80 THE ANNALS OF UNIVERSITY “DUNĂREA DE JOS” OF GALAŢI

FASCICLE VIII, 2002, ISSN 1221-4590

TRIBOLOGY

THE TOLERANCE FIELD EFFECT ON THE ANGULAR CONTACT

BALL BEARINGS SYSTEMS’ RATING LIFE
Rezmires Daniel, Racocea Cezar
Technical University "Gh. Asachi” of Iasi, drezmir@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT
To assure both good dynamic load capacity and higher shaft stiffness, two rolling
bearings are usually mounted in pair. The load distribution on the contacts of the
two rolling bearings depends on individual stiffness of the each bearing, on the length
separator between the bearings, and on the chosen tolerance values. In this work we
present a model in five degrees of freedom, which could serve to find the load
distribution in bearing arrangements, considering the intermediate elements as rigid
bodies. The assembly’ stiffness was determined considering the individual stiffness of
each element, and the rating life was expressed as a function of tolerance values of
the intermediate elements. This was realised by solving a non-linear system of
equations, including the centrifugal effects and some of the friction forces.

KEYWORDS: Angular – contact ball bearing, Quasi-dynamic equilibrium, Rating life.

1.Analytical Approach The displacement vector {δ}r of the “r” inner ring has
also five components:
For any rolling bearing pair, (r,j), the distance pieces {δ}r = {δx, δyr, δzr, γy, γz} (3)
L1, L2 are considered to have the same initial length and
the shaft is considered as rigid.
B1 L1 B2
The following co-ordinate systems were considered:
• an inertial system OXYZ with its origin on the r=2 Z1 Z1
r=1
Oi Oi
middle length of the inner ring's curvature centres; X1

• a rolling element frame OX1Y1Z1 for each (r,j) ball. Y1 Ow Y1 Ow X1

dm/2

Oe Oe

To limit the complexity of the analysis, the following

assumptions were admitted: αr,1
Z
αr,1 C
• the bearing was mounted on an elastic shaft and in a R R
rigid housing; Fz
α0
α0
• the surfaces in contact have ideal shapes; Fy
Fa
X
O
• the pair bearing system were considered to be rigid B1i
Y
L2 14 .2 446

B2i
except the local contact zones. L B
Related to the ball co-ordinate system (OX1Y1Z1)r,j two
degrees of freedom, represented by the translations ux Fig.1. General view
and uz, have been considered for each ball.
The external load vector {F}, applied to the entire 2. Static Equilibrium of the (r,j) ball
arrangement, contains 5 components that are further element
divided to each bearing of the arrangement:
{F} = {Fx,Fy,Fz, My, Mz} (1a) To solve the equilibrium system (3), is necessary to
{F}r = {Fxr,Fyr,Fzr, Myr, Mzr} (1b) find the components of {δ}r vector which are functions
The static equilibrium provides easily the system of of distances OeOw, and OiOw respectively. The following
equations: notations were introduced:
Fx1+Fx2=Fx loe= OeOw= Ro-Dw/2-Sd/4; (4a)
Frz2+Frz1=Fz Fry2+Fry1=Fry loi= OiOw =Ri-Dw/2-Sd/4; (4b)
Fz.(L+B)=Frz1.B Fy.(L+B)=Fry1.B (2) Lie=loi+loe (4c)
My1+My2=My Mz1+Mz2=Mz
 THE ANNALS OF UNIVERSITY “DUNĂREA DE JOS” OF GALAŢI 81
FASCICLE VIII, 2002, ISSN 1221-4590
TRIBOLOGY

