Chromatic Dispersion Optical Fiber

IEG 4030 Optical Communications
Part VI. Optical Networks
Professor Lian K. Chen

Department of Information Engineering
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
lkchen@ie.cuhk.edu.hk
Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 1

Part VI. Optical Networks
• Lightwave System Evolution
• Undersea Transmission Systems
• Optical Network Hierarchy and Topologies
• Subscriber Loop
• Passive Optical Networks
• CATV systems
• LAN/WAN/MAN
– FDDI
– SONET/SDH
• All-optical Multiaccess Network
• Network Management
– Protection and Restoration in Network Management

Lightwave Systems
• Traditional Optical Fiber Transmission System
Low-Rate Low-Rate
Data In Data Out
E
E
|
|
REG REG D
M XMTR RCVR
RPTR RPTR M
U
U
X
X
Traditional Regenerated Transmission Line
E-Mux: electronic multiplexer

DET AMP EQ DEC AMP LASER E-DMUX: elecrtonic demultiplexer
XMTR: transmitter
REG: regenerator
TMG RPTR: repeater
REC RCVR: receiver
DET: detector
Opto-Electronic Regenerative Repeater AMP: amplifier
EQ: equalizer
TMG REC: timing recovery
DEC: decision circuit

Traditional Optical Fiber Transmission
System
• Single-channel operation
• Opto-Electronic TDM of synchronous data
• electronic regenerative repeaters
• 30-50km repeater spacing
• Distortion and noise do not accumulate
• Capacity upgrade requires higher-speed operation

Optically amplified Fiber Transmission
System
• Multi-channel WDM operation
• Data-rate and modulation-format transparent
• One optical amplifier (per fiber) supports many wavelength channels
• 80-140 km amplifier spacing
• Distortion and noise accumulate
• Graceful growth (upgrade) of channels
• Capacity upgrade by adding wavelength-multiplexed channels
Data In Data Out

λ1 λ1
XMTR O O λ RCVR
λ2 | | 2
XMTR M D RCVR
OA OA OA
λN U M λ
N
XMTR X U RCVR
X
System Limitations
• Attenuation → system power budget
– Solutions: optical amplifiers; coherent detection
• Dispersion → pulse broadening → intersymbol interference

– Solutions: dispersion compensation - use dispersion-
compensating fibers, dispersion-shifted fibers, pre-chirping; soliton
(dispersion and nonlinear effect compensate each other)
• Polarization → polarization dependent gain/loss, polarization mode

dispersion (PMD), polarization sensitive → power penalty
– Solutions: polarization tracking+polarization controller to fix the
polarization into components, polarization scrambling, polarization
diversity, use polarization-maintaining fibers

System Limitations
• Nonlinear effects → four-wave-mixing (FWM), stimulated Raman
scattering (SRS), stimulated Brilluoin scattering (SBS), self-phase
modulation (SPM), cross-phase modulation (XPM) → system
degradation
– Solutions: advanced modulation format, power control, phase
modulation; frequency assignment
• Noises → reflection noise, phase noise, back-scattering, modal noise,

mode partition noise, thermal noise, shot noise, amplifier beat noise,
RIN, etc. → power penalty
– Solutions: isolator can reduce some types of noises
• All impairments can be remedied by using forward error

correction; electronic equalizer can also resolve
dispersion problems

System Transmission Capacity
Bit Rate -Distance ( Gb/s z km)

107 Å WHAT’S NEXT ??
z
z Å
z WDM + Optical Amplifiers z
106 z
Optical Amplifiers z
105 Coherent Detection
1.5μm Single-Frequency Laser
104 1.3μm SM Fiber Fourth
103 z 0.8μm MM Fiber Generation
Second

102
Generation
First
101 Third
Generation
z Generation
z
1
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year
System Transmission Capacity
Capacity Toward 25 Tbit/s
Closer Channel Wider Optical Higher Spectral

Higher Data Rate Efficiency
Spacing Bandwidth
OC-48 OC-768 100 GHz 10 nm 300 nm 0.05 Bits/Hz >1 Bits/Hz
12.5 GHz
• Chromatic • L-band EDFAs • Novel Modulation
Dispersion • Fiber Nonlinearity Format
• Raman Amplifiers
• Channel Xtalk • Polarization or
• Fiber Nonlinearity
bidirectional
• Available interleaving
• Polarization Mode
Dispersion Components

