Basic Electronics (GTU)

5-1

Diode Circuits

Chapter 5 : Diode Circuits

Section 5.5 :
Ex. 5.5.2 : For the series clipper shown in Fig. P. 5.5.2(a), draw the output voltage waveforms and the transfer characteristics. .Page No. 5-17.

Fig. P. 5.5.2(a) Soln. : This is the series negative clipper circuit. If we assume that the diode is an ideal diode then the voltage drop across it will be zero in the ON state. Hence it will conduct for the entire positive half cycle of the input, as shown in Fig. P. 5.5.2(b). The negative half cycle will be completely removed. The waveforms are as shown in Fig. P. 5.5.2(b). Transfer characteristics (Ideal Diode) : 1. 2. The transfer characteristics is the graph of Vin versus Vout of the circuit as shown in Fig. P. 5.5.2(c). Fig. P. 5.5.2(c) shows that the output voltage is equal to the output voltage for positive input voltage. Vo = Vin ... for Vin 0 And Vo = 0 for negative values of Vin Vo = 0 ... for Vin < 0

3.

(b)

(c) Transfer characteristics Fig. P. 5.5.2

Basic Electronics (GTU)

5-2

Diode Circuits

Transfer characteristics (Practical Diode) : If the diode is a practical silicon diode with V = 0.7 V then, the transfer characteristics gets modified as shown in Fig. P. 5.5.2(d). For Vin negative or less than 0.7 V, the output voltage is zero. Vo = 0 ... for Vin 0.7 V

But as Vin exceeds 0.7 volts, the diode is turned ON and the output voltage is given by, Vo = Vin 0.7 ... for Vin > 0.7 V

For example if Vin = 2V then Vo = 2 0.7 = 1.3 V Vin = 10 V then Vo = 10 0.7 = 9.3 V

Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Table P. 5.5.2 lists the input and output voltages. Input voltage (volt) 10 V to + 0.7 V 2 4 6 8 10 Table P. 5.5.2 Output voltage (volt) 0 1.3 3.3 5.3 7.3 9.3 Fig. P. 5.5.2(d) : Transfer characteristics for a practical silicon diode

Ex. 5.5.3 :

For the circuit shown in Fig. P. 5.5.3(a), explain working of the circuit and draw output waveform for given input signal. Also draw transfer characteristics. .Page No. 5-17.

Fig. P. 5.5.3(a) Soln. : Working of the circuit : 1. In the positive half cycle of the input, D2 will be reverse biased. D1 will also be reverse biased as long as Vin is less than or equal to + 2 V (assuming D1 and D2 to be ideal) and the output voltage is zero.

Basic Electronics (GTU)

5-3

Diode Circuits

Fig. P. 5.5.3(b) : Waveforms 2. As soon as Vin > + 2 V , D1 is forward biased and acts as a closed switch. The output voltage is then given by, Vo = (Vin 2) ...(1) In the negative half cycle of the input, D1 is reverse biased. D2 will also be reverse biased as long as Vin is between 0 and 2.5 V and output voltage is zero. ...(2) Vo = 0 ... 2.5 V < Vin < 0 As soon as Vin becomes more negative than 2.5 V, D2 is forward biased and acts as a closed switch. ...(3) Vo = Vin + 2.5 V ...for Vin < 2.5 V The waveforms are as shown in Fig. P. 5.5.3(b).

3.

4.

Section 5.6 :
Ex. 5.6.1 : Draw the load voltage waveform for the clipper circuit shown in Fig. P. 5.6.1(a). Assume that a sinusoidal voltage Vi = 10 sin 314 t has been applied at the input and the DC source voltage V = 5 Volts. The diode D is an ideal diode. .Page No. 5-21.

Fig. P. 5.6.1(a)

Basic Electronics (GTU)

5-4

Diode Circuits

Soln. : Refer to the waveforms shown in Fig. P. 5.6.1(b).

1.

