the Baseline building hours by more than 50. Significant unmet hours exist for both cooling and heating so both aspects of HVAC operation will need to be investigated. c. Evaluate Baseline building unmet loads. Conclusion: The Baseline building will not require further study. Its unmet load hours for both cooling and heating are well below the 300 hour limit permitted by the Performance Rating Method.
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Example: a. Identify plants and air systems included in the building. Discussion: The Building Input report was generated for the Proposed building. An excerpt from this report (see Figure 3) shows the building includes one hot water plant and three RTU air systems..
2. Plants Included in this Building: Plant Name Boiler Plant 3. Air Systems Included in this Building: System Name RTU-3 RTU-2 RTU-1
Mult. 1 1 1
b. Identify which plants are contributing to the problem. Discussion: Generate the Unmet Load Report for the "Boiler Plant". This report (see Figure 4) shows no unmet load hours. Therefore, there are no hot water boiler plant equipment-side problems contributing to LEED unmet load hours. Conclusion: The "Boiler Plant" is not the cause of the problems and does not require further study.
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c.
Identify which air systems are contributing to the problem. Discussion: First generate the Unmet Load Reports the RTU-1, RTU-2 and RTU-3 air systems. These reports are shown in Figures 4a thru 4c. There are no unmet loads for the combustion preheater in any of the three RTU systems. While RTU-1 and RTU-2 show a small number of unmet loads for the air-cooled DX cooling equipment, the quantity of unmet loads is small enough it does not require attention. Therefore, it is not necessary to further evaluate equipment-side issues for the air systems.
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Next, generate the Zone Temperature Reports for the three air systems. These reports are shown in Figure 5a thru 5c. The report for RTU-1 shows a no cooling hours out of range and a relatively small number of heating hours out of range. Only heating performance may need attention for this system. The report for RTU-2 shows a large number of cooling hours out of range for one zone, and a relatively small number of heating hours out of range for several zones. Cooling performance will definitely need attention. Heating performance may need attention. Finally, the report for RTU-3 shows a large number of heating hours out of range for two zones. A small to moderate number of cooling hours out or range exist for several zones. Heating performance will definitely need attention in this system. Cooing performance may need attention. Overall Conclusion: This review of the plant and air system reports indicates that LEED unmet load hours are almost entirely due to air-side issues. The majority of the hours appear to come from just three zones.
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d. Formulate and implement solution. Combine findings from (a) thru (c) to draw conclusions about the cause of the hours out of range. Then formulate and implement corrective action. Because hours out of range can be caused by many things, it is not possible to provide an exhaustive list to cover every specific possibility. Instead, some key issues to consider when formulating action are provided below. Cooling Hours Out of Range User-Defined Sizing - If "user-defined" sizing was used for the system, it is possible the specified supply airflow rates are insufficient to meet peak zone loads. To test this, make a copy of the air system, change sizing back to "computer-generated" and then generate the Zone Sizing Summary report. Compare supply airflow rates on this report versus those on the Zone Sizing Summary for the original system with user-defined sizing. If "computergenerated" shows a larger supply airflow for a problem zone, it is likely cooling hours out of range are due to insufficient airflow. To solve the problem, edit the original system to increase supply airflow for that zone. Pulldown Loads - Cooling hours out of range could result from problems quickly bringing air temperatures into the zone cooling range at the start of an occupied period. This is especially likely if extended unoccupied periods such as a weekend or holiday period coincide with unusually hot and sunny weather. At the start of the next occupied cycle, the system may face an unusually large accumulation of heat in the building mass and may have trouble quickly pulling the air temperature down into the occupied operating range. Possible solutions include increasing zone supply airflow, reducing supply air temperature (while using the same supply airflows), reducing the delta-T between occupied and unoccupied setpoints, or starting the occupied period one or more hours earlier. A severe instance of this problem can occur if you specified cooling is not permitted during the unoccupied period. If internal loads are scheduled ON during unoccupied periods, or if unoccupied periods (such as during weekends or holidays) involve exposure to hot, sunny conditions, indoor temperatures can rise to very high levels and create extremely large pulldown loads at the start of the next occupied period. The solution is to permit cooling during unoccupied periods to reduce hours out of range. The other solutions noted in the previous paragraph may also be needed to further reduce these hours out of range. Simulation Day Zone Cooling Loads Larger than Cooling Design Day Loads - There are a number of reasons that more severe load conditions can be created on simulation days. If so, the system, which has been sized on loads for a design cooling day, may not have the airflow capacity to meet the loads and keep temperatures under control. The following can cause this: Weather conditions more severe on simulation days. Compare simulation and design weather profiles to see if simulation temperature profiles are significantly warmer than design profiles. In some cases simulation weather and design weather might be mismatched. It may be necessary to increase summer design values. Or the Page 9 of 19 Need more help?