Undersea Transmission Systems
• Design Considerations
– span distance
– data rate
– repeater/amplifier spacing
– fault tolerance, system monitoring/supervision, restoration, repair
– reliability in components: aging
– cost
• Leading supplier
– Tycom (formerly Tyco Submarine System)
– KDD Submarine Cable Systems
– Alcatel Submarine Networks
http://www.telegeography.com/products/map_cable/index.php







Submarine cable systems

Optical Networks
Transmission
Aspects Network Management
• Dispersion
• Fault Management
• Power Budget
• Configuration Management
• Non-linearity
• Performance Management
• Polarization, etc.
Optical
Networks
Multi-Access Services/Applications
• Network Topology • Data/Voice
• Node Architecture • Video/Image
• Multiplexing Scheme • Interactive Multimedia
• Media Access Protocol • Internet/Web Access

Optical Network Hierarchy

Carrier Optical Networks in US
About 50,00 Route Miles Of Fiber Cable

Prof. Lian K Chen
Backbone Fiber Routes in China
To Russia
Qiqihaer
To Europe
Harbin
Yining Baicheng Mudanjiang
Urumqi
Changchun
Korla Fuxin Yanji
Chengde Shenyang
Zhangjiakou
Hohhot Qinhuangdao
Dandong To North
Ruoqiang Beijing Korea
Yinchuan Dalian
Tianjin
Yulin Shijiazhuang
Golmud
Xining Lanzhou Taiyuan Hengshui To South
Zhengzhou Qingdao Korea
Luoyang Jinan
XiAn Kaifeng Lianyungang
To Japan
Nanjing
Xiangfan Xinyang Hefei Shanghai
Chengdu Chongqing Huzhou FLAG
Lhasa Wuhan Wuhu Hangzhou
Shashi
Jiujiang
Changsha
Huaihua
Guiyang Nanchang
Jianyang
Hengyang
Kunming Fuzhou
Guilin
Xingyi Guangzhou Taipei
The Existing Over-Head Fiber Optic Cables Gejiu Nanning Shenzhen Huizhou
Beihai Hongkong
Pingxiang
The Existing Buried Fiber Optic Cables
Zhanjiang
To Southeast Asia
Haikou

Optical Networks
• Network Topologies
Tree
Bus
Ring
Star Mesh Multi-hop

Network Types
• Network Types
Broadcast and Select Network
Space Switches
λ1,λ2,λ3 λ1,λ2'’,λ3’
λ1
λ1’,λ2',λ3’ λ1’,λ2,λ3’’
λ2
λ1’’,λ2'’,λ3’’ λ1’’,λ2’,λ3
λ3
Static Wavelength Routing Network Dynamic Wavelength Routing Network

Broadcast and Select WDM Networks
Tunable receiver/
fixed transmitter

Subscriber Loop
• Fiber-In-The-Loop (FITL) /Passive Optical Networks (PON)
RT
EU
DLC
O E
Traditional Fiber Feeder (Digital Loop Carrier)
ONU
RT EU
O E
CO
O E M E O
U
X
Fiber To The Curb (Active Star)

Subscriber Loop (contd.)
ONU
1 EU
P O E
CO O
S
N
Fiber To The Curb (Passive Optical Network)
POS: Passive Optical Splitter ONU: Optical Network Unit

RT: Remote Terminal CO: Central Office
EU: End-User

Fiber-In-The-Loop (FITL)
Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks

Okada, FSAN, 1988. 27
Passive Optical Networks (PON)
Optical
Network
Optical Line Terminal Terminal
Optical
Network
Unit
Network
Terminals

PON Architecture
• At CO:
– Optical Line Terminal (OLT) generates downstream traffic on its own or
takes the Sonet signal from a co-located Sonet XC.
– OLT aggregates traffic from multiple customers sites using TDM to ensure
no interference.
• At Outside plant,
– passive optical splitters are used to split signal 2 to 32 branches using
various topologies
• At Customer premises
– PON terminates in Optical network unit (ONU), or a.k.a. Optical network
terminations (ONT)
– The ONU converts optical signal to specific types of bandwidth (e.g.
10/100 Mb/s Ethernet, ATM, or T1 voice and data) and passes it on to
routers, PBX, switches. ONU also uses laser to send upstream traffic to
CO.