Fig. P. 5.6.1(b) Note that the type of circuit is positive parallel clipper. However the load resistance RL has been included. The diode will be on if VAB 5V. And VAB 5V if Vin 5.5 Volts. Looking at the waveforms shown in Fig. P. 5.6.1(b) we understand that the circuit operation can be divided into three modes. Mode I ( 0 t1 ) :

In this mode of operation, the input voltage Vi is positive and less than 5.5 volts. Therefore the diode is reverse biased and acts as an open switch as shown in the equivalent circuit of Fig. P. 5.6.1(c). The load voltage is given by, 1000 Vo = (1000 + 100) Vi = 0.9 Vi

(c) Equivalent circuit for mode I (d) Equivalent circuit for mode II Fig. P. 5.6.1 2. Mode II ( t1 t2 ) : In this mode, the positive input voltage Vi is higher than 5.5 V. This will turn ON the diode because then Vo = 0.9 Vi hence Vo > 5 V and the diode is forward biased. The dc source get connected across the load as shown in Fig. P. 5.6.1(d). Thus the output voltage is equal to + 5 V. 3. Mode III (t2 2 ) : From the instant t2 onwards, the input voltage is less than V and between to 2 it is negative. The diode remains OFF during this interval. Hence the load voltage is given by, 1000 Vi Vo = 1000 + 100

Basic Electronics (GTU)

5-5

Diode Circuits

The DC source is isolated from the output as shown in the equivalent circuit of Fig. P. 5.6.1(e).

Fig. P. 5.6.1(e) : Equivalent circuit for mode III The transfer characteristics of the given circuit is as shown in Fig. P. 5.6.1(f). The slope of the transfer characteristics is equal to 0.9 for Vin < 5.5 V and it is equal to 0 for Vin 5.5 V.

Fig. P. 5.6.1(f) : Transfer characteristics

Ex. 5.6.2 : Analyze the circuit shown in Fig. P. 5.6.2(a) and draw the output voltage waveform for the same, if a triangular wave is applied at the input with a peak voltage of 10 Volts. Assume that the diode is a nonideal silicon diode. .Page No. 5-22.

Fig. P. 5.6.2(a) Soln. : 1. The output voltage is equal to input voltage when the diode is not conducting, i.e. in the positive half cycle of the input voltage. Vo = + Vi ...when D is OFF ...(1)

Basic Electronics (GTU)

5-6

Diode Circuits

2.

And the output voltage is negative and equal to one diode drop when the diode is on i.e. in the negative half cycle of the input voltage. ...when D is ON ...(2) Vo = 0.7 volts The waveforms are as shown in Fig. P. 5.6.2(b).

Fig. P. 5.6.2(b) : Waveforms for the clipper shown in Fig. P. 5.6.2(a)

Section 5.7 :
Ex. 5.7.1 : The diodes in the circuit shown in Fig. P. 5.7.1(a) are ideal. Sketch the transfer characteristics for 20 V V1 20 V. If the diode D2 is reversed, sketch the resulting characteristics for 20 V V1 20 V. .Page No. 5-26.

Fig. P. 5.7.1(a) Soln. : Case I : Considering the circuit shown in Fig. P. 5.7.1(a). 1. Operation for 20 V1 0 Volts : When the input voltage V1 is negative, upto 20 volts, D1 is reverse biased and D2 also is reverse biased. Both the diodes act as open switches hence the output voltage is equal to zero. V2 = 0 Volts for 20 V V1 < 0 ...(1) 2. Operation for 0 V1 20 V : Let us calculate the magnitude of Vab required to turn ON diode D2. When diode D2 is turned ON the output voltage V2 is equal to battery voltage.

Basic Electronics (GTU)

5-7

Diode Circuits

V2 = 10 Volts

when D2 is ON R2 V2 = 10V = Vab = R + R V1 1 2 ( R1 + R 2 ) (10 + 5) 10 = 10 10 R2

...(2)

V1 =

V1 = 15 Volts

...(3)

Thus D2 will conduct for V1 15 Volts. And when 0 V1 < 15 Volts the output voltage is given by, R2 10 V2 = Vab = ( R + R ) V1 = 15 V1 = 0.66 V1 ...(4) 1 2 Table P. 5.7.1(a) summarizes the results and Fig. P. 5.7.1(b) shows the transfer characteristics for case I. V1 < 15 V V1 V1 < 0 V1 15 V V2 0 V2 = 0.66 V1 V2 = 10 V

Table P. 5.7.1(a)

Fig. P. 5.7.1(b) : Transfer characteristics for case I Case II : If D2 in Fig. P. 5.7.1(a) is reversed in direction : With D2 reversed the circuit is as shown in Fig. P. 5.7.1(c).

