1 rejulvg@gmail.

com MSc MLT 9947296522

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
MSC MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY (MLT) PROGRAMME

COURSE STRUCTURE AND SYLLABUS OF

1.

MSC MLT CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

2. MSC MLT MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 3. MSC MLT HEMATOLOGY AND TRANSFUSION TECHNIQUES 4. MSC MLT CYTOLOGY AND CYTOGENETICS

CURRICULUM FOR M.Sc. MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY The name of degree shall be Master of Science in Medical laboratory technology Specialization: a) CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY. b) MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY. c) HEMATOLOGY AND TRANSFUSION TECHNIQUES. d) CYTOLOGY AND CYTOGENETICS. The student will be allowed to opt for any of the above specializations, with respect to the marks secured in their qualifying examinations. Five students for each specialization. The degree shall be awarded under the faculty of medicine. The duration of the course is of 2 years comprising four semesters. The course comprises of both theory and practical studies. For Theory daily 1 hour theory class and 2 hour either Discussion / Seminars of Journal Club. Practical: 3 hours daily Each semester should have theory 360 hours and practical 360 hours. The 2nd year should have hospital posting in recognized Blood Banks, Clinical Pathology laboratories for a period of 2 weeks each. ELIGIBILITY FOR ADMISSION Candidates seeking admission to the course shall have passed BSc Medical laboratory technology examination of the University of Calicut or any recognized University with at least 50% marks. Relaxation in minimum marks for eligibility allowed by the Government of Kerala to Scheduled castes, Scheduled tribes & other backward classes shall be made. Attendance requirement: 80% with a provision for condonment up to a maximum of 10% on medical grounds. UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS There shall be University Examination at the end of 1 st, 2nd and 3rd semester as detailed in the scheme of examination. The 4th semester is for project work and hospital posting. There shall be supplementary examination at the end of the next semester. Candidates who fail to secure minimum pass mark in any particular paper shall appear for the Paper in order to secure a pass in the subsequent examination. Candidates who fail in one or more papers in an examination need appear for only those papers for securing complete pass in the examination. Candidates who fail in one or more papers, a separate internal assessment has to be conducted. All the students who complete the course prior to the examination and register for the examination shall be promoted to the next semester. Candidates who complete the course of study and secure pass in all the papers of the two years examination shall be declared to have qualified for the degree, such candidates shall be placed in the second class. Candidates who qualify for the degree and securing not less than 60% marks of the aggregate of all the University examination and Internal assessment taken in together shall be declared to have passed in the first class and those who secure not less than 75% of the aggregate marks shall be declared to have passed in first class with distinction. Ranking of students would be there for the subject.

3 There shall be no provision for improvement of results in any examination. Minimum marks for a pass in a paper are 50% with a separate minimum of 40% for theory & practical in the University Examination. Internal assessment marks: It shall be awarded to the candidates in each paper as detailed in the scheme of examination. The award shall be on the basis of the assessment made by the Teachers from the candidates performances in the examination conducted by the Department as class tests, laboratory work, seminars, symposia, record work, etc. during the course of study. The marks secured by the candidate in each subject shall be forwarded to the University at the end of each semester of Examination. In the case of candidates who fail in the University examination, fresh internal assessment marks should be sent (without carrying over the previous marks), before each attempt of University Examination. CURRICULUM, CREDIT HOURS AND DURATION OF COURSE (FOR ALL SPECIALIZATIONS) FIRST SEMESTER PAPER MLT 101 MLT 102 MLT 103 MLT 104 MLT 201 MLT 202 MLT 203 MLT 204 HOURS OF INSTRUCTION --------------------------------------THEORY PRACTICAL TOTAL 90 90 180 90 90 180 90 90 180 90 90 180 SECOND SEMESTER 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 180 180 180 180

THIRD SEMESTER MLT 301 MLT 302 MLT 303 MLT 304 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 180 180 180 180

FOURTH SEMESTER PROJECT WORK AND HOSPITAL LAB POSTING

4 Examiners There shall be two examiners for practical and viva-voce, one internal and other external. External examiner should be a regular teaching faculty of Medical laboratory technology under another University/Institution where similar course is being conducted. Theory paper may be valued by external and internal examiners together. THESIS Submission of a Thesis work is a compulsory requirement for the MSC MLT BIOCHEMISTRY, MSC MLTMICROBIOLOGY, MSC MLTHEMATOLOGY AND TRANSFUSION TECHNIQUES and MSC MLT CYTOLOGY AND CYTOGENETICS course. Each student can choose a topic for the thesis which would be approved by his/her supervising teacher. The supervising Teacher should have Post P.G teaching experience of minimum 5 years in the concerned subject . The student should be under the guidance of the supervising staff, carry out the work on the topic selected and prepare a thesis including results and references. The thesis duly certified by the supervising staff and head of the department of MLT should be submitted to the University within the prescribed time. The evaluation of the thesis will be on the basis of the presentation and defense. The Examiner for Thesis evaluation should be External examiner. The students should be sent to training in Nuclear medicine, Virology, Entomology or any other super specialty, exposure module to be conducted as per the syllabus during the course.

5 STAFF PATTERN

SL.NO

DESIGNATION

NO OF POSTS 1

QUALIFICATION

PROFESSOR

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

ASST.PROFESSOR

LECTURERS

LECTURER IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

6 7 8

LAB TECHNICIAN LAB ASSISTANT LAB IN CHARGE

4 4 1

MSC MLT WITH 13 YEARS OF TEACHING EXPERIENCE OR MSC MLT WITH PHD 10 YEARS OF TEACHING EXPERIENCE WITH CONCERNED SPECIALIZATION IN BIOCHEMISTRY, MICROBIOLOGY, HEMATOLOGY ,CYTOLOGY AND CYTOGENETICS MSC MLT WITH 5 YEARS OF TEACHING EXPERIENCE OR MSC MLT WITH PHD 3 YEARS OF TEACHING EXPERIENCE WITH CONCERNED SPECIALIZATION IN BIOCHEMISTRY, MICROBIOLOGY, HEMATOLOGY ,CYTOLOGY AND CYTOGENETICS MSC MLT WITH 3 YEARS OF TEACHING EXPERIENCE WITH CONCERNED SPECIALIZATION IN BIOCHEMISTRY, MICROBIOLOGY, HEMATOLOGY ,CYTOLOGY AND CYTOGENETICS MSC MLT WITH CONCERNED SPECIALIZATION IN BIOCHEMISTRY, MICROBIOLOGY, HEMATOLOGY ,CYTOLOGY AND CYTOGENETICS M.Sc. MLT WITH CYTOLOGY AND CYTOGENETICS SPECIALIZATION, M.Sc. MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY, M.Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY, M.Sc. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OR M.Sc. IN ANY AREA OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES WITH Ph.D. IN THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY BSC MLT DMLT MSC MLT

SPECIALIZATION STARTS FROM FIRST SEMESTER ONWARDS

6 MLT 1011 & MLT 102 IS COMMON TO ALL SPECIALIZATION FIRST SEMESTER SPECIALIZATION A: CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 1. MLT 101 2. 3 4 MLT 102 MLT 103 MLT 104 BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES

IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES VITAMINS AND HORMONS CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY AND LABORATORY MANAGEMENT

FIRST SEMESTER SPECIALIZATION B: MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

1.