Evolution of Passive Optical Networks
APON BPON
(155Mb/s-622Mb/s) (155Mb/s-1.25Gb/s)
Downstream:
1550nm
EPON
Upstream:
(1.25Gb/s)
1310nm
GPON WDM PON

(1.25Gb/s-2.5Gb/s) (1.25Gb/s-10Gb/s)
Downstream:
1550nm for video, 1490nm for data
Upstream:
TDM-PON 1310nm

TDM-PON

Upstream: Burst-Mode Transmission
ONU
OLT ONU
ONU
• Each ONU has different propagation distance from the OLT

• At the OLT, the receiver will see packets from ONUs with varying
amplitudes and phases, also varying inter-packet time-gaps
• For each packet:
• Require fast clock recovery to get the clock
• Require fast peak detector to get the best threshold level
Î Burst-Mode Receivers
Ethernet PON

Major TDM-PON Technologies Summary
Characteristics BPON EPON GPON
Standard ITU-T G.983 IEEE 802.3ah ITU-T G.984
Protocol ATM Ethernet ATM and Ethernet
D/S: 622/1244 D/S: 1244 D/S: 1244/2488

Speed (Mbps)
U/S: 155/622 U/S: 1244 U/S: 155/2488
Span 20km 10km 20km
16 nominal, 32
Number of split 32 64
allowed
Ref: G Keiser, FTTX concept and application

WDM-PON
Q: what are the pros and cons for WDM-PON, compared to TDM-PON?

WDM-PON
• WDM-PON: Wavelength Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Network

• use multiple wavelengths, each serves a certain group of users
• higher capacity, future-proof

Hybrid Fiber-Coax (HFC)
• To provide new interactive service, cable TV systems are gradually
upgraded to HFC architecture.
• Cable modem is used to provide internet access (IEE802.14).
• Telephone service can be provided through VoIP.
Fiber 200-1000
Central Node Homes
Office Fiber Coax
Amplifier
Down-link: 50-750MHz, @1.55μm

Up-link: 5-40MHz, @1.3μm

CATV (Community Antenna TeleVision)
Trunk
amplifier
Headend Hub Hub
subscriber
Drop
line
subscriber
• Headend : distribution source; include programs received from

satellite, local TV station, together with in-house production programs.
• Super-trunk : no fan-out, connection from headend to the hub.
• HUB : distribution node; requires high carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR)
~52-56 dB.
• Subscriber : home users, required CNR ~ 35 dB

Modulation format of CATV system
(1) AM-VSB (vestigial side-band) :
• simple modulation scheme
• compatible to existing modulation format
• requires high CNR Æ limited power budget, unless high-power diode-
pump solid state laser (>20 dBm) with external modulation is used.
• NTSC : 6MHz spacing, 4.2MHz VSB bandwidth
(2) FM :
• easier to achieve since the required CNR ~16.5 dB.
• requires more bandwidth (40MHz spacing, 30MHz bandwidth)
• typically used in satellite broadcasting and by some CATV operators.

Modulation format of CATV system (contd.)
(3) Digital :
– baseband
– FSK and PSK - spectral efficiency not as good as baseband (0.5-1.0
bit/s/Hz), but easier channel tuning
– QPSK - spectral efficiency (2.0 bit/s/Hz)
– required large bit-rate (>100Mbit/s) if uncompressed
– compression schemes - JPEG(ISO), MPEG(ISO), H.261(CCITT), …
• Channel multiplexing scheme : SCM (subcarrier multiplexing)

Distortion in CATV
• Sources of noise or distortion :
– transmitter - relative intensity noise (RIN), clipping noise, intermodulation.
(RIN is very sensitive to reflection)
– receiver noise - shot noise, thermal noise, circuit noise, APD noise.
• Performance index :
CNR (carrier-to-noise ratio) per channel ~ 52 dB