Fig. P. 5.7.1(c) : D2 reversed

Fig. P. 5.7.1(d) : Transfer characteristics for case II

Here diode D2 will remain on as long as V1 is less than 15 Volts and Vab is less than 10 Volts. V2 = 10 Volts for 20 V1 < 15 As soon as V1 = 15 V, Vab = 10 V and D2 is reverse biased. The output is given by, 10 V2 = Vab = 15 V1 = 0.666 V1, for V1 15 V The transfer characteristics for case II is as shown in Fig. P. 5.7.1(d). V1 V2 20 V1 < 15 V2 = 10 V (D2 ON) V1 15 V V2 = 0.666 V1 ...(5)

...(6)

Table P. 5.7.1(b)

Basic Electronics (GTU) Ex. 5.7.2 :

5-8

Diode Circuits

The diodes are ideal, plot Vo against Vi indicating all intercepts, slopes and voltage levels for Fig. P. 5.7.2(a) Sketch Vo if Vi = 40 sin t. .Page No. 5-27.

Fig. P. 5.7.2(a) Soln. : This example is similar to Ex. 5.7.1. Vo = 0 for Vi < 0 When D2 is turned on, Vo = 10 V and D2 is turned on when Vab = 10 V. 10 k Vo = Vab = 10 = Vi (10 + 10) k

...(1)

Vi = 20 V Thus D2 turns on when Vi = 20 Volts Vo = 10 V for Vi 20 Volts 10 k Vi = 0.5 Vi (10 + 10) k For 0 Vi < 20V, D2 will be OFF and D1 ON Vo = Vab =

...(2) ...(3)

...(4)

(b) Transfer characteristics Fig. P. 5.7.2

(c) Input and output voltages

Table P. 5.7.2 summarizes the circuit operation, Fig. P. 5.7.2(c) shows the input and output voltages and Fig. P. 5.7.2(b) gives the transfer characteristics. Vi Vo Vi < 0 Vo = 0 0 Vi 20 Vo = 0.5 Vi Table P. 5.7.2 Vi > 20 Vo = 10 V

Basic Electronics (GTU) Ex. 5.7.3 :

5-9

Diode Circuits

In the diode clipping circuits shown in Fig. P. 5.7.3, Vi = 20 sin t, R = 1 k and VR = 10 V. This reference voltage is obtained from a tap on a 10 k divider connected to a 100 V source. Neglect all capacitances. Assume the diode forward resistance 50 with Vo = 0 and reverse resistance = . Sketch the input and output waveforms to scale in both the cases. .Page No. 5-27.

(a) Case I Fig. P. 5.7.3 Soln. : Case I :

(b) Case II

Step 1 : Let us first obtain the equivalent of the dc source VR. VR has been obtained from a 10 k divider connected to 100 V source as shown in Fig. P. 5.7.3(c). Thus VR is a 10 V source with a Thevenin equivalent resistance of ( 1 k || 9 k ) i.e. 900 as shown in Fig. P. 5.7.3(d).

(c) Fig. P. 5.7.3

(d)

Step 2 : Let us replace the source VR in the original circuit by its equivalent shown in Fig. P. 5.7.3(d) to redraw the circuit as shown in Fig. P. 5.7.3(e).

Fig. P. 5.7.3(e) : Modified circuit for case I

Basic Electronics (GTU)

5-10

Diode Circuits

Analysis : 1. For Vi < 0 i.e. when the input is negative diode D will not conduct. The equivalent circuit is as shown in Fig. P. 5.7.3(f) and the output voltage is equal to input voltage. Vo = Vi for Vi < 0 ...(1)

(f) Fig. P. 5.7.3 2.

(g)

For 0 Vi 10 V the diode still remains OFF as shown in Fig. P. 5.7.3(g) and output voltage is equal to input voltage. Vo = Vi for 0 Vi 10 V ...(2)

3.