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Thermostat Throttling Range - If you specified a very small throttling range, such as something in the range from 0.1 F or 0.5 F, the system will be more prone to hours out of range. Any excursion above design load levels may be quickly trigger hours out of range. The solution is to use a larger throttling range.
Heating Hours Out of Range User-Defined Sizing - If "user-defined" sizing was used for the system, it is possible the specified supply airflow rate, reheat coil capacity or zone heating unit capacity is insufficient to meet peak zone heating loads. To test this, make a copy of the air system, change sizing back to "computer-generated" and then generate the Zone Sizing Summary report. Compare supply airflow rates, reheat coil capacities and zone heating unit capacities (as applicable) versus those on the Zone Sizing Summary for the original system with user-defined sizing. If "computergenerated" shows a larger values for a problem zone, it is likely heating hours out of range will result.. To solve the problem, edit the original system to increase the supply airflow, reheat coil capacity or zone heating unit capacity. Note: When dealing with parallel fan powered mixing box (PFPMBX) units as the primary source of heat for the zone, "supply airflow" is the PFPMBX fan airflow Warmup Loads - Heating hours out of range could result from problems quickly bringing air temperatures into the zone heating range at the start of an occupied period. The industry-standard heating design calculation procedure is a single-hour steady-state calculation and therefore does consider warmup dynamics. Therefore, systems sized for this condition without any safety factor built into the supply airflow or heating coil capacity often have problems quickly bringing the zone air temperature into the operating range during the simulation. This is especially true if extended unoccupied periods such as a weekend or holiday period coincide with unusually cold weather. Solutions include increasing zone supply airflow, reheat coil capacity or zone heating unit capacity (as applicable), increasing supply air temperature (while using the same supply airflows), reducing the delta-T between occupied and unoccupied setpoints, or starting the occupied period one or more hours earlier. Simulation Day Zone Heating Loads Larger than Design Heating Loads - There are two reasons why more severe heating load conditions can be created on simulation days. If simulation days have larger heating loads, the system, which has been sized on loads for the design heating hour, may not have the capacity to meet these loads and keep temperatures under control. The following can cause this: Weather conditions more severe on simulation days. Compare the minimum outdoor air temperature in the simulation weather profile with the winter design temperature and evaluate whether simulation temperatures are Page 10 of 19 Need more help?
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Excessively Cold Primary Air - In systems whose primary source of heat is a terminal reheat coil or is in the zone, unusually cold primary air may create hours out of range. Example: A VAV/RH system does not contain a preheat coil. When all zones are in heating, supply air is close to 100% outdoor air. Winter weather often reaches 0 F. Therefore, at these conditions the supply air coming to the VAV/RH box will be close to 0 F. Such a cold primary air temperature may result in situations where the reheat coil does not have enough capacity to hold zone temperature. One solution is to provide a preheat coil to temper the primary air. Another solution is to increase reheat coil capacity to have capacity to handle these extreme conditions. This problem can affect central systems whose primary source of heat is a terminal reheat coil, a fan powered mixing box, a zone heating unit (baseboard or fan coil). For fan coil, PTAC and WSHP systems, the problem is less common but can occur if a common ventilation unit is supplying very cold untreated air to the zones.
Thermostat Throttling Range - If you specified a very small throttling range, such as something in the range from 0.1 F or 0.5 F, the system will be more prone to hours out of range. Any excursion above design load levels may be quickly trigger hours out of range. The solution is to use a larger throttling range.
