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If, during the regular control, the storekeeper or logistician detects the presence of insects' larvae in food items, a treatment with insecticides may be sufficient. A treatment with insecticides can avoid fumigation. Generally speaking, it will be necessary to implement all preventive measures in order to reduce maximum risks of food infestation and to avoid the fumigation. Fumigation is an expensive and time-consuming treatment, which immobilises the warehouse activities for several days, and, which requires meticulousness and trained staff.
1.2. Formulas
Insecticides exist under different forms of use and their international codes have been established by the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation): DP EC WP VP FD FP Etc.
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powder for powdering for mixing together with stored food, or for treating surfaces (walls, floors, roof of warehouse) concentrated emulsion for treatment of surfaces wet powders for treatment of surfaces aerosol in the form of product vapour diffuser " " " fumigating boxes " " " fumigating cartridges
Note: The chemical names of active components and the commercial names of the products vary from a country to another and from a language to another. Widely used insecticides are: - Malathion (family of Organo-phosphors) - Promethean (family of synthetic pyrethrinoids) Family of insecticides Active matter (example) Commercial names ORGANO-PHOSPHORS MALATHION Callimal 10% DP Callimal 50 EC Malathion ALM 50 EC Malathion Shell 50 EC Moderatly dangerous SYNTETIC PYRETHRINOID PERMETHRIN Percal 2% DP, Percal 25WP Percal 100 EC, Percal 250 EC Pounce 2% DP Permetalm EC, Permetalm 1% PP DP Relatively dangerous: noxious while inhaled, in contact with skin and while ingested Noxious for aquatic flora and fauna Wearing gloves for DP and WP Wearing gloves and boots for ECs large 2G of Permethrin/Ton
Risks for environment Manipulation and preparation Spectrum of action Recommended dose of active product for stored food ATTENTION
Non toxious for plants, aquatic flora and fauna Wearing gloves large 8G of Malathion/ton
"XX grams of active product " is not equivalent to XX grams of commercial product (Callimal 10% or Callimal 50 or Malathion 50 EC) The quantity of active product =Malathon (or Permethrin) is calculated by ratio according to the proportion of commercial product.
BASF AG, BAYER AG, CIBA-GEIGY SA CYANAMID TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATION/NAIROBI KENYA,RHONE POULENIC AGRO, DUPONT DE NEMOURS, ELF ATOCHEM AGRI SA, HOECHST AG, ROUSSEL UCLAF, SANDOZ, SHELL International Group of National Associations of Manufacturers of Agrochemical (GIFAP) Groupement International des associations nationales de Fabricants de Produits agro-chimiques GIFAP, 79 Avenue Albert Lancaster, B-1180 BRUXELLES BELGIQUE Fax: 32 2 375 27 93
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2.
FUMIGATION TREATMENT
Action contre la Faim strongly advises to subcontract the fumigation to professional companies. Fumigation is a dangerous process that requires equipment and experience. To not follow the procedure can jeopardize the safety of employees and will be inefficient against the insects.
If not available in the country of operation, plastic sheeting can be ordered to Paris Headquarters. Usually in roll of 200 m2 (50 x 4 m) 250 Euros available within 3 weeks Equipment for detection Gas detector 250 Reagent tube 0.01 to 1 PPM (Party per million =10-6) of PH3 (10 tubes per parcel) 90 + Transport charges to Action Contre la Faim Paris 6 Protection equipment Gas mask 100 Corresponding filtering cartridge 15
2.3. The different types of products based on PH3 & their range of application
There are several types of products for fumigation based on phosphin in different forms. Each product is advised and adapted for (a) particular area(s) of application: Tablets and pills Sachets Cordons Rolls (to hang) Fumigation of grains in silo, unpacked grains, or stack of bags under tarpaulin Fumigation of small volumes, or food stored in piles (ex. wagon) Fumigation of stored unpacked food Fumigation of very important quantity of food in volume Cells of flat-bottomed silos,
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building Fumigation of stocks under tarpaulin Fumigation at moderate temperature, and/or in low level humidity conditions
For other food items, consult Action contre la Faim logistic department. Insects that are frequently found in the food stored by Action contre la Faim: - Bean beetles, groundnuts - Rice, wheat and corn weevils To identify insects, consult the DETIA DEGESCH website or to take an infected sample to submit to an expert.
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3.