For Vi > 10 V, the diode is turned ON and the equivalent circuit is as shown in Fig. P. 5.7.3(h). I = Vi VR 1.9 k ...(3) ...(4)

And Vo = VR + (I 900) I = 20 sin t 10 3 1.9 10 (20 sin t 10) 0.9 1.9

And

Vo = 10 +

Vo = 10 + 9.47 sin t 4.73 Vo = 5.26 + 9.47 sin t At t = / 2 Vo = 5.26 + 9.47 = 14.73 Volts ... for ( / 6 t 5 / 6) ...(5)

Basic Electronics (GTU)

5-11

Diode Circuits

The input output voltage waveforms are as shown in Fig. P. 5.7.3(i).

(h)

(i) : Input and output waveforms for case I Fig. P. 5.7.3

Case II :

Fig. P. 5.7.3(k) : Input and output voltage waveforms for case II The given circuit for case II is redrawn by taking into account the equivalent circuit of VR. This is as shown in Fig. P. 5.7.3(j). 1. For 20 Vi 10 V, the diode D will be OFF and the output voltage is equal to VR i.e. 10 V. 2. For Vi > 10 V the diode will conduct and the output voltage is equal to Vo = 10 V + Voltage across 1.9 k resistor = 10 V + (I 1.9 k) ( Vi VR ) I = 1.95 k ...(6)

Fig. P. 5.7.3(j)

where,

( Vi 10 ) 1.9 = 10 V + 0.974 (Vi 10 ) 1.95 The input and output voltage waveforms are as shown in Fig. P. 5.7.3(k). Vo = 10 V +

Basic Electronics (GTU) Ex. 5.7.4 :

5-12

Diode Circuits

For the circuit shown in Fig. P. 5.7.4(a) : 1. 2. The diodes are ideal, write the transfer characteristic equations. Plot Vo against Vi, indicating all the intercepts, slopes and voltage levels. (Assume, Vi = 30 sin t). .Page No. 5-27.

Fig. P. 5.7.4(a) Soln. :

(b) Equivalent circuit for positive half cycle (c) Equivalent circuit for the negative half cycle Fig. P. 5.7.4 In the positive half cycle of the input, diode D1 is reverse biased and acts like an open switch while diode D2 is forward biased and acts like a closed switch as shown in Fig. P. 5.7.4(b). Therefore the output voltage is given by, 1.2 k 1 Vo = (1.2 + 1.2) k Vi = 2 Vi ...(1) In the negative half cycle of the input, diode D1 is forward biased and acts like a closed switch while D2 acts as an open switch as shown in Fig. P. 5.7.4(c). Therefore the output voltage is given by, 1.2 k Vi 1 Vo = (1.2 + 1.2) k = 2 Vi ...(2) Thus in both the half cycles of input, the instantaneous output voltage is equal to half the instantaneous input voltage. Vi ...(3) Vo = 2 The input and output voltage waveforms and plot of Vo against Vi are shown in Fig. P. 5.7.4(d).

Basic Electronics (GTU)

5-13

Diode Circuits

Fig. P. 5.7.4(d) : Input output voltage waveforms and transfer characteristics

Ex. 5.7.5 : Sketch IR and Vo w.r.t time for the network shown in Fig. P. 5.7.5(a), for the input Vi shown in the same figure. .Page No. 5-27.

Fig. P. 5.7.5(a)
Assume that both diodes are silicon type with Rf = 0 and Rr = with Vf = 0.7 V.

Soln. : The waveforms are as shown in Fig. P. 5.7.5(b)

Basic Electronics (GTU)

5-14

Diode Circuits

Fig. P. 5.7.5(b)
Ex. 5.7.6 : For the circuit shown in Fig. P. 5.7.6, assuming ideal diodes : 1. 2. Plot transfer characteristics showing all intercepts, slopes and voltage levels. If an input Vi = 40 sin t is applied to the circuit, find the values of t at which diode D2 starts and stops conducting for one cycle of AC input. .Page No. 5-28.

Fig. P. 5.7.6

Basic Electronics (GTU)

5-15

Diode Circuits

Soln. : This example is exactly identical to Ex. 5.7.2. Part II : The diode D2 starts conducting when Vi = 20 V. 20 = 40 sin t sin t = 0.5 t = sin
1

0.5 = 30

...Ans.