Example Problem: Air System = RTU-2 a. Identify which zones require attention. b. Identify magnitude of problem Inspecting the Zone Temperature Report in Figure 5b we can see "Zone 9" is responsible for the vast majority of cooling hours out or range. The maximum deviation in temperature is 2.8 F c. Identify zone and system characteristics This is a VAV/RH air system which uses user-defined sizing. d. Formulate and implement solution. Whenever user-defined sizing exists, it is useful to make a copy of the system, switch to "computer-generated" sizing, run design calculations and compare computer generated with user-defined. This comparison shows a user defined supply airflow for "Zone 9" of 635 CFM and a computer-generated airflow of 1135 CFM. Therefore the cooling hours out of range are likely due to a shortage of supply air. User-defined CFMs may have been used to represent an existing system. But if unmet load hours are to be eliminated, the supply airflow must be increased to this zone so peak room sensible loads can be met. If the supply air is increased to 1135 CFM, cooling hours out of range for "Zone 9" drop from 612 to 6 hrs.
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Figure 6. LEED Unmet Load Hours After Initial Air System Changes
Second Iteration Looking at the remaining heating hours out of range in the Zone Temperature Reports we see:
RTU-3 has no heating hours out of range and therefore requires no further attention. RTU-1 and RTU-2 have small to moderate numbers of heating hours out of range - varying from about 10 to 70. And the magnitude of the temperature deviation is relatively small up to 3 or 4 F.
RTU-1 and RTU-2 are VAV/RH systems. The primary source of space heating is the terminal reheat coil. Inspection of air system input data shows the user-defined reheat coil capacities are roughly equal to computer-generated values and use no safety margin. It is likely the heating hours out of range problem is due to warm-up loads (see discussion under Step 3 Tasks, item (d)). Therefore as a solution we will increase the reheat coil capacities for affected zones by 20% to provide a margin of safety that can be used to better handle warmup loads. Page 12 of 19 Need more help?
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Figure 7. LEED Unmet Load Hours After 2nd Iteration of Air System Changes
Step 4 - Evaluate and Resolve Equipment-Side Problems in Air Systems Identified in Step #2
Concept: During Step #2, if an Air System Unmet Load Report indicated unmet load hours, then the system has equipmentside operating problems related to DX cooling, heat pump heating or combustion heating equipment operation. The air system needs to be investigated to isolate and then correct the problem. Air system unmet loads are always due to times when the equipment capacity is less than the load imposed on the equipment. While that is a simple concept, the root causes of a capacity deficit vary widely depending on the equipment, airside system, building load profile and environmental conditions. The "Analytical Approach" subsection below describes a systematic approach for understanding the problem, identifying root causes and formulating solutions. Analytical Approach: (Repeat these tasks for each air system exhibiting equipment-side problems.) a. Identify which equipment component or components require attention. Inspect the Air System Unmet Load Report and identify which table or tables show significant unmet load hours. The equipment components represented by these tables are the only ones which will require further investigation. Note: If a table shows only a small number of unmet load hours, it may not be worthy of attention. But a table that shows dozens or hundreds of unmet load hours is worthy of attention. The Air System Unmet Load Report contains one or multiple tables providing unmet load data for different equipment components. At the start of this investigation it is important to identify which equipment component has capacity problems. If only one component has operating problems it greatly simplifies the investigation. The following table shows the eight possible tables that can appear on an unmet load report and the components described by each. # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Table Name Preheat Unit Precool Unit Ventilation Heating Unit Ventilation Cooling Unit Central Heating Unit Central Cooling Unit Terminal Heating Unit Terminal Cooling Unit Equipment Component Combustion heater serving a preheat coil. A/C DX equipment serving a precool coil. A/C DX or WSHP equipment serving the cooling coil in a common vent unit. Combustion or WSHP equipment serving the heating coil in a common vent unit ASHP or combustion heater equipment serving the heating coil in a central system. A/C DX or W/C DX cooling equipment serving the cooling coil in a central system. Combustion, ASHP or WSHP equipment in a terminal PTAC, PTHP or WSHP unit. A/C DX or WSHP cooling equipment in a terminal PTAC, PTHP or WSHP unit.
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c.
Determine the equipment capacity If the equipment has "user-defined" equipment capacity: Use information on the air system input report to determine the user-specified equipment gross cooling or gross heating capacity.