Considering identical bearings in the arrangement • for r=1

pair, the D1 and D2 values presented in Figures 2 and • α0,1 =arctan((Lie.sin(α0)+ja)/(Lie.cos(α0));
3, are : • sd1(1)=[(Lie.cos(α0,1))2+(Lie.sin(α0,1)+ja)2)0.5-Lie;
D1= L1+(Bi,1+Bi,2)/2 (5a) • Lie(1)=loi+loe+sd1(1);
D2= L2+(Bo,1+Bo,2 )/2 (5b) • for r=2
D1= D2 (5c) • α0,2=α0; sd1(2):=0; Lie(2):=Lie
Considering further the tolerances TBi,o,r and
corresponding to B1, B2 distances and the tolerances
• αr,1=arctan{[ D2p]/[2.[ dm/2+loi(r).cos(α0,r)]]}
TL1,2 corresponding to L1 and L2 distances, the values
• R=[ D2p]/[2.sin(αr,1)];
D1 and D2 become:
If the inner ring is misaligned around OY and Oz axes
D2p=L2+TBo,1+TL2+ TBo,2+(Bo,1+Bo,2)/2 (6)
D1p=L1+TBi,1+TL1+ TBi,1+(Bi,1+Bi,2)/2 (7) with γy and γz angles respectively, then the initial angle
The initial contact angle α0 and Lie parameters αr,1 become a function of α1(r,j):
depend also on D2p and D1p values, so that new values α1(r,j)=αr,1+sgn(r).γy.cos(ψ(r,j))+ sgn(r).γz.sin(ψ(r,j))
α0,r and Lie(r) have to be considered. Also, α1,r and R (9)
parameters are different versus the initial values. where:
The supplementary axial clearance introduced by the • ψ(r,j) defines the angular position of the ball
effective values for D2p and D1p parameters is: element in the inertial system;
ja =D2p-D1p (8) • sgn(r) defines "r" row:
 1, r = 1
• sgn( r ) =  (10)
r=2 r=1  − 1, r = 2
D1 Because in the static load case the inner and outer
Oi Oi contact angles are equal for any individual ball element,
but different for every ball, the total deformation that
Owp
Ow
acts on the (r,j) ball can be written as:
Ow
α0 δ( r, j ) = x( r, j )2 + z( r, j )2 −loi −loe (11)
α0p
Oep where:
Oe
Oe
D2 z( r , j ) = Lie ( r ). cos( α 0 ,r ) + δ zr .cos( ψ( r , j )) +
D2p + δ yr . sin( ψ( r , j )) + R.[cos( α 1 ( r , j )) − cos( α r ,1 )]
Fig. 2. The α0 and Lie when L2+(Bo,1+Bo,2)/2> x( r , j ) = Lie ( r ). sin( α 0 ,r ) + δ x + R [sin( α r ,1 ) −
L1+(Bi,1+Bi,2)/2
− sin( α 1 ( r , j ))]
r=2 r=1
The contact angle for the (r,j) roller element is:
D 2p
 x( r , j ) 
α s ( r , j ) = α i ( r , j ) = α e ( r , j ) = arctan 
D1
Oi
Oi
O ip
 z( r , j ) 
Owp
(12)
Ow Ow
α0
The normal load and contact angle are given by:
α 0p
Q(r,j) = Kech.δ(r,j)n (13a)
Oe
D2
Oe
αi(r,j) = αe(r,j) (13b)
The {δ}r displacement vector results by solving the
Figure 3. The α0 and Lie when L2+(Bo,1+Bo,2)/2< equilibrium equation system for the inner ring. Using
L1+(Bi,1+Bi,2)/2 the previous relations, the equilibrium of forces and
moments are:
Assuming “ja” as decision criteria results:
if ja>0
• for r=2
Fz = ∑∑ Q( r , j ).cos( α ( r , j )) cos( ψ( r , j ))
r j
i

• α0,2 =arctan((Lie.sin(α0)+ja)/(Lie.cos(α0)); (15a)

• sd1(2)=[(Lie.cos(α0,2))2+(Lie.sin(α0,2)+ja)2] 0.5-Lie;
= ∑∑ F zr ( r , j)
• Lie(2) =loi+loe+sd1(2);
r j