Section 5.9 :
Ex. 5.9.2 : A voltage V = 300 cos100t is applied to a half wave rectifier with RL = 5 k. The rectifier may be represented by an ideal diode in series with a resistance of 1 k. Calculate : 1. 3. 5. Im AC power Ripple factor. 2. 4. DC power Rectifier efficiency .Page No. 5-42.

Soln. : From the expression for the input voltage, we can see that Vm = 300 V. As the diode is equivalent to an ideal diode in series with a 1 k resistor, we can assume that RF = 1 k. As transformer is not used RS = 0 . Vm 1. Peak load current, Im = ( R + R + R ) S F L = 2. DC power 300 = 50 mA (0 + 1 k + 5 k)
2 2

...Ans.

PL dc = IL dc RL

Im R = L
0.05 3 = 5 10 = 1.2655 W 3. AC input power = IS rms ( RS + RF + RL ) = [ Im / 2 ] ( RF + RL ) = [ 0.05 / 2 ] 6 10
2 2 3 2 2

...Ans.

4.

Pac = 3.75 W PL dc 1.2665 Rectifier efficiency = P 100 % = 3.75 100 = 33.77 % ac

...Ans. ...Ans.

5.

IL rms IL dc 100 Ripple factor r = 2 IL dc

But Im IL rms = 2 = 25 mA
2

1/2

and IL dc =
2 1/2

Im

= 15.91 mA ...Ans.

r =

(25) (15.92) 100 = 121.13 % (15.91)2

Basic Electronics (GTU) Note :

5-16

Diode Circuits

As shown in the expression for r we can calculate r from the rms and average values of load current instead of using the rms and average values of load voltage.

Section 5.10 :
Ex. 5.10.3 : In a centre-tapped full-wave rectifier, the rms half-secondary voltage is 9 V. Assuming ideal diodes and load resistance. RL = 1 k, find : 1. 3. 5. Peak current RMS current Efficiency 2. 4. DC load voltage Ripple factor .Page No. 5-51.

Soln. : Given : 1. Peak current :

VS rms = 9 V, RL = 1 k, RF = RS = 0. Vm 2 VS rms Im = R + R + R = RL S F L Im = 29 3 = 12.72 mA 1 10 VL dc = IL dc RL 2 Im RL = = 2 12.72 10 1 10 = 8.1V Im 12.72 = = = 8.994 mA 2 2

3 3

Vm = 2 VS rms ...Ans.

2. DC load voltage ( VL dc ) :

...Ans. ...Ans.

3.

rms load current :

IL rms

4.

Ripple factor :

r =

[V

L rms

VL dc VL dc 8.1 8 RL

1/2

[I =

2 L rms

RL VL dc VL dc

1/2

= 5. Efficiency : = =

[ (8.994 1)2 (8.1)2 ]

1/2

= 0.4827 or 48.27 %

...Ans.

( RS + R F + R L )
2

... [Referring to Equation (5.10.10)] ...Ans.

8 RL ( RL )
2

8 2 = 0.8105 or 81.05 %

Ex. 5.10.4 : A full wave rectifier uses a diode with forward resistance of 1 . The transformer secondary is centre tapped with output 10-0-10 Vrms and has resistance of 5 for each half section. Calculate : 1. 2. 3. No-load dc voltage DC output voltage at 100 mA % regulation at 100 mA. .Page No. 5-52.

Basic Electronics (GTU)

5-17

Diode Circuits

Soln. :

Given : RMS secondary voltage Secondary resistance

VS rms = 10V, RS = 5 ,

Forward resistance of diode RF = 1 1. No-load dc voltage : 2 2 VS rms 2 2 10 = = = 9 Volts DC output voltage at IL = 100 mA : VL dc (at 100 mA) = VL dc (N.L) IL ( RS + RF ) VL dc = 2 Vm = 9 0.1 (5 + 1) = 8.4 Volts. % regulation at 100 mA : VNL VFL 9 8.4 100 = 100 = 7.142 % % regulation = 8.4 VFL ...Ans.

2.

...Ans.

3.

...Ans.

Ex. 5.10.5 : What is the necessary ac input power from the transformer secondary used in a half rectifier to deliver 500 W of dc power to the load ? What would be the ac input power for the same load in a full wave rectifier ? .Page No. 5-52.