If the equipment has "auto-sized" equipment capacity: Use the air system input report to determine the program-calculated equipment gross cooling or gross heating capacity.
d. Determine when unmet loads occur. Identify patterns or causes. From the Air System Unmet Load Report identify one month with the largest number of unmet loads. Generate an Air System Hourly Simulation graph report for all days in this month. Graph the "Coil Load" and "Equipment Load" components together. For example, if evaluating a central cooling unit, you would graph "Central Cooling Coil Load" and "Central Cooling Equipment Load". Times when the coil load exceeds equipment load are times of unmet loads. Review the times when unmet loads occur and consider what may be happening with weather conditions, load conditions or system operation at these times. For example: If unmet loads occur for extended periods on specific days, are these days with unusually high outdoor dry-bulb or wet-bulb temperatures. Are these unusually hot and sunny days? Are these unusually cold days? Inspecting weather profile graphs for the same group of days helps in this assessment. If unmet loads occur during the same time of day for many or all days, this might indicate a problem with pulldown loads or economizer operation, but could be due to other factors. For example, use of a dry-bulb economizer in a humid climate can cause cooling loads to spike when 100% OA for cool, humid conditions is introduced into the system. Or use of an enthalpy economize without in a dry climate and no upper cutoff can cause cooling loads to spike when 100% OA for dry but very hot air is introduced into a system. e. Formulate and implement corrective action. Combine findings from (b) thru (d) to draw conclusions about the cause of the unmet loads. Then formulate and implement corrective action. Some key guidelines to help formulating action are provided below. If you feel the maximum coil load is legitimate, then the solution to the problem is to simply increase equipment capacity to equal or exceed the maximum load identified from (b).. If the equipment specifies "user-defined" equipment capacity, then the gross capacity for the equipment must be increased to resolve the problem.. If the equipment specifies "auto-sized" capacity, then the "Capacity Oversizing Factor" needs to be increased to resolve the problem. In some cases, rather than indicating a capacity problem, the unmet loads indicate a problem with equipment or air system modeling. While increasing equipment capacity in the previous bullet is the simple solution and will eliminate unmet loads, if you are oversizing versus design load by unusually large margins like 50% or 75% you more likely Page 14 of 19 Need more help?
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b. Determine the plant capacity If the plant has "user-defined" equipment capacities: Use information on the plant input report to determine the plant capacity.
If the plant has "auto-sized" equipment capacities: Use the plant input report to determine the plant oversizing factor. Use the plant design load report to determine the plant design load For a chilled water plant use the "Cooling Plant Sizing Summary". For a hot water or steam plant use the "Heating Plant Sizing Summary" Calculate the plant capacity as (design load) x (1 + Oversizing Factor). Example: A chiller water plant has an oversizing factor of 15% and the Cooling Plant Sizing Summary shows the design load is 462 tons. The programcalculated plant capacity would be (462 tons) x 1.15 = 531.3 tons.
c.
Determine when unmet loads occur. Identify patterns or causes. From the Plant Unmet Load Report identify one month with the largest number of unmet loads. Generate a Plant Hourly Simulation graph report for all days in this month. For a chiller plant, graph the Plant Load and Chiller Output together. For a boiler plant, graph the Plant Load and Boiler Output together. Times when plant load exceeds chiller output or plant load exceeds boiler output are times of unmet loads. Note: For a chiller plant which uses hydronic free cooling, a special approach is required. In this type of plant differences between the Plant Load and Chiller Output could indicate either the free cooling effect or an unmet load. To isolate just the unmet load hours, first make a copy of the plant. In the copy remove the hydronic free cooling. Then run the simulation and generate the Plant Hourly Simulation graph to compare Plant Load and Chiller Output. With the free cooling excluded, all differences between Plant Load and Chiller Output indicate times of unmet load.
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Example Problem: In Step 2 the Plant Unmet Load Report for the HW boiler plant showed no unmet load hours. Therefore no action is needed for this step. Proceed to step 6.
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b. Regenerate the 90-degree, 180-degree and 270-degree Baseline building rotations From the main HAP window click the Buildings item in the left-hand panel. In the right-hand panel right-click the Baseline 0-degree building item. On the pop-up menu which appears select "Perform LEED (90.1 PRM) Rotations" Click the OK button in the confirmation window that appears. Save the project. Select the Proposed and all four Baseline buildings and generate the LEED EA Credit 1 Summary Report.
Example Problem: In our example problem only the Proposed building required modifications to eliminate the LEED unmet load hour problem. Therefore Step 6 does not need to be performed for the example problem.
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