CSO (composite-second-order distortion) ~ -65 dBc
CTB (composite-triple-beat distortion) ~ -65 dBc
dBc: dB respect to carrier

CNR calculation
1
(m ⋅ I dc ) 2
CNR = 2
2 ⋅ e ⋅ I dc ⋅ BW + 4 ⋅ k ⋅ T ⋅ BW ⋅ Ft / Req + RIN ⋅ I dc2 ⋅ BW
where m : modulation index per channel I dc : d.c. photo current

BW : receiver bandwidth Ft: electronic preamp noise figure
R eq: receiver equivalent resistance RIN: laser relative intensity noise
The last term (laser intensity contribution) in the denominator is

introduced since the noise becomes non-negligible when I dc is large.
Note that the above CNR is per channel.

CNR for analog modulation
Ex: Assume a laser with
Pdc= 2mW, m= 0.01, RIN = -150 dB/Hz, BW = 4MHz,
Ft= 3, R eq= 75Ω, Ro= 1.0 mA/mW
Baseline (without distribution loss, fan-out, ….) CNR is
1
(0.01 ⋅1.0 ⋅ 2 ×10−3 ) 2
CNR = 2
−150
−3
2 ⋅ e ⋅ (1.0 ⋅ 2 × 10 ) ⋅ 4 ×10 + 4 ⋅ k ⋅ T ⋅ 4 ×10 ⋅ 3 / 75 + 10
6 6 10
⋅ (1.0 ⋅ 2 ×10−3 ) 2 ⋅ 4 ×106
Q : How to determine the modulation index?

Q : When will shot noise/thermal noise/RIN noise dominate?
Q : What are the effects when we change the value of m, loss, BW, RL, or
RIN?

Broadband Local Access
Several approaches
• xDSL (digital subscriber line) by Telco (telephone company).
(http://www.adsl.com)
dedicated bandwidth (<10Mb/s)
• Cable modem by CATV industry (http://www.cablemodem.com)
40Mb/s share bandwidth; low cost; reliability and security issues; need
• FTTx (Fiber-to-the-x)
bring fiber close to residential building
• Wirelss - LMDS (local multipoint distribution service) (+ WiFi, WiMax)
At 28 GHz with 1.3GHz bandwidth by FCC; fast deployment; inexpensive;
limits by rain-fade;
• Powerline (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_line_communication)
• Satellite
wide-coverage; down link traffic only
Ref: Scientific America Oct. 1999.

Internet Users Projection
Optical Fiber Telecommunications V.B

LAN/MAN
• Various network protocols by IEEE
and others
• 802.11: wireless LAN (WLAN)

• 802.12: 100 VG-Any LAN
• 802.15: Wireless PAN (WPAN)
• 802.15.1 bluetooth
• 802.15.2 UWB
• 802.15.4 ZigBee
• 802.16: WiMax
• 802.17: Resilient Packet Ring

Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI),
ANSI X3T9.5 Outer ring used for data
• dual counter-rotating token passing ring,

one ring is the protection ring
• data rate: 100Mb/s, clock rate: 125Mb/s
• support 1000 physical connections (500
terminals) Inner ring for protection
• support a total fiber path length of 200km
(100km dual ring)
• line coding: 4B5B
• frame format (packet) MAC MAC MAC
• protocol: Timed -Token Rotation Protocol B A B A B A
– Ref: R. Jain, “Performance Analysis of FDDI

Token Ring Networks: Effect of Parameters and
Guidelines for Setting TTRT”, Computer
A B A B A B
Communications Review, vol. 20, no. 4, pp.
264-275, 1990.
MAC MAC MAC

Fault-tolerance in FDDI
In case of a link failure, the dual rings will be automatically configured into a
single ring as shown below:
MAC MAC MAC
station adjacent to failure
failed station B A B A B A
loops back
A B A B A B
MAC MAC MAC
No Node Failure Node Failure
Station Station
Bypass
Switch
To Ring 1 To Ring 2 To Ring 1 To Ring 2

SONET and SDH
• Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) ANSI T1.105.06
• Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) ITU-T G.957
• SONET: North America standards, SDH: standards in Europe and

Japan
• robust for transporting all types of voice, video and data services
SONET/SDH Signal Rates
Rate (in MHz) SONET Frame SDH Frame Physical Signal Capacity
51.84 STS-1 - OC-1 28 DS1
155.52 STS-3 STM-1 OC-3 84 DS1
622.08 STS-12 STM-4 OC-12 336 DS1
2488.32 STS-48 STM-16 OC-48 1344 DS1
9953.28 STS-192 STM-64 OC-192 5376 DS1
STS: Synchronous Transport Signal Level (for SONET)

STM: Synchronous Transport Module Level (for SDH)
“SONET: now it's the standard optical network”, IEEE Communication Mag. Vo.40, no.5, 2002.