Soln. : Given : PL dc = 500 W Pac for HWR : PL dc Rectifier efficiency = P ac Pac = For a HWR, = 0.4 Pac for FWR : For a FWR, = 0.812 500 Pac = 0.812 = 615.76 W Pac PL dc 500 = 0.4 = 1250 W ...(1) ...Ans.

...Ans.

Section 5.11 :
Ex. 5.11.2 : A bridge rectifier is applied with input from a step down transformer having turns ratio 1:8 and input 230 V, 50 Hz. If the diode forward resistance is 1 , secondary resistance is 10 and load resistance connected is 2 k find : 1. 3. DC power output % efficiency 2. 4. PIV across each diode % regulation at full load .Page No. 5-56.

Soln. : Given : NP : NS = 8 : 1, 1.

RS = 10 , VS rms

RMS secondary voltage,

RF = 1 , RL = 2 k NS = N 230 = 28.75 V P

...(1)

Basic Electronics (GTU)

5-18

Diode Circuits

2.

Peak secondary voltage, Vm = 2 VS rms = 2 28.75 = 40.65 V Vm 40.65 = ( R + 2 R + R ) = (10 + 2 + 2000) = 20.2 mA S F L 2 Im
2

...(2) ...(3) ...(4)

3. 4. (a) (b) (c)

Peak load current,

Im

D.C. load current, IL dc =

2 20.2 = 12.86 mA
3 2 3

D.C. load power, PL dc = IL dc RL = (12.86 10 ) 2 10 = 331 mW PIV across each diode = Vm = 40.65 V
2 2

...Ans. ...Ans.

AC input power, Pac = IS rms (RS + 2 RF + RL) = [ Im / 2 ] (RS + 2 RF + RL) (20.2 10 ) 2012 = 410 mW 2 PL dc 331 % efficiency = P 100 = 410 100 = 80.63 % ac
3 2

Pac =

...(5) ...Ans.

(d)

% regulation = VNL =

VNL VFL 100 VFL 2 Vm = 2 40.65 = 25.87 V

3 3

...(6) ...(7) ...Ans.

VFL = IL dc RL = 12.86 10 2 10 = 25.72 V 25.87 25.72 100 = 0.5832 % % regulation = 25.72

Ex. 5.11.3 : Determine the rms value of secondary voltage of a transformer which provides 9 V dc output voltage when connected to a bridge rectifier. If the secondary winding resistance is 3 and diode forward resistance is 1 what will be the output voltage when 90 load is connected to the power supply ? .Page No. 5-56.

Soln. : Given : VL dc = 9 V, RS = 3 , RF = 1 , RL = 90 1. To calculate rms secondary voltage VS rms : Given : VL dc = 9V Assuming that no load was connected, the expression for average load voltage is, 2 Vm , where Vm = Peak secondary voltage VL dc = 2 Vm = 9 9 Vm = 2 = 14.14 Volt Vm 14.14 VS rms = = 10 V ...Ans. 2 2 2. This is the rms value of the secondary voltage of the transformer. To calculate D.C. output voltage ( VL dc ) : Given : Vm = 14.14 V, RL = 90 , RS = 3 , R F = 1

Basic Electronics (GTU)

5-19

Diode Circuits

Vm 14.14 Peak load current, Im= ( R + 2 R + R ) = (3 + 2 + 90) = 148.8 mA S F L DC load current, IL dc = 2 Im = 94.75 mA
3

DC load voltage, VL dc = IL dc RL = 94.75 10

90 = 8.528 V

...Ans.

Ex. 5.11.4 : A full wave bridge rectifier is supplied from 230 V, 50 Hz and uses a transformer of turns ratio of 15 : 1. It uses load resistance of 50 . Calculate load voltage and ripple voltage. Assume ideal diode and transformer. Assume standard value of ripple factor for full wave rectifier. .Page No. 5-56.

Soln. : Given : 1.NP : NS = 15 : 1 2. RL = 50 3. RS = 0 and RF = 0 NS 1 RMS secondary voltage, VS rms = N 230 = 15 230 = 15.33 V P Peak secondary voltage, Vm = Peak load current, Im DC load current, 1. 2. 2 VS rms = 2 15.33 = 21.68 V Vm 21.68 = ( R + 2 R + R ) = 50 = 0.4336 A S F L 2 Im = 0.276 A or 276 mA ...(1) ...(2) (3) ...(4) ...Ans.