• for r=1 Fy = ∑∑ Q( r , j ).cos( α ( r , j )) sin( ψ( r , j ))

i
• α0,1=α0; sd1(1):=0; Lie(1):=Lie r j
(15b)
and
• αr,1=arctan{[ D2p]/[2.[ dm/2+loi(r).cos(α0,r)]]}
= ∑∑ F
r j
yr ( r , j)

• R=[ D2p]/[2.sin(αr,1)];
if ja<0
82 THE ANNALS OF UNIVERSITY “DUNĂREA DE JOS” OF GALAŢI
FASCICLE VIII, 2002, ISSN 1221-4590
TRIBOLOGY

Fx = ∑∑ Q( r , j ) sin( α ( r , j )) = i ∂Fry
= ∑
∂ [ K ech .δ( r , j )n . cos( α i ( r , j )). sin( ψ( r , j ))]
r j
(15c) ∂{δ} r ∂{δ}r
∑∑
j
= Fx ( r , j ) (18b)
r j
∂Frz ∂ [ K ech .δ( r , j ) . cos( α i ( r , j )). cos( ψ( r , j ))]
n

My = ∑∑ F ( r , j ).b ( r , j ) +
x y ∂{δ} r
= ∑j
∂{δ}r
r j
(15d)
+ ∑∑ F zr ( r , j ).bx ( r , j ).
(18c)
r j
∂M y
∂ ∑ F ( r , j ).b ( r , j ) + ∂∑
x y Fz ( r , j ).bx ( r , j )

∑∑ F ( r , j ).b ( r , j ) +
j j
Mz = = .
r j
x z
{δ} r ∂{δ}r
(15e)
∑∑
(18d)
+
∑ F ( r , j ).b ( r , j ) + ∂∑
Fyr ( r , j ).bx ( r , j ).
∂ x z Fy ( r , j ).bx ( r , j )
r j
∂M z j j
where: = .
• Q(r,j) represents the load acting on the (r,j) ball;
{δ} r ∂{δ}r
• Fzr(r,j), Fyr(r,j) represent the radial forces which (18e)
act in “r,j” ball; δx
Oi
• bx,y,z(r,j), represents the distance from the point of
inner raceway - ball contact to the center of the
inertial system. δz
loi
B  D 
bx ( r , j ) = +  δi ( r , j ) + loi − w . sin( α s ( r , j )) ux O'
2  2  Ow i
uz
  D   α 0,r αi
by ( r , j ) = C +  δi ( r , j ) + loi − w .cos(α s ( r , j )). Z
  2   O*
w
loe
. sin( ψ( r , j ))
  D   αe
bz ( r , j ) = C +  δi ( r , j ) + loi − w .cos(α s ( r , j )).
  2  
.cos(ψ( r , j ))
δi(r,j)=δ(r,j).(Kech/Ki)1/n (16) Oe X
The {δ}r components represent the solution of the Eq. Fig. 4. The center of mass displacement (ux, uz) for the
(15a-15e) and it was found by an Newton-Raphson (r,j) ball.
algorithm. To solve the equilibrium system (15) is
necessary to write the Jacobian matrix for the two
bearings. The rigidity matrix Mr is: Fmo
Qo

 ∂Fxr ∂Fxr ∂Fxr ∂Fxr ∂Fxr 

 ∂δx ∂δy ∂δz ∂γy ∂γz  Fc Ffo
 
 ∂Fry ∂Fry ∂Fry ∂Fry ∂Fry 
αe
 ∂δx ∂δy ∂δz ∂γy ∂γz 
 ∂Frz ∂Frz ∂Frz ∂Frz ∂Frz 
Mr =   (17)
 ∂δx ∂δy ∂δz ∂γy ∂γz 
Ffi
 ∂My ∂My ∂My ∂My ∂My 
  α
 ∂δx ∂δy ∂δz ∂γy ∂γz  i
 ∂Mz ∂Mz ∂Mz ∂Mz ∂Mz 
 ∂δx ∂δy ∂δz ∂γy ∂γz  r
Qi
Fmi
where: Fig. 5 The forces on (r,j) ball