MLT 101 MLT 102 MLT 103 MLT 104

BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES

2. 3 4

IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

FIRST SEMESTER

7 SPECIALIZATION C : HEMATOLOGY AND TRANSFUSION TECHNIQUES

1.

MLT 101 MLT 102 MLT 103 MLT 104

BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES

2. 3 4

IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES HEMATOLOGY I CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY

FIRST SEMESTER SPECIALIZATION D: CYTOLOGY AND CYTOGENETICS

1.

MLT 101 MLT 102 MLT 103 MLT 104

BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES

2. 3 4

IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES HISTOPATHOLOGY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY

8 SECOND SEMESTER MLT 201 & MLT 202 IS COMMON TO ALL SPECIALIZATION

SPECIALIZATION A : CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

1.

MLT 201 MLT 202 MLT 203 MLT 204

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

2. 3 4

EPIDEMINOLOGY & MOLECULAR MEDICINE INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM PHARMACOLOGICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

SECOND SEMESTER SPECIALIZATION B MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

1. MLT 201 2. 3 4 MLT 202 MLT 203 MLT 204

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

EPIDEMINOLOGY & MOLECULAR MEDICINE VIROLOGY AND ADVANCED MICROBIOLOGY MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY AND MYCOLOGY

9 SECOND SEMESTER

SPECIALIZATION C HEMATOLOGY AND TRANSFUSION TECHNIQUES

1. MLT 201 2. 3 4 MLT 202 MLT 203 MLT 204

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

EPIDEMINOLOGY & MOLECULAR MEDICINE HEMATOLOGY II TRANSFUSION TECHNOLOGY

SECOND SEMESTER SPECIALIZATION D CYTOLOGY AND CYTOGENETICS

1.

MLT 201 MLT 202 MLT 203 MLT 204

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

2. 3 4

EPIDEMINOLOGY & MOLECULAR MEDICINE CYTOGENETICS CYTOLOGY

10 THIRD SEMESTER MLT 301 & MLT 302 IS COMMON TO ALL SPECIALIZATION

SPECIALIZATION A CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 1. MLT 301 2. 3 4 MLT 302 MLT 303 MLT 304 LABORATORY ORGANIZATION, MANAGEMENT AND BIOSTATISTICS

IMMUNOPATHOLOGY DIAGNOSTIC BIOCHEMISTRY AND ORGAN FUNCTION TEST GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY, NUTRITION, MINERAL METABOLISM

THIRD SEMESTER SPECIALIZATION B MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

1.

MLT 301 2. 3 4 MLT 302 MLT 303 MLT 304

LABORATORY ORGANIZATION, MANAGEMENT AND BIOSTATISTICS

IMMUNOPATHOLOGY SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY

11

THIRD SEMESTER SPECIALIZATION C: HEMATOLOGY AND TRANSFUSION TECHNIQUES

1.

MLT 301 2. 3 4 MLT 302 MLT 303 MLT 304

LABORATORY ORGANIZATION, MANAGEMENT AND BIOSTATISTICS

IMMUNOPATHOLOGY ADVANCED CLINICAL PATHOLOGY ADVANCED TECHNIQUES IN TRANSFUSION MEDICINE

THIRD SEMESTER SPECIALIZATION D CYTOLOGY AND CYTOGENETICS 1. MLT 301 MLT 302 MLT 303 MLT 304 LABORATORY ORGANIZATION, MANAGEMENT AND BIOSTATISTICS

2. 3 4

IMMUNOPATHOLOGY ADVANCED CLINICAL PATHOLOGY TISSUE PATHOLOGY

12

SCHEDULE OF EXAMINATIONS I - AT THE END FIRST SEMESTER (FOR ALL SPECIALIZATIONS) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PAPER SUBJECT DURATION MAX.MARKS MINIMUM FOR PASS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SPECIALIZATION A: CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 101 BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 102 IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 103 VITAMINS AND HORMONES THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 104 CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY AND LABORATORY MANAGEMENT THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

13

SPECIALIZATION B: MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 101 BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 102 IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 103 GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 104 APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SPECIALIZATION C: HEMATOLOGY AND TRANSFUSION TECHNIQUES ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 101 BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

14
MLT 102 IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 103 HEMATOLOGY I THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 104 CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SPECIALIZATION D: CYTOLOGY AND CYTOGENETICS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 101 BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 102 IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

15
MLT 103 HISTOPATHOLOGY THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 104 CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------II - AT THE END OF SECOND SEMESTER (FOR ALL SPECIALIZATIONS) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SPECIALIZATION A: CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 201 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 202 EPIDEMOLOGY AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE THEORY 3 hours 120 48 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 30 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 150 75 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The question paper for MLT 202 must have Section A and B (Epidemiology and Molecular Medicine respectively) carrying equal marks. No separate pass minimum for each section. No practical examination for paper MLT 202

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,
MLT 203 INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

16
MLT 204 PHARMACOLOGICAL BIOCHEMISTRY THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SPECIALIZATION B: MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 201 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 202 EPIDEMOLOGY AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 203 VIROLOGY AND ADVANCED MICROBIOLOGY THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 204 MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY AND MYCOLOGY THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

17
SPECIALIZATION C: HEMATOLOGY AND TRANSFUSION TECHNIQUES ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 201 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 202 EPIDEMOLOGY AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 203 HEMATOLOGY II THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 204 TRANSFUSION TECHNOLOGY THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SPECIALIZATION D: CYTOLOGY AND CYTOGENETICS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 201 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

18
MLT 202 EPIDEMOLOGY AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 203 CYTOGENETICS THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 204 CYTOLOGY THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------III - AT THE END OFTHIRD SEMESTER ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SPECIALIZATION A: CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 301 LABORATORY ORGANIZATION, MANAGEMENT AND BIOSTATISTICS THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The question paper for MLT 301 must have Section A and B (Laboratory Organization, Management and Biostatistics respectively) carrying equal marks. No separate pass minimum for each section. Practical examination will be conducted for Section B only for Paper MLT 302.