IL dc =

DC output voltage, VL dc = IL dc RL = 0.276 50 = 13.8 V Ripple voltage = Ripple factor VL dc The standard value of ripple factor is 0.482 for the bridge rectifier. Ripple voltage = 0.482 13.8 = 6.654 Volt

...Ans.

Section 5.13 :
Ex. 5.13.2 : A full wave rectifier circuit uses a capacitor input filter with 50 F capacitor and provides a load current of 200 mA at 8% ripple. Calculate : 1. 2. DC voltage across the filter capacitor The peak rectified voltage obtained from the 50 Hz supply. .Page No. 5-67.

Soln. : 1. DC voltage across the filter capacitor ( VL dc ) : The dc voltage across the filter capacitor is nothing but the dc voltage across the load i.e. VL dc. 1 Ripple factor = 4 3 fC RL = r = 1 4 3 fC VL dc / IL dc IL dc 4 3 fC VL dc

Basic Electronics (GTU)

5-20

Diode Circuits

VL dc = VL dc =

IL dc 4 3 fC r 200 10 6 4 3 50 500 10 0.08

3

= 14.43 Volts 2. Peak rectified voltage ( Vm ) : We know that the average load voltage with capacitor input filter is given by, IL dc VL dc = Vm 4 fC IL dc Vm = VL dc + 4 fC = 14.43 + 200 10 6 4 50 500 10
3

...Ans.

Vm = 16.43 Volts

...Ans.

Ex. 5.13.3 : Draw the circuit diagram of FWCT rectifier with capacitor shunt filter. If input of the rectifier is sine wave, draw the nature of the output waveforms for the following : 1. 2. 3. Filter capacitance only without load resistance. Capacitor filter with load resistance. Rectifier without filter. .Page No. 5-67.

Soln. : FWCT means full wave rectifier with center tapped transformer. For the circuit diagram of FWCT rectifier with capacitor shunt filter, refer to Fig. P. 5.13.3. The waveforms are as follows :

Fig. P. 5.13.3

Basic Electronics (GTU)

5-21

Diode Circuits

Ex. 5.13.4 : A bridge rectifier with capacitor filter is fed from 230 V to 50 V step down transformer. If average dc current in load is 1 Amp. and capacitor filter of 1000 F. Calculate the load regulation and ripple factor. Assume : Power line frequency of 50 Hz. Neglect diode forward resistance and dc resistance of secondary of transformer. .Page No. 5-69.

Soln. :

Data given :

C = 1000 F, f = 50 Hz,

VS rms = 50 Volt, RF = 0,

IL dc = 1 Amp. RS = 0.

1.

Load regulation :

Load regulation =

VNL VFL 100 % VFL

...(1)

For a bridge rectifier with capacitor filter, No load voltage = Vm = 2 VS rms VNL = 2 50 = 70.7 Volts ....(2)

IL dc Full load voltage, VFL = Vm 4 fC = 70.7 1 6 = 65.71 Volts 4 50 1000 10 ....(3)

Substituting Equations (2) and (3) into Equation (1) we get, Load regulation = 2. Ripple factor : Ripple factor = RF = 1 4 3 fC RL 1 6 4 3 50 1000 10 RL ...(4) 70.7 65.71 100 % = 7.59 % 65.71 ...Ans.

We do not know RL in this equation, so let us find it out first. VFL 65.71 RL = I = 1 = 65.71 L dc Substitute this value into Equation (4) to get, Ripple factor = 1 = 0.04393 6 4 3 50 1000 10 65.71 ...Ans. ...(5)

Basic Electronics (GTU)

5-22

Diode Circuits

Section 5.15 :
Ex. 5.15.2 : Sketch the outputs to the scale for the circuits shown in Fig. P. 5.15.2 and name the circuits. .Page No. 5-76.

Fig. P. 5.15.2
Ex. 5.15.3 : Explain the performance of the circuit in Fig. P. 5.15.3(a) for the following situations : 1. Diode is connected at A 2. Diode is connected at B 3. Diode is connected at C .Page No. 5-76.

Basic Electronics (GTU)

5-23

Diode Circuits

Fig. P. 5.15.3(a) Soln. :

Fig. P. 5.15.3