SONET and SDH (contd.)
• direct synchronous multiplexing: individual tributary signals may be
multiplexed, using Add-Drop Multiplexer (ADM) and Digital Cross-
Connect, directly into a higher rate SONET signal without intermediate
stages of multiplexing
→ cost-effective, flexible telecommunications networking
• provides flexible signal transportation capabilities, capable of

transporting all existing and future signals
→ can overlay to existing networks

SONET network spans
Path: end-to-end; (path)
Line: between transport nodes; (multiplex section)
Section: between line regenerators (regenerator section)
LINE LINE
SECTION SECTION SECTION
TRIBUTARY TRIBUTARY
SIGNALS SIGNALS
SONET SONET
TERMINAL TERMINAL
MULTIPLEXER MULTIPLEXER
SONET SONET SONET

DIGTIAL CROSS_CONNECT REGENERATOR REGENERATOR
PATH

SONET STS-1 Frame Format
STS-1 Synchronous Payload Envelope (SPE)
(87 columns)
3 rows
Section
overhead
6rows
Line
overhead
3 columns Path Overhead (1 column)
• Frame rate: 8000 frames per second; 125μs per frame

• Line rate of STS-1
STS-1=(90 bytes/row)(9 rows/frame)(8 bits/byte)/(125 μ s/frame)
=51.84 Mb/s
SONET ring architecture
• SONET ring architecture
Integrated Timing System Clock

Central
Exchange Digital Cross
Connect
ADM ADM
Dual Ring
Protection Ring
DS1, E1, etc. Terminal ADM
Multiplexer

Key features of WDM Network
• Simple Capacity upgrade
System capacity can be increased easily by adding more channels operating
on different wavelength sufficient apart from the existing ones.
• Transparency
Different modulation formats (analog AM, FM, PCM, … or digital ASK, FSK,
PSK, QAM, …) on different channels.
• Wavelength routing
Wavelength is used as the intermediate or final address for routing
datagram. Wavelength selective devices such as WGR (wavelength
grating router) or AWG (array waveguide grating) can be used as the
router.
• Wavelength switching
Wavelength-switched networks provide re-configurable network architecture
on optical layer. Key components for implementing these networks
include optical cross-connect, wavelength converter, wavelength router,
and optical add-drop.

Wavelength Routing Networks
• Broadcast-and-select networks are difficult to scale to wide-area
networks
– no. of wavelength channel required
– passive star couplers exhibit high insertion loss as the no. of ports
increases.
• Wavelength routing networks overcome the problems by wavelength
reuse, wavelength conversion, and optical switching.
Station 1 Station 2
λ1
λ1
Wavelength reuse
λ2
Station 3 Station 4 Station 5

All-Optical Multiaccess Networks
• “All-Optical” Networks
– transparent to multiple signal format and bit rate → facilitates upgrade and
compatible with most existing electronics
– reduce number of costly electrical interface (?)
– manage the enormous capacity on the information highway
– provide direct photonic access, add-drop and routing of broadband full
wavelength chunk of information
• “Multiaccess” Networks (don’t confuse with access network)

– efficient network resource sharing among network nodes
– need multiplexing, routing and switching
– techniques: SCMA, WDMA, TDMA, CDMA and their hybrids

Design Considerations of Multiaccess
Networks
• Design Considerations
– architectures/topologies → network capacity and connectivity
– multi-access schemes and protocols→ network throughput and delay
– node complexity → cost
– all-optical processing vs. opto-electronic processing
– switching speed → multi-/demultiplexing, switching
– channel accessibility → device tunability (Tunable Transmitters-Tunable
Receivers, Fixed Transmitters-Tunable Receivers or Tunable
Transmitters-Fixed Receivers)
– timing and synchronization
– control signaling → network management
– optical technology → dispersion, nonlinear effects, crosstalk, noise, …

Network Management
• Network management is essential to operate and maintain any
networks.
• However attractive a technology might be, it can be deployed only if it
can be managed.
• The cost of managing a large network typically dominates the cost of
the equipment deployed in the network.
• For optical networks, certain factors such as transparency limit the
number of parameters that can be monitored.