MLT 302 IMMUNOPATHOLOGY THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

19
MLT 303 DIAGNOSTICS BIOCHEMISTRY AND ORGAN FUNCTION TEST THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 304 GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY, NUTRITION, MINERAL METABOLISM THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SPECIALIZATION B : MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 301 LABORATORY ORGANIZATION, MANAGEMENT AND BIOSTATISTICS THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The question paper for MLT 301 must have Section A and B (Laboratory Organization, Management and Biostatistics respectively) carrying equal marks. No separate pass minimum for each section. Practical examination will be conducted for Section B only for Paper MLT 302.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 302 IMMUNOPATHOLOGY THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 303 SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

20
MLT 304 CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SPECIALIZATION C: HEMATOLOGY AND TRANSFUSION TECHNIQUES ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 301 LABORATORY ORGANIZATION, MANAGEMENT AND BIOSTATISTICS THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The question paper for MLT 301 must have Section A and B (Laboratory Organization, Management and Biostatistics respectively) carrying equal marks. No separate pass minimum for each section. Practical examination will be conducted for Section B only for Paper MLT 302.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 302 IMMUNOPATHOLOGY THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 303 ADVANCED CLINICAL PATHOLOGY THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 304 ADVANCED TECHNIQUES IN TRANSFUSION MEDICINE THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

21
SPECIALIZATION D: CYTOLOGY AND CYTOGENETICS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 301 LABORATORY ORGANIZATION, MANAGEMENT AND BIOSTATISTICS THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The question paper for MLT 301 must have Section A and B (Laboratory Organization, Management and Biostatistics respectively) carrying equal marks. No separate pass minimum for each section. Practical examination will be conducted for Section B only for Paper MLT 302.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 302 IMMUNOPATHOLOGY THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 303 ADVANCED CLINICAL PATHOLOGY THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 50 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MLT 304 TISSUE PATHOLOGY THEORY 3 hours 100 40 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 PRACTICALS 6 hours 100 40 ORAL & RECORD 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 300 150 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AT THE END OF FOURTH SEMESTER (FOR ALL SPECIALIZATIONS) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PROJECT WORK MLT 400 THESIS EVALUATION 200 100 ORALS 100 50 PRESENTATION 50 -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 50 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total 400 200 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

22 SYLLABUS MLT 101 AND MLT 102 IS COMMON TO ALL SPECIALIZATION MLT 101: BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES 1. Unit I Methods of qualitative analysis of biomolecules: Principles, experimental procedures and application of chromatography Paper, thin-layer, ion-exchange affinity, gel filtration Gas-liquid and HPLC. Principles, procedures and application of Electrophoresis paper, polyacrylamide gel, agarose gel, and cellulose acetate. Ultracentrifugation ultrafiltration. Unit 2 Quantitative methods: Principles and applications of Photometry,spectrophotometry, fluorometry, ion selective procedures, flame. Photometry, atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Luminometry- Bioluminescence and chemiluminescence Unit 3 Isotopes: Detection, measurement and handling of radioactive Isotopes, application of isotopes in research and clinical bio-chemistry. Unit 4 Concept of pH and Buffers: Handerson Hasselbatch equation, Principle and procedures of determination of pH, use and handling of pH meter Unit 5 Cell fractionation, Biochemical activities of different fractions, marker enzymes different methods. Purification of enzymes from cells, characterization and criteria of purity, purification of proteins Unit 6 Bioenergetics and Biological oxidation: concept of free energy Change, high energy compounds, ATP generation, redox potential Electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, inhibitors Uncouplers, ionophores. Unit 8 Automation in laboratory - In all field of laboratory. Quality control in laboratory- Organization and operation, Internal and external quality control

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

23 PRACTICALS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Chromatography: paper, thin-layer, gel, ion-exchange, demonstration of HPLC and GLC Electrophoresis: slide gel, PAGE, agarose gel Photometry, spectrophotometry, flame photometry, atomic absorption spectrophotometry Preparation of buffers and determination of pH Cell fractionation methods Purification of enzymes diffferent methods of detection

MLT 102: IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES UNIT 1 1. History of immunology, innate and acquired immunity, mechanisms of innate immunity, inflammation inflammatory cells, mediators, inflammatory response types, systemic effects of inflammation, antigens, cells and organs of immune system, evolution of immunity. UNIT 2 2. Immunoglobulin: structure and function, classes and subclasses. Cryoglobulins, pyroglobulins, immunoglobulin genes-organisation and expression, antibody diversity, class switching. Monoclonal antibodies hybridoma technique and Mab production, purification and characterization, application in biomedical research, clinical diagnosis, treatment, drug delivery system. UNIT 3 3. Immune response: clonal selection theory and related theories, primary and secondary response, humoral and cell mediate response, antigen processing and presentation, role of accessory molecules, MHC structure and role in Ag presentation, MHC genes, Maturation, activation and differentiation of B cells and T cells, lymphocyte trafficking, TCR structure and generation of diversity, cytokines properties and functions, cytokine receptors, relation to diseases, therapeutic uses, cytokine antagonists, ADCC, NK cells, regulation of immune response. Vaccines: advances in the development of vaccines (eg. Haemophilus B conjugate, pertussis, cholera, malaria, hepatitis B, polio, HIV, antitumour) Adjuvants. UNIT 4 4. Complement system: functions complement receptors, activation pathways, control mechanisms, role in inflammation, kinin cascade, kinins in disease. UNIT 5 5. Immunity against bacteria, virus, fungi and parasites

UNIT 6 6. Immunological methods in clinical laboratories: Methods, interpretation, and applications of following methods double diffusion in agar, single radial immune diffusion, electrophoresis and immune electrophoresis, chromatography (ion-exchange, gel, affinity), RIA, ELISA, Western blotting, detection of immune complexes, nephelometry, immune fluorescence, agglutination tests-direct and indirect, haem agglutination and haem

24 agglutination inhibition, complement assays-CFT, haemolytic assays, functional assays. Detection of cellular immunity delayed hypersensitivity skin tests, assays for lymphocyte (T and B cell assays), flow cytometry, FACS, mixed lymphocyte culture, NK cells, Neutrophil function tests, histocompatibility testing. PRACTICALS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Double diffusion technique Radial immune diffusion Haem agglutination test Haem agglutination inhibition test Latex agglutination tests Complement fixation test Immuno electrophoresis Counter current immune electrophoresis FITC conjugation of antibody Lymphocyte culture Isolation of lymphoid organs of mice ELISA RIA demonstration Western blotting demonstration WIDAL test VDRL test SPECIALIZATION A: CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY MLT 103 VITAMINS AND HORMONES Vitamins: Classification of vitamins. Chemistry, properties, biological importance, deficiency manifestations and coenzyme function requirements, deficiency manifestation of fat soluble and water soluble vitamins, estimation of vitamins Hormones: Classification of hormones, mechanism of hormone action, regulation of hormone secretion. Hormone receptors, signal transduction, G-protein second messengers, cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, Calcium, inositol triphosphate, diacyl glyosol, Chemistry, metabolism, biological functions and disorders of- Hypothalamus & Pituitary hormones - Thyroid hormones - Parathyroid hormones - Pancreatic hormones - Adrenal hormones - Gonadal hormones Metabolic regulation by hormones, hormonal regulation of gene expression, hormonal imbalance and disorders

25

PRACTICALS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Estimation of ascorbic acid in food and biological fluids Estimation of serum ceruloplasmin Estimation of T3, T4, TSH Estimation of thyroglobulin Estimation of cortisol in blood Estimation of catecholamines Urinary 17 keto and ketogenic steroids Urinary VMA