∂Fxr ∂ [ K ech .δ( r , j )n . sin( α i ( r , j ))]

∂{δ} r
= ∑ j
∂{δ}r
(18a)
3. Quasi-dynamic effects
Due to centrifugal force, both the load and the
contact angle are modified versus the static values.
 THE ANNALS OF UNIVERSITY “DUNĂREA DE JOS” OF GALAŢI 83
FASCICLE VIII, 2002, ISSN 1221-4590
TRIBOLOGY

Considering the existence of the centrifugal force

the final position for the mass centre of the (r,j) ball is From these notations results:
presented in Fig. 4 as function of “ux” and “uz“
parameters.  − 1.5.XI 2 
The new position of Owe point is found also with the  −
∂EFCAi rri.( rri + loi ).ZI . Tdi 
Newton Raphson algorithm applied this time to all balls. = Tqi . 
The loads that act on the (r,j) ball are presented in Fig.5. ∂ux 1 XI 2
− + 3 
Considering the guiding ball assumption [1], the  ZI . Tdi ZI .Tdi 1.5 
equilibrium equations for the (j) ball are:
EFCA(r,j)=Qi(r,j).sin(αi(r,j))-Qo(r,j).sin(αe(r,j))-  1.5.XO2 
 +
[Fmi.cos(αi(r,j))-Fmo.cos(αe(r,j))]=0 (19a) ∂EFCAo rro.( rro+ loe).ZO. Tdo 
EFCR(r,j)=Qi(r,j).cos(αi(r,j))- = Tqo. 
∂ux 1 XO2
Qo(r,j).cos(αe(r,j))+[Fmi.sin(αi(r,j))- + − 3 
Fmo.sin(αe(r,j))]+Fc=0 (19b)  Zo. Tdo ZO .Tdo1.5 
where: ∂EFCA ∂EFCAi ∂EFCAo
Fmi=2.(1-λ).Mg/Dw; = − (23)
∂ux ∂ux ∂ux
Fmo=2.λ.Mg/Dw;
Ffo=µ.Qo;  − 1.5.XI .ZI 
Ffi=µ.Qi  −
∂EFCAi rri .( rri + loi ).ZI . Tdi
Mg=Dw2.m.10-7.ωc .ωw . sin(β) = Tqi . 
∂uz  XI 3 
β - atitude angle, [rad] −
XI
+ 4 
 ZI . Tdi ZI .Tdi 
2 1.5
 sin( α e ( r , j )) 
β = arctan  and λ=1, for outer race
  
 cos( α e ( r , j )) + γ 
1.5.XO.ZO
 +
∂EFCAo rro.( rro + loe ).ZO. Tdi
guiding = Tqo. 
∂uz  XO3 
 sin( α i ( r , j ))  +
XO
+ 4 
β = arctan  and λ=0, for inner race
  ZO . Tdo ZO .Tdo 
2 1.5
 cos( α i ( r , j )) − γ 
guiding ∂EFCA ∂EFCAi ∂EFCAo
= − (24)
The following must be considered: ∂uz ∂uz ∂uz
• Ffo and Ffi act like blocking forces;
• If Fmi>Ffi then Fmi=Fmi-Ffi else Fmi=0;  − 1.5.XI 
• If Fmo>Ffo then Fmo=Fmo-Ffo else Fmo=0;  +
∂EFCRi rri .( rri + loi ). Tdi
In these conditions the rigidity matrix for (r,j) element = Tqi . 
∂ux  XI 
 ∂EFCA( r , j ) ∂EFCA( r , j )  + 2 
 ∂ux ∂uz   ZI .Tdi 1.5

is: MFC( r , j ) = 
∂EFCR( r , j ) ∂EFCA( r , j )   1.5.XO 
   −
 ∂ux ∂uz  ∂EFCRo rro.( rro + loe ). Tdo 
= Tqo.
(20) ∂ux  XO 
− 
 ZO 2 .Tdo 1.5 
The following notations were introduced to ∂EFCR ∂EFCRi ∂EFCRo
simplify the MFC(r,j) components: = − (25)
∂ux ∂ux ∂ux
dto=dto(r,j) - contact deformation for static load case at
 − 1.5.ZI 
outer contact level;
 −
dti=dti(r,j) - contact deformation for static load case at ∂EFCRi rri .( rri + loi ). Tdi 
= Tqi .
inner contact level; ∂uz  XI 2 
_ 3 
αs=αs(r,j) - contact angle in the static case;  ZI .Tdi 1.5 
ZO=(loe+dto).cos(αs)+uz; (21a)  1.5.ZO 
 +
XO=(loe+dto).sin(αs)+ux; (21b) ∂EFCRo rro .( rro + loe ). Tdo
ZI=(loi+dti).cos(αs)-uz; (22a) = Tqo. 
∂uz  XO 2 
XI=(loi+dti).sin(αs)-ux; (22b) + 
 ZO .Tdo3 1 . 5

rri=(ZI2+XI2)0.5-loi; rro=(ZO2+XO2)0.5-loe ∂EFCR ∂EFCRi ∂EFCRo
Tqi=Ki.rri1.5 Tqo=Ko.rro1.5 = − ……..(26)
∂uz ∂uz ∂uz
Tdi=1+(XI/ZI)2 Tdo=1+(XO/ZO)2
84 THE ANNALS OF UNIVERSITY “DUNĂREA DE JOS” OF GALAŢI
FASCICLE VIII, 2002, ISSN 1221-4590
TRIBOLOGY

4. The rigidity matrix of the “r” bearing  Nr −1 p  Nr −1

1
 pe
1

The displacements ux and uz are obtained solving the



 j =0
Q( r , j ) p 


∑ 

 j =0
Q( r , j ) pe 


∑
eq. (20) to (26). The rigidity matrix (17) has the Qer ( r ) =   ; Qes ( r ) =   (29)
 Z   Z 
following elements:    
∂ [ K i .δ i ( r , j ,ux ,uz )n . sin( α i ( r , j ,ux ,uz ))]    
∂Fx
∂{δ}r
=
j
∑ ∂{δ}r
  
The (r) bearing life in terms of millions of revolutions


can be calculated as:

∂[ Ki .δi ( r , j ,ux,uz )n .cos(αi ( r , j ,ux,uz )).sin(ψ( r , j ))]
L10 ( r ) = ( L−r e ( r ) + L−s e ( r ))−1 / e
∂Fry
∂{δ}r
= ∑
j
∂{δ}r Results that the pair bearings life in million of
(30)

revolutions is:
∂[ Ki .δi ( r , j ,ux,uz )n .cos(αi ( r , j ,ux,uz )).cos(ψ( r , j ))]
∂Frz
∂{δ}r
= ∑ ∂{δ}r
. L10 = ( L−10e ( 1 ) + L−10e ( 2 ))−1 / e (31)
j Bearing life in term of hour can be calculated as:

∂M y
∑F ( r, j,ux,uz).b ( r, j ) + ∂∑F ( r, j,ux,uz).b ( r, j )
∂
j
x y
j
z x
B10 = 10
L .10 6
(32)
= . 60.RPM
{δ}r ∂{δ}r

∂M z
∂ ∑F ( r, j,ux,uz ).b ( j ) + ∂∑F ( r, j,ux,uz ).b ( r, j )
j
x z
j
y x 6. Numerical examples
= .
{δ}r ∂{δ}r The following geometrical values have been considered:
where: B1=Bi1 =Bi2 =10 [mm]; B2=Bo1 =Bo2 =10 [mm]
Fz ( r , j ,ux,uz ) = ∑K .δ ( r, j,ux,uz ).cos(α ( r, j,ux,uz ))cos(ψ( r, j )))
r
i i i
L2=L1=10 [mm];
Dw=9.525 [mm];
Nr=12 balls / bearing;
dm=46 [mm]; αo=15 [deg]
Ro/Dw=0.52; Ri/Dw=0.53; L=50 [mm]
F ( r , j ,ux,uz ) = ∑K .δ ( r , j ,ux,uz ).cos(α ( r , j ,ux,uz )) sin(ψ( r , j )) )
y i i i The effect of the “ja” parameter versus Fx1 and Fx2
r evolution is related in Fig. 6. The external forces are:
F ( r , j , ux , uz ) = ∑ K .δ ( r , j , ux , uz ). sin( α ( r , j , ux , uz ))
x i i i Fz=10 [N], Fy=10 [N], Fx=200 [N], L=50 [mm]
r To point out the influence of the length tolerances on
load distribution, the axial displacement is related in Fig.
5. The (r) pair bearings life 7 as function of the “ja” parameter.
180
Using the Lundberg-Palmgreen life rating method 160
applied to the (r,j) pair bearings, the basic dynamic 140
element capacity, Qc, is defined as the ball load which 120 Fx2, ni=8000 [rpm]
Fx1, Fx2, [N]

will result in a life of a million revolutions of the 100 Fx2, ni=10000 [rpm]
raceway with 90 percent probability of survival. 80
Fx2, ni=12000 [rpm]
Fx1, ni=8000 [rpm]
For a ball with diameter 25mm, basic dynamic ball 60 Fx1, ni=10000 [rpm]
capacity can be calculated as: Fx1, ni=12000 [rpm]
40

 2. f 
Qc = A.λ. 
0.41
(1 ! γ )1.39  Dw 0.3 .D1.8 .N −1 / 3 (27) 20
 
 2. f − 1  (1 ± γ )1.3  dm  w r 0
-5 -3 -1 1 3 5
where: A=98; λ=1; "ja" parameter, [mm]*100
The calculation of the inner and outer race lives are
given in Eq. (28), for the case of the inner race Fig. 6. “ja” parameter versus axial displacement
rotating with respect to the load. The race lives are Fz=10 [N], Fy=10[N], Fx=200 [N], L=50 [mm]

calculated per Eq. (29), for the case when the inner 10
Axial displacement, [mm]*100

race is stationary with respect to the load. The 9.5

combination of the race lives to give the bearing life is 9

shown by Eqs. (30) and (31). If the inner race rotates 8.5
8
with respect to load, the lives can be calculated as: 7.5
4 4 ni=8000 [rpm]
Q  Q  7
ni=10000 [rpm]
Lr ( r ) =  cr 
 Ls ( r ) =  cs 
 (28) 6.5 ni=12000 [rpm]

 Qer   Qes  -6 -4 -2
6
0 2 4 6
where: "ja" parameter, [mm]*100

Fig. 7. Axial displacement versus “ja” parameter for the

“r” bearing
 THE ANNALS OF UNIVERSITY “DUNĂREA DE JOS” OF GALAŢI 85
FASCICLE VIII, 2002, ISSN 1221-4590
TRIBOLOGY

The influence of the length tolerances on the Oi,e centers of curvature

L1,L2 lengths of intermediate parts
bearing life is related in Fig. 8 and 9, as function of the
TL1,2 tolerances of the L1 and L2 lengths, [mm]
“ja” parameter. The external conditions are: Fz=5[N], B1, B2 “r” bearing width, [mm]
Fy=0 [N], Fx=500 [N]; RPM=25000 [rpm]., L=100 Bi,r, Bo,r inner and outer ring width, [mm]
[mm]. R, B, C, L lengths, [mm]
D1, D2 initial distances between curvature centers
D1p, D2p final distances between curvature centers
1160
B=10, [mm] Ro,i outer and inner raceway radius, [mm]
B=12 [mm] TBi,o,r length tolerances of the inner and outer rings,
1140
B=30 [mm] OXYZ inertial system
B=20 [mm]
1120 OX1Y1Z1 rolling element frame for the (r,j) ball
ux,uz displacement of the mass center
x,y,z index to describe the axes
B10, [hours]

1100
loe distance between Oe and Ow points, [mm]
1080 loi distance between Oi and Ow points, [mm]
Lie, Lie(r) distance between Oi and Oe points, [mm]
1060 Sd, Sd1(r) diametrical clearance of the bearing [mm]
Q(r,j) normal load, [N]
1040 Qi,o(r,j) normal load –inner and outher racevay
Fmi, Fmo, tangential forces
1020 Ffi, Ffo
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
ja axial clearance, [mm]
ja, [mm]*1000
{} vector index

Fig.8. Pair bearing's life versus “ja” parameter

Forces and moments
{F}, {F}r force vectors
1160 {M} moment vector
1140
Mg gyroscopic moment
ja=0 Fx, Fxr axial load along OX axes;
1120 ja=5 Fy, Fyr radial loads along OY axes
B10, [hours]

1100 ja=3 Fz, Fzr radial load along OZ axes

1080 My, Mz, external moments which act around of the OY
1060 Myr, Mzr and OZ axis respectively
1040
1020 Life parametrs
1000 L10 bearing life, mr, 90% prob. survival
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 B10 bearing life, hours, 90% prob. survival
B, [mm] Qc dynamic capacity
Qer dynamic equivalent load of the rotating race
Fig.9. Pair bearing's life versus “B” parameter Qes dynamic equivalent load of the stationary race
RPM revolutions per minute

6. Conclusions Greek notations

α0, initial contact angle
The parameters "ja" and "B" influnce the α0,r, α0p initial contact angle affected by “ja”
components of the load vector {F}r, and also the load parameter
distribution in the "r" rolling bearings' arrangement. αr,1 initial angle between “R” and OZ axis
- From the viewpoint of the maximum rating life, an α1(r,j) final angle between “R” and OZ axis
optimum distance between the curvature centres of the αs(r,j) contact angle obtained from static
races of the two bearings has been found (Fig.8 and 9). equilibrium
- In order to obtain a maximum rating life for a tandem αi(r,j) inner contact angle obtained from
mounted bearings (Fig.1), the parameter "ja" must the static equilibrium
αe(r,j) outer contact angle obtained from the
approach to zero.
static equilibrium
αi(r,j,ux,uz) outer contact angle
Notations αe(r,j,ux,uz) inner contact angle
δi(r,j,ux,uz) local contact deformation at the inner
Indexes, distances and coordinate systems ring
r bearing index level for the (r,j) index
j ball number in the “r” bearing
δi(r,j,ux,uz) local contact deformation at the outer
i inner ring
ring
o outer ring
n point contact constant, n=1.5 level for the (r,j) index
Nr the number of balls for the “r” bearing γ γ=Dw/dm, dimensionless parameter
m ball weight ,[kg] µ friction coefficient
Kech, Ki,, Ke equivalent, inner, and outer, rigidity factors λ John’s coefficient
dm pitch diameter, [mm] ωc,w angular speed of the cage and ball,
Dw ball diameter, [mm]
Ow mass center of the (r,j) ball;
86 THE ANNALS OF UNIVERSITY “DUNĂREA DE JOS” OF GALAŢI
FASCICLE VIII, 2002, ISSN 1221-4590
TRIBOLOGY

REFERENCES

1.T.Harris, „Rolling Bearing Analysis”. John Wiley & Sons, New

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Reibung in Radial-Axial-Kugellagern bei hohen Drehzahlen“,
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3.M.D. Gafitanu, Cretu, Sp, Olaru D – „Rulmenti, Proiectare si
tehnologie“, vol 1, Ed. tehnica, Bucuresti, 1985
4.P.K. Gupta, „Dynamics of Rolling-Element Bearings, Part III: Ball
Bearing Analysis”, Transactions of the ASME, vol. 101, July
1979
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Rolling Bearing Analysis” Techniques to the ISO Standards on
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