Network Management Function
• Configuration Management
• Performance Management
• Fault Management
• Security Management
• Accounting Management
• + Safety Management (optical power)
Fault
management
Configuration Network Accounting

management Management management
Performance Security
management management
Network Management
Performance Management:
• measure and monitor the network performance such as network throughput,
user response times, line utilization, signal quality, etc.
• ensure network can perform at acceptable level.
• gather data Î analyse data Î check for thresholds Î alarms if below
threshold
Configuration Management:
• monitor network and system configuration such as equipment inventory,
topology, connection setup, etc.
• effects on network operation of hardware and software can be tackled and
managed.
Accounting Management:
• measure network utilization to regulate network usage of users, maximize
fairness of network access
• usage validation, billing

Network Management
Fault Management:
• fault detection Î generate alarms, fault isolation
• automatically fix/recover network problems (restoration)
• keep log of faults
Security Management:
• control and monitor access to network resources
• prohibits information and resource access without
appropriate authorization
Management System
Network Management
Protocols
NM agent NM agent
NM database NM database
Network Network
Element Element

Network Protection
• In a network, each link carry data from different sources to different
destination.
• Two ways to protect the traffic
(1) path switching - restoration is handled by the source and destination
nodes of each individual stream
(2) line switch - restoration is handled by the nodes at both ends of the failed
link
Line switching can be implemented by span protection and line protection
reroute path
(a) normal (b) path switching

connection
x
(c) line switching- (c) line switching -

span protection x line protection x
Different Protection Techniques for Point-
to-point Links
• 1+1
• 1:1 (only one fiber is on) switch switch
Working fiber
• 1:N
switch switch
Working fiber
•
splitter switch •
•
(a) 1+1 switch switch

Working fiber
switch
switch
Working fiber
switch switch
Low priority data
Protection fiber
Protection fiber
(c) 1:N
(b) 1:1

Chromatic Dispersion Optical Fiber

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IEG 4030 Optical Communications

Part VI. Optical Networks

Professor Lian K. Chen

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 1

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 2

E-Mux: electronic multiplexer

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 3

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 4

Data In Data Out

• Dispersion → pulse broadening → intersymbol interference

• Polarization → polarization dependent gain/loss, polarization mode

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 6

• Noises → reflection noise, phase noise, back-scattering, modal noise,

• All impairments can be remedied by using forward error

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 7

Bit Rate -Distance ( Gb/s z km)

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Capacity Toward 25 Tbit/s

Closer Channel Wider Optical Higher Spectral

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 9

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 10

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 11

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 12

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 13

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 14

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 15

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 16

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 17

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 18

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 19

About 50,00 Route Miles Of Fiber Cable

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 21

Star Mesh Multi-hop

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 22

Broadcast and Select Network

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 23

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 24

Traditional Fiber Feeder (Digital Loop Carrier)

Fiber To The Curb (Active Star)

Fiber To The Curb (Passive Optical Network)

POS: Passive Optical Splitter ONU: Optical Network Unit

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 26

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 28

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 29

GPON WDM PON

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 30

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 31

• Each ONU has different propagation distance from the OLT

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 33

Characteristics BPON EPON GPON

Standard ITU-T G.983 IEEE 802.3ah ITU-T G.984

Protocol ATM Ethernet ATM and Ethernet

D/S: 622/1244 D/S: 1244 D/S: 1244/2488

Span 20km 10km 20km

Ref: G Keiser, FTTX concept and application

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 36

• WDM-PON: Wavelength Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Network

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 37

Down-link: 50-750MHz, @1.55μm

Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 38

• Headend : distribution source; include programs received from