MLT 104 CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY AND LABORATORY MANAGEMENT 1. Urinalysis: Urinary aminogram, Urine 24 hours assays for proteins, Ca, P, Urea, Creatinine and creatine, Urolithiasis, Tubular reabsorption of P 2. Blood Sugar, Diabetes mellitus I & II, GTT 3. Blood urea and creatinine, Creatinine tolerance test 4. Serum uric acid, Serum proteins- fraction and estimation 5. Serum calcium and phosphorus 6. Automation in clinical chemistry 7. Quality control organization and operation, Internal and external quality control 8. Chemicals selection, storage and disposals 9. Apparatuses selection and maintenance 10. Calibration of volumetric and gravimetric equipments and apparatuses 11. Handling and disposal of infected, dangerous, radioactive materials 12. Accidents safety measures and emergency treatment PRACTICALS 1. Physical and chemical analysis of urine PH, specific gravity, osmolality, reducing substances, protein, ketone bodies, pigments 2. Urinary aminogram 3. Urinary stones and pancreatic stones 4. Creatinine tolerance test 5. Estimation of the following in blood and urine Sugar, urea, creatine and creatinine, uric acid, calcium, phosphate 6 .Electrophoresis of serum proteins SPECIALIZATION B: MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY MLT 103 GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY UNIT I 1. Historical background, classification of microorganisms, eukaryote and prokaryotes, methods for studying microbes: staining microscopy, electron microscopes and specimen

26 preparation for EM, culture methods and media, sterilization, methods for identification of bacteria, application of molecular techniques for identification of bacteria. UNIT II 2. Bacterial morphology: Size, shape and arrangement of bacterial cells, ultrastructure of cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, outer envelope, flagella, fimbriae and pilae, cytoplasmic matrix, nucleoid, cytoplasmic inclusions, endospores formation and germination, cell-wall synthesis. UNIT III 3. Bacterial metabolism and growth: Growth requirements, nutritionalclassification, transport of solutes across the cell membrane, effect of pH, oxygen, temperature, etc. on growth, generation time, growth curve, batch cultures and continuous cultures, chemostat, turbidostat, assessment of bacterial growth-different methods, bacterial nutrition and design of culture media. UNIT IV 4. Antimicrobial agents: Chemical and physical agents, mode of action, methods for testing, antimicrobial as therapeutics antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral agents, mode of action, MIC and MBC, development of resistance, antimicrobial sensitivity testing. UNIT V 5. Bacterial genetics: bacterial genome, extra chromosomal genome, bacterial transformation types of mechanisms (eg. Natural transformation in Streptococus pneumoniae, and Haempphilus influenzae), role of plasmids, artificial transformation, Bacterial conjugation properties of plasmid, Hfr strains, conjugation in gram negative and gram positive organisms, transduction generalized and specialized. UNIT VI 6. Bacteria useful to man: making of wine, beer and bread, milk products, butyric acid bacteria, microbes and sources of protein, microbial production of chemotherapeutic agents antibiotics (eg.Penicillin, streptomycin), transformation of steroids, biopesticides, genetic engineering products. PRACTICALS 1. Review of the following methods: Staining techniques-simple, Grams, AFB, spore, flagella, cell-wall, capsule, Spirochetes, volutin granules, etc. Preparation and sterilization of different types of media Culture methods Thermal Death point Colony count. Total count, viable count. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing disc diffusion, MIC & MBC Growth curve of bacteria Bacterial conjugation Isolation of antibiotic resistant strains

2. 3. 4. 5.

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MLT 104 APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY Applied Microbiology Nosocomial infections Epidemiological aspects of control infections and diseases Typing methods in Bacteriology Hospital acquired infections Surgical and trauma related infections Microbial biofilm-prevention, control and removal Role of microbiology lab for infection control in hospital Emerging infectious diseases Public health Microbiology Microbiology of air Bacteriology of water and water born infections Microbiology of milk and milk products Milk born infections Bacteriology of food and food born diseases Vaccines for infectious diseases Molecular diagnostic methods in microbiology Automation in diagnostic microbiology Microbiology Laboratory Physical design, Management and organization Quality in the clinical Microbiology Laboratory Genetically modified microorganisms Genetically modified food Genetically modified therapeutic agency Care and management of laboratory animals Handling feeding, breeding of common laboratory animals Bleeding of lab animals PRACTICAL 1. Animal inoculation 2. Animal house management 3. Killing of animal and disposal of carcase 4. Microbial analysis of water 5. Microbial analysis of air 6. Microbial analysis of milk 7. Microbial analysis of food Reference books Topley & Wilsons Microbiology & Microbial Infections 9 th Edition Leslie Collier, Albert Balows, Max Sussman Volume I, II, III, IV, V Mandell, Douglas & Bennetts Principle & Practice of Infectious Diseases Volume I, II IVth Edn Colour atlas of & text book of Diagnosis Microbiology IVth Edn Felmer W. Koneman Bailey & Scotts Diagnostic Microbiology 12th Edn

1. 2. 3. 4.

28 5. 6. Jawetz Melnick & Adelbergs Medical Microbiology Medical Microbiology Minna Plafair Roitt SPECIALIZATION C: HEMATOLOGY AND TRANSFUSION TECHNIQUES MLT 103 HEMATOLOGY I UNIT I 1. Haematopoiesis- origin, development, function and fate of blood cells Erythropoiesis origin and development of RBCs, Biosynthesis of Hb, control of erythropoiesis- structure and function of hemoglobin. UNIT II 2. Bone marrow structure and hematopoietic microenvironment, ultra structure. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, Morphology of Erythron UNIT III 3. Red cell membrane, structure and synthesis, production and destruction of erythrocytes. Energy metabolism and maintenance of erythrocytes.- glucose metabolism ,red cell enzymes, nucleotide synthesis, reticulocyte metabolism. UNIT IV 4. Normal hemostasis and regulation. Megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis. Platelet morphology biochemistry and function. Vascular function of hemostasis. UNIT V 5. Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils. Mast cells, monocytes, macrophages Plasma cells. UNIT VI 6. Hematology of new born, Hematology in aged. UNIT VII 7. Automation in Hematology PRACTICALS Routine hematological investigations Basic principles, methodology, and interpretation of following investigations Hb, TC, DC, ESR, PCV, BT, CT Red cell indices, Platelet count, Reticulocyte count, eosinophil count Preparation of peripheral smear and staining with Leishmans stain Detection of Parasites Abnormal cells PT, PTTK, TT Routine learning of peripheral smear and bone marrow TC, DC, ESR, PCV,HEMOGLOBIN 10. Preparations of various Reagents and Stains used in Hematology 11. Examination of blood Quantitative measures of hematopoietic elements in the blood. Plasma hemoglobin estimation. 12. Reticulocyte count 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

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MLT 104 CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY 1. Microscopical examination of urine, collection of urine and its preservation Colour, cloudiness, specific gravity, reaction, pH Different methods for detection, importance and its interpretation of Protein, Sugar, Bile pigment, Bile salt, Urobilinogen, ketone bodies, Bence-Johnes proteins & Blood Examination and identification of sediment for: various cells, crystals, casts, parasites. Concentration methods for examination identification of urine sediment for: Gonococci, Trichomonas vaginalis, monilia. 2. Pregnancy test-Production of HCG, HCG level at various stages of pregnancy, pregnancy test, Different types of pregnancy test such as Gravindex test& card test. Method of urine collection, Compare their advantage, disadvantages & accuracy. 3. FaecesExamination of motion sample for: colour, mucous, consistency, ova, Amoeba, cyst, Parasites, Pus cells, RBCs & crystals. 4. Detection of occult blood in stool, concentration technique for ova, measurement of faecal urobilinogen & faecal fat, their importance interpretations. 5. Sputum-Method for the collection, examination of sputum for AFB, sputum in disease conditions. 6. Semen-Methods of collection, Macroscopic and microscopic examination of semen, Motility, count, other findings. 7. Staining and morphological studies of spermatozoa .importance & interpretation in each step of investigation in case of infertility. 8. CSF-Collection, transport, preservation, examination and interpretation total and differential count, staining methods, CSF in disease. 9. Other body fluidsexamination of Ascitic fluid, Pleural fluid, Pericardial fluid, Synovial fluid. PATHOLOGY 1. Cell injury and necrosis: General biochemical mechanism, types of cell injury. Apoptosis, sub cellular responses, Necrosis. 2. Inter cellular substances and reactions. 3. Wound healing and repair 4. Basic knowledge of techniques in pathology- histochemical staining, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. 5. Detailed study of tumors- Classification, Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of common benign and malignant tumors Mention Recent concepts. 6. A brief study of biological effects of radiation 7. Degenerative changes- Fatty changes, Pathological calsification. PRACTICALS
1. 2. 3.

Urine-collection, processing, physical, chemical and microscopic examination. Collection, preservation and examination of stool Sputum collection and microscopy .examination of sputum for AFB.

30 Collection and examination of semen-physical examination, sperm motility, morphological study of sperms, fructose determination in semen. 5. Collection of CSF, microscopical and chemical examination of CSF. 6. Macroscopic and microscopic examination of Ascitic fluid, Pleural fluid, pericardial fluid and synovial fluid. 7. Demonstration of immune histochemical staining and immune fluorescences.
4.

SPECIALIZATION D: CYTOLOGY AND CYTOGENETICS MLT 103 HISTOPATHOLOGY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. General introduction to HP Histological equipment and instruments, their uses, constructions maintenance and repair. What is biopsy, types Fixation and fixatives Collection of specimens Bits taking Tissue processing automatic and hand processing, details of the instrument, working of automatic tissue processor Decalcification Microtomy different types, use and care of microtome knives, sharpening, cutting, artifacts in cutting, cutting of different tissues, disposable blades Staining theoretical aspects Haematoxylin and eosin counter stains Special stains stains for nucleic acid, lipid, endogenous pigments, connective tissue, enzymes, amyloid, deposits, fibrin Immunohistochemistry Immunofluorescence Immunoenzyme techniques Microscopy different types Tissue of special interest hard tissue, nervous system Frozen sections cryostat Special techniques museum techniques, autoradiography, photomicrography Quality control and advanced techniques

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

PRACTICALS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. H and E staining Special staining- carbohydrates, connective tissue, lipids, pigments Mounting Cryostat sections Tissue processing Sharpening of microtome knives

MLT 104 CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY 1. Microscopical examination of urine, collection of urine and its preservation Colour, cloudiness, specific gravity, reaction, pH

31 Different methods for detection, importance and its interpretation of Protein, Sugar, Bile pigment, Bile salt, Urobilinogen, ketone bodies, Bence-Johnes proteins & Blood Examination and identification of sediment for: various cells, crystals, casts, parasites. Concentration methods for examination identification of urine sediment for: Gonococci, Trichomonas vaginalis, monilia. 2. Pregnancy test-Production of HCG, HCG level at various stages of pregnancy, pregnancy test, Different types of pregnancy test such as Gravindex test& card test. Method of urine collection, Compare their advantage, disadvantages & accuracy. 3. FaecesExamination of motion sample for: colour, mucous, consistency, ova, Amoeba, cyst, Parasites, Pus cells, RBCs & crystals. 4. Detection of occult blood in stool, concentration technique for ova, measurement of faecal urobilinogen & faecal fat, their importance interpretations. 5. Sputum-Method for the collection, examination of sputum for AFB, sputum in disease conditions. 6. Semen-Methods of collection, Macroscopic and microscopic examination of semen, Motility, count, other findings. 7. Staining and morphological studies of spermatozoa .importance & interpretation in each step of investigation in case of infertility. 8. CSF-Collection, transport, preservation, examination and interpretation total and differential count, staining methods, CSF in disease. 9. Other body fluidsexamination of Ascitic fluid, Pleural fluid, Pericardial fluid, Synovial fluid. PATHOLOGY 1. Cell injury and necrosis: General biochemical mechanism, types of cell injury. i. Apoptosis, sub cellular responses, Necrosis. 2. Inter cellular substances and reactions. 3. Wound healing and repair 4. Basic knowledge of techniques in pathology- histochemical staining, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. 5. Detailed study of tumors- Classification, Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of common benign and malignant tumors Mention Recent concepts. 6. A brief study of biological effects of radiation 7. Degenerative changes- Fatty changes, Pathological calsification PRACTICALS 1. 2. 3. 4. Urine-collection, processing, physical, chemical and microscopic examination. Collection, preservation and examination of stool Sputum collection and microscopy .examination of sputum for AFB. Collection and examination of semen-physical examination, sperm motility, morphological study of sperms, fructose determination in semen. 5. Collection of CSF, microscopical and chemical examination of CSF. 6. Macroscopic and microscopic examination of Ascitic fluid, Pleural fluid, pericardial fluid and synovial fluid. 7. Demonstration of immune histochemical staining and immune fluorescences.

32

SECOND SEMESTER
MLT 201 & MLT 202 IS COMMON TO ALL SPECIALIZATION MLT 201 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY 1. DNA - Identification of DNA as the genetic material, structure, types, supercoiling, Topoisomerases, Optical properties of DNA. Replication Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic general features Enzymology Mechanism. Fidelity of replication Regulation. C-Value Paradox and genome organization in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes satellite DNA DNA fingerprinting . Gene structure in prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. 2. Chromosome Structure and organization structure of interphase chromatin, Heterochromatin X chromosome inactivation polytene chromosomes significance. Molecular mechanism of cell cycle regulation, Mitosis and Meiosis Check points in cell cycle. 3. Recombination Homologous and site specific Gene Expression Transcription and Translation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Factors involved, Types of RNA, RNA processing, genetic code, Wobble Hypothesis, Role of Aminoacyle tRNA synthetase and Ribosomes in Translation accuracy. Generation of antibody diversity molecular mechanism 4. Regulation of gene Expression Lac operon Tryptophan operon Arabinose operon 5. Regulation in Eukaryotes Transcriptional, post transcriptional, Translational and post translational level Regulatory RNA, RNA interference, DNA in gene regulation genomic imprinting, post translational modifications of proteins. Inhibitors of RNA and Protein synthesis. 6. Mutation Spontaneous induced Molecular basis physical and chemical mutagens, Base analogues and mutation. 7. DNA Repair mechanimsm Intracellular compartments and Protein trafficking Endocytosis, Exocytosis Signal transduction Pathways and cell communication, Apoptosis 8. Recombinant DNA Technology Necessary elements Enzymes Restriction enzymes Modifying enzymes and ligases

33 Cloning vectors Plasmid vectors Bacterio phage vectors cosmids and shuttle vectors Expression vectors, YAC, Ti Plasmids, Binary vectors. 9. Marker genes and Reporter genes Construction of R-DNA and cloning strategies Introduction of R-DNA into Bacterial, Mammalian and plant cells. Gene libraries construction of genomic library using phage vectors, cDNA library using plasmid vectors. Subtraction library and its application in gene expression profiling. Different methods of screening recombinant libraries colony hybridization, Immunoscreening, phage display, two-hybrid screening Expression and purification of recombinant proteins. Applications of R-DNA technology in medicine, Agriculture and forensic science. Practicals: 1. Isolation of DNA and RNA from bacterial cells 2. Estimation of DNA and RNA 3. Isolation of plasmids from bacterial cells 4. DNA electrophoresis 5. Study of mitotic stages- onion root tip 6. Study of meiotic stages- grasshopper testes 7. Preparation of polytene chromosomes 8. Bacterial gene expression using lac promoter system 9. Identification of the melting temperature of DNA 10. Isolation of Plasmids from bacterial cells 11. Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA 12. Preparation of Human Chromosome spread 13. Analysis of Karyotype for identifying syndromes 14. Southern Blotting 15. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 16. AMES test 17. SDS PAGE MLT: 202 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE SECTION A AND SECTION B SHOULD BE ANSWERED SEPERATELY EPIDEMIOLOGY (SECTION A) Unit I Unit II : : Principles and scope of epidemiology; measuring health and disease, disease transmission concepts, modes of transmission, classes at epidemics/ outbreaks. Applying epidemiology in clinical practice, measurement, clinical diagnosis, clinical importance, treatment effectiveness, clinical risk-adverse reactions to medicines. Assessment of medical evidence; Theoretical and practical aspects of the critical appraisal of medical evidence Epidemiology of environmentally and occupationally linked diseases.

34 Unit III : Application of epidemiology to environmental problems; investigation of disease outbreaks, environmental health surveys. Communicable disease - general classification of diseases and causes and its prevention. C.S.S.D., Infection control committee, Immunization strategy Epidemiological measures of health status; mortality rates and ratios; infant mortality, maternal mortality, abortions, Morbidity rates and ratios, incidence and incidence rates. National Programmes for the control of Infectious diseases - AIDS, Japanese Encephalitis, Dengue Fever, Tuberculosis, Filaria, Malaria, Leprosy, TB-HIV dual infection.

Unit IV :

Unit V

MOECULAR MEDICINE : (SECTION B) Unit I Chromosomal aberrations & Genetic Diseases Down, Turners, Klinefelters, Cri-du chat syndrome, CML, ALL. DNA markers & disease associations RFLP Microsatellites, STR and SNP markers Molecular basis of Viral & prion infections Non infectious diseases Gene mutations & Inherited human diseases single gene diseases and complex traits Egs: Sickle cell Anemia, Haemophilia, cystic fibrosis, cancer, diabetis etc. Unit II Molecular diagnosis of - infectious agents Eg: Mycobacterium, HIV etc - infectious diseases protein based identification of antigens - DNA bases identification of antigens - RDA of cDNA identification of epitopes - drawbacks of the classical methods and advantages of molecular techniques Diagnosis of genetic diseases Cytogenetics techniques like - Karyotyping, MN assay & banding - Molecular cyto genetic techniques - CGH, FISH Mutation analysis DNA sequencing, PCR, LCR, RFLP, SSCP, Hybridizations Southern & Northern Prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases preimplantation diagnosis. Unit III Human genome project Identification & isolation of disease genes positional cloning, functional cloning, Microarray. Application of genomics in understanding the basis of polygenic disorders like cardiovascular, Asthma, Cancer, diabetics, Rheumatoid arthritis etc. Pharmacogenomics understanding responses to drugs personalized medicine. Unit IV Therapeutics Genomics, Proteomics and vaccines - Therapeutic proteins Eg. Insulin, growth hormones, Factor VIII etc. site directed mutagenesis & protein engineering

35 Humanized monoclonal antibodies. Transgenenic technology Transgenic organisms as bioreactors of therapeutic proteins Transgenic animals as disease models to study, prevent and cure diseases Gene therapy for heamatological disorders, liver diseases, cardio vascular diseases, neurological disorders, cancer, HIV infections, Rheumatoid Arthritis etc. ethical issue in gene therapy. SPECIALIZATION A: CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY MLT 203 INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM UNIT I Carbohydrate metabolism : details of metabolic pathways involving carbohydrates in mammals, Embden-Mayerhof pathway, hexose monophosphate shunt pathway, other minor pathways, fructose and galactose metabolism, digestion and absorption, blood glucosehomeostasis, hormones influencing carbohydrate utilization-insulin, glucagons, glucocorticoids,epinephrine, disorders of carbohydrate metabolism.
1.

UNIT II 2. Amino acid metabolism: protein digestion and absorption, absorption of amino acids, metabolism of individual amino acids, one carbon units, polyamines, nitric oxide, plasma proteins, transport proteins, disorders of amino acid metabolism. UNIT III 3. Lipid metabolism: digestion and absorption, transport and storage, fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid oxidation pathways, biosynthesis of phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol metabolism, plasma lipoprotein metabolism, role of adipose tissue and liver in lipid metabolism, hormonal regulation of lipid metabolism, prostaglandins, prostacyclins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, very long chain fatty acids, disorders of lipid metabolism. UNIT IV 4. Regulation of metabolism: TCA cycle, integration of metabolisms, common terminal pathway, regulation, amphibolicrole, hormonal regulation of metabolic pathways, Coris cycle, Alanine cycle, adaptation during starvation. UNIT V 5. Purine and pyrimidine metabolism: synthesis and degradation of bases and nucleotides, regulation, gout and other disorders. UNIT IV 6. Protein degradation: cathepsins, proteosomes, caspases, ubiquitin, PRACTICALS Students should be aware of all the different mechanisms, modifications and principles of all the tests. 1. 2. 3. Estimation of blood/serum glucose by different methods Estimation of serum triglycerides by different methods Estimations of blood/serum cholesterol by different methods

36 4. 5. 6. 7. Estimation of blood/serum HDL-cholesterol Estimation of uric acid by different methods Estimation of proteins by different methods Estimation of urea by different methods

MLT 204 PHARMACOLOGICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 1. PHARMACOKINETICS The concepts of drug absorption, bioavailability, volume of distribution, and distribution phases (multicompartment models) and be able to predict peak drug levels. The differences between fist-and zero- order kinetics of drug metabolism / elimination. The concepts of drug clearance, halt-life, and the exponential rate constant. Be able to calculate steady-state drug levels and estimate peak and trough drug levels throughout a dosing cycle The origin and consequences of nonlinear or zero-order pharmacokinetics on drug pharmacokinetics The differences between measurement of total, free, and protein-bound drug levels and be able to assess the consequences of altered protein binding on pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring. 2. DRUG METABOLISM The differences between phase I and phase II drug metabolism reactions Various consequences of competing metabolic pathways to modulate both the efficacy and toxicity of administered medications Frequent interindividual variability drug-metabolizing enzymes and its impact on the variability of drug response 3. PHARMACODYNAMICS The general mechanisms of drug action, including drug-receptor interactions, modulation of metabolic pathways, and nucleic acid biochemistry. Reference ranges for therapeutic drug monitoring, methods of establishing the same and understand the varying utility of trough , peak, or steady-state drug levels for monitoring both drug efficacy and toxicity. The therapeutic index. 4. THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING OF SPECIFIC DRUG CLASSES The principles and practice of therapeutic drug monitoring of antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotics; anticonvulsants; cardioactive drugs; bronchodilators; antibiotics; and immunosuppressants. The relative significance of peak and trough levels for monitoring of these drug classes 5. TOXICOLOGIC SYNDROMES The pathophysiological basis and be able to recognize the five major toxicologic syndromes (cholinergic, anticholinergic, sympathomimetic, opiate, and sedativehypnotic).formulation of toxicologic differential diagnosis and designing a clinical laboratory testing protocol for each of the syndromes. The basic therapeutic approach to each syndrome 6. LABORATORY EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF OVERDOSED OR POISONED PATIENTS The National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry guidelines for Emergency Toxicology. The important differences between urine and blood (including serum and plasma) for monitoring and detection of drugs / xenobiotics.

37 Designing and implementing standardized STAT panels of laboratory tests for evaluation of overdosed/poisoned patients. The limitations of drug "screening" protocols and be able to consult on the design of more extensive drug-testing protocols to supplement the standard STAT panels. The toxicologic profiles of specific agents, including acetaminophen, salicylates, alcohols and glycols, barbiturates, tricyclic antidepressants, carbonmonoxide, organophosphates and carbamate, digoxin lead, iron, and cyanide. The general supportive measures, the role of alkalinization, the importance of specific antidotes, and the variable efficacy of exchange transfusion hemodialysis, plasmapheresis, and charcoal hemoperfusion of blood in the management of specific agents. 7. LABORATORY EVALUATION OF DRUGS OF ABUSE The generic methodology of the routine immunoassays for drugs-of-abuse testing. Major drugs of abuse and their clinical manifestations Common methods for adulteration of urine and the techniques available in the laboratory to detect them. Specific reactivates of each immunoassay, the standard cutoffs for detection, and whether the assay is capable of detecting the parent drug, its metabolites, or both. Identify members of a drug class which are poorly or well detected by a generic immunoassay (e.g., oxycodone detection by the opiate immunoassay) and the common causes of false positives due to cross-reactivities. 8. PHARMACOGENOMICS ADDITIONAL COMPETENCIES SPECIFIC TO CHEMISTRY Patient Care "Chain of custody" and other legal requirements for forensic chemical pathology. Professionalism The social consequences of testing for drugs of abuse. PRACTICALS (Practicals must be conducted on all the above topics) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Analysis of drugs in blood and urine Biochemical tests for assessing the following Pancreatic function, gastric function, kidney function, cardiac function, thyroid function Routine immunoassays for drugs-of-abuse testing Laboratory tests for evaluation of overdosed/poisoned patients. Adulteration of urine methods of detection. SPECIALIZATION B MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY MLT 203 VIROLOGY AND ADVANCED MICROBIOLOGY VIROLOGY General virology- General characteristics and classification of viruses, Morphology and structure of viruses, Bacteriophage, propagation and identification of viruses -Cell culture, embryonated eggs, animal inoculation, -Viral replication and virus-host cell interactions -Safety in the virology laboratory. Systematic Virology- Systematic study of following viruses

38 Parvo viruses, Adeno viruses, Papova virus, Herpes virus, Pox virus, orthomyxovirus, paramyxovirus , Rubella virus, Arbovirus, Rhabdo virus, Hepatits viruses, Retro viruses, Human enteric viruses, Oncogenic viruses, Prions of humans. Diagnostic virologyLaboratory diagnosis of viral infections. Collection, Preservation, transportation, Processing, and reporting of various clinical specimens for viral infections. Pathogenesis of viral infections Immune response to viral infections Epidemiology of viral infections Antiviral agents Viral infections in immuno compromised patients. Emergence and re-emergence of viral infections. Practical Diagnostic tests in virology, Animal-cell cultures, Media, Sterilization, Demonstration of cell lines, CPE, embryonated egg inoculation, immuno fluorescent techniques, Viral neutralization tests, Viral haemagglutination tests and haemagglutination inhibition tests, serological tests for viral infections, Western blot technique (Students should visit and observe all techniques in virology in a reputed institute) MLT 204 MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY AND MYCOLOGY Parasitology& Mycology General parasitology Classification of medically important parasites , epidemiology of parasitic infections, immunology of human parasitic infections. Diagnostic parasitoloy Systemic study of following parasites (Geographical distribution, habitat, morphology and life cycle, risk of infection, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis prophylaxis and serological diagnosis) Protozoa Intestinal amoeba, free living pathologic amoeba, giardia, trichomonas, balantidium, isospora, cryptosporidium, microspora. Malaria, leishmania, trypanasoma, toxoplasma, baberia. Helminthes Cestodes Taenia, Echinococus, Diphylobothrium. Trematodes- Schistosoma, Fasciola, Fasciolepsis, Paragonimus. Nematodes- Ascaris, Hookworm, Trichuris, Enterobius, Strongyloides, Filaria, Trichinella, Toxocara, Dracunculus, Practical Examination of stool for parasites. Examination of blood & bonemarrow for parasites. Examination of other body fluids & biopsy specimens for parasites. Culture techniques for parasites. Serological diagnostic methods . Mycology

39 General Micology Fungus Classification Fungul Structure & Morphology, Immunity to Fungal Infections. Culture Media in Micology , Stains in Micology. Diagnostic Micology Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Laboratory Diagnosis of Fungal Infections. Specimen collection, preservation, Transportation & Identification of Micological Agent. Micosirology, Anti fungal agent, invitro tests use of lab animals in Micology. Superficial Mycosis Pityriasis Vessicolor, white piedra, black piedra, tinea nigra, Malassezia species, dermatophytes . Subcutaneous Mycosis Mycetoma Sporotrichosis, Chromoblastomycosis, Phaeohyphomicosis, Rhinosporidiosis, Lobomicosis. Systemic Mycosis- Histoplasmosis, Blastomicosis,Coccididiomicosis, Para Coccididiomicosis Opportunistic Mycosis Candidiasis, Aspergillosis, Zygomicosis, Penicillin marneffei, pneumocystis Carini. Miscellaneous Mycosis- Otomycosis, fungal infections in eyes, Mycotoxins, Allergic Fungal diseases. Practicals Media & Stains preaparation for Mycology, Diagostic Method in Mycotic Infections, Identification test in Mycology, Serological test in Micology. SPECIALIZATION C HEMATOLOGY AND TRANSFUSION TECHNIQUES MLT 203 HEMATOLOGY II UNIT I 1. Anaemia Definition, Clinical features, Pathophysiology diagnostic strategy of anaemia in general UNIT II 2. Megaloblastic anaemia Pernicious anaemia and other causes of Vitamin B12 and Folate deficiency Inherited and drug induced UNIT III 3. Disorders of iron metabolism and haeme synthesis Iron deficiency anaemia Anaemia of chronic disorder Sideroblastic anaemia Porphyria UNIT IV 4. Haemolytic anaemia General considerations, Pathogenesis, Classification Clinical features, Lab findings, Diagnostic approach to haemolytic anaemia in general. UNIT V 5. Inherited haemolytic disorders Defect in erythrocyte membrane HS, HE Defect in erythrocyte glycolytic enzyme - G6PD, Pyruvate Kinase Defect in globin structure and synthesis Haemoglobinopathies, Thalassemia UNIT VI

40 Acquired haemolytic disorders Immune haemolytic anaemia Traumatic/Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia Infection/chemical agents/physicalagents/drugs UNIT VII 7. Haemostasis Platelets in haemostasis and thrombosis Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis Mechanism and regulation of haemostasis UNIT VIII 8. Disorders of haemostasis and coagulation Thrombocytopaenia pathophysiology, classification, Diagnosis of ITP Thrombocytosis Qualitative disorders of platelets Coagulation disorders Inherited haemophilia A&B, von Willibrands Acquired Vitamin K Bleeding disorder caused by vascular abnormality UNIT IX 9. White blood cell disorders acute leukaemia, FAB and WHO classification And diagnostic criteria Classification of myeloproliferative disorders - general Features, CML in detail Classification of lymphoproliferative disorders general features, CLL in detail UNIT X 10. Plasma cell disorders- multiple myeloma, Waldenstroms Macroglobulinemia PRACTICALS HEMATOLOGY - Vitamin B12 assay, - Folate serum, red cell - Deoxyuridine suppression test - Serum iron, serum ferritin, TIBC, Marrow iron stain - Plasma Hb, Foetal Hb, Hb electrophoresis - Microcolumn chromatography for quantitative estimation of Hb - Sickling test - Solubility test - Detection of enzyme deficiencies like G6PD - Hams test, osmotic fragility with incubation - Glycerol lysis test - Leukaemia cytochemical and immunohisochemical stains, peroxidase, - SB, PAS, esterase, leucocyte alkaline phosphatase, - Immunohisochemical stains for various markers to type Leukemia. - Plasma cell discresies serum electrophoresis / immunoelectrophoresis - Bleeding disorders PT, PTTK, TT, Platelet count, INR Correction studies - Prothrombin index, Fibrinogen estimation, - Factor assay, Clot retraction, Euglobulin 6.

41 Lysis time, FDP, Platelet function test, Platelet aggregation

MLT 204 TRANSFUSION TECHNOLOGY 1. History of blood transfusion 2. Donor selection, Donor registration 3. Blood groups in immunology and genetics 4. Blood group system 5. Blood donation and blood collection 6. Transfusion transmitted disease and their screening 7. Storage and preservation of blood and blood products 8. The cross match (compatibility testing) 9. Transfusion reaction and their investigations 10. Computerisation in blood bank 11. Organisation of blood bank services PRACTICALS Practicals must be conducted on all the above topics SPECIALIZATION D CYTOLOGY AND CYTOGENETICS MLT 203 CYTOGENETICS 1. Introduction to Genetics History and impact of Genetics in Medicine Mendelian laws of inheritance. Medical Genetics Cytogenetics 2. Structure and molecular organization of Chromosomes - Chromosome and cell cycle- Normal human chromosomes, Heterochromatin, sex chromatin, abnormalities in sex chromatin, autosomes 3. Chromosome studies - Identification of human chromosomes - Chromosome Identification by image analysis and Quantitative cytochemistry - Karyotyping - Direct chromosome preparation of Bone Marrow cells - Culture techniques - Banding techniques - Sex Chromatin bodies - Autoradiography of human chromosomes - The Chromosome var Internal Assesmenttion and sex determination - An overview of chromosome number, chromosome composition and sex determination in humans 4. Medical Genitics -- Diseases

42 Genetic diseases with classical Mendel Internal Assessment inheritance Autosomal recessive inheritance Patterns of autosomal dominant inheritance X-linked inheritance Patterns of pseudo-autosomal inheritance. A typical pattern of inheritance Prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases {Down, Turners, Kleinfelters, Cri-di chat.Microsatellites and diseases Eg: Fragile X syndrome, Hintingtons diseaseGene mutations & Inherited human diseases single gene diseases and complex traits Egs: Sickle cell Anemia, Hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, cancer, diabetes etc.Protein misfolding & diseases Alzheimers & prion diseases.} 5. Biochemical genetics - Disorders of amino acid metabolism. - Urea cycle disorders. - Disorders of carbohydrate metabolisms. - Disorders of steroid metabolism. - Disorders of lipid metabolism. - Lysosomal storage disorders. - Disorders of purine/pyrimidine metabolism. - Organic acid disorders. - Disorders of copper metabolism. - Peroxidase disorders 6. Human Genome project, treatment of genetic disease and gene therapy - Genetics and society 7. Recent advances in cytogenetics. PRACTICALS (Students should be aware of all the practical aspects of the above mentioned topics.) 1. 2. 3. Study of Karyotypes I Normal karyotyping in Humans male (46, XY) and female (46, XX), G banded metaphase plates. Study of Karyotypes II Abnormal karyptypes Down syndrome (Autosomal), Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome (Sex chromosome) Sex chromatin Buccal semear study and staining methods for Barr bodies Blood smear study of drumsticks in neutrophils

MLT 204 CYTOLOGY 1. Diagnostic cytology of organs a) FGS-normal cytology, physiologic cyclic changes, cytology of pregnancy and abortion, inflammatory conditions, benign and malignant condition. b) Urinary system normal cytology, inflammatory conditions, benign and malignant condition

43 c) Respiratory system normal sputum cytology, inflammation, benign and malignant condition d) Gastrointestinal Tract 2. Processing of various fluids like ascitic, pleural, pericardial, CSF, nipple secretion, amniotic fluid, sputum, FNAC-technique, preparation of the smear, staining 3. Immunochemistry peroxidase, antiperoxidase, alkaline phosphatase 4. Quality control and recent advances in cytology 5. Genetics of phenyl ketonuria, alkaptonuria, homocystinurea, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Down,s syndrome, Turners syndrome,Di-George syndrome, Kleinfelters syndrome, Hermaphroditism, cystic fibrosis, 6. Prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases PRACTICALS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Method of specimen collection, fixation, fixatives Preservation of fluid specimen prior to processing Preparation of fluid specimen for