To organise a fumigation
Note: For the clarity of this chapter explaining the practical organisation of a fumigation, the study is limited to the case of the infestation of piles of bags in tropical conditions (high humidity and temperature) and their treatment done by fumigation under tarpaulin with pH3 pastilles.
3.1.3. Tightness
In order to ensure a sufficient concentration of gas - the level on which depends, among other things, the efficiency of fumigation-, a perfect tightness of the volume to fumigate is indispensable. This is done by covering the piles with hermetic plastic sheeting. If the floor is made of wood, or any other porous material, then its necessary to place the piles to fumigate on a plastic sheeting. Calculate the surface of necessary tarpaulin and add 1.5 to 2 m of each side to fix the tarpaulin on the floor. In case its necessary to attach two tarpaulin together, to overlap largely the two pieces and to tape them cautiously. To glue the tarpaulin on the floor. To place sandbags on the tarpaulin all around to strengthen the construction
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Attention: To not forget to leave 2 free accesses to proceed the fumigation by placing PH3 pastilles under the palettes Use a new tarpaulin for each fumigation, never fumigates with old tarpaulins.
To mix the flour with warm water until a smooth and fluid batter (without lumps) is obtained To boil the remaining water and to pour the mixture already made into this boiling water. To mix strongly until the glue boils again and turns into a sticky consistency. To let it cool down and the glue is ready...
3.1.5. Dosage
Dosage, instructions for use, and security rules recommended by manufacturer have to be rigorously respected: In the DETIA DEGESCH manual, or in the instructions leaflets of the products for fumigation, take note of the recommended dosage for fumigation. Frequently, it is 1 g of PH3 per ton of food. As it may vary according to the presentation of products for fumigation (pastilles, tablets) the reading of the manufacturer instructions is imperative. The next step is to calculate the necessary number of pastilles, considering the quantity to fumigate and the recommended dosage.
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Pastilles shouldn't be left in an opened tube, as soon as there is contact with the air the reaction starts. The number of pastilles really used is then often superior to the one calculated as the last tube will be entirely used. Example: Bean beetles infest 80 tons of red beans, packed in bags. The recommended dosage is 1 PH3/T, for 80 tons: 1 g PH3/T X 80T = 80g PH3. One "DEGESCH PHOSTOXIN TABLET" contains 1 g of PH3, 80 pastilles are required. There are 30 pastilles in a box, so it will be necessary to use 3 boxes with 30 pastilles, then 90 pastilles - instead of 80 in theory - in order not to leave pastilles in an open tube.
It is not necessary to have specialised clothes, but the clothes exposed to pH3 will be aerated and washed separately.
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To lock all the warehouse entries with a ban of entering for 3 days. To place awareness panels DANGER FUMIGATION at each entry of the warehouse. To remove the gas masks To change the clothes To wash hands with the soapy water prepared for that purpose, then rinse them with the water.
3.3.2.
Ventilation
The duration of ventilation is 4 days minimum. Therefore the global fumigation process will be over D + 7 days after the treatment with gas started. To ventilate buildings and food items to eliminate volatile pH3: to open all windows, doors, and if available to start the ventilation circuits. Before anyone return without any protection in the warehouse, its imperative to measure the concentration of gas in the air with gas detector with reactive tube, of the same manufacturer
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The concentration gas in the air must be inferior, or equal to the MAC values (Maximum Acceptable Concentration.
3.3.3.
Once the ventilation is over, its necessary to know if the fumigation was effective and if the concentration of remaining PH3 is not dangerous for human consumption. A representative sampling will be organised to: - Check that all insects are dead - Send a sample to a laboratory to measure de PH3 left in the food items Maximum Limits of Residue (MLR) in fumigated food items are: - 0.1 mg of HYDROGEN PHOSPHIDE /KG for cereals - 0.01 mg of HYDROGEN PHOSPHIDE / KG for processed food, example: weaning flour If these limits are respected, the logistician will sort the bags according to the number of dead insects. The utilisation of treated food depends on the quantity of dead insects: Beyond 4 dead insects / kg of food: food is not appropriate for the human consumption. It can be used for animal feeding. If there are less of 4-insects / kg of food: food items can be used, on condition that Action contre la Faim informs the beneficiaries about the presence of insects. Food items will be sewed, or place into water before the utilisation for preparation to easily eliminate the insects floating on the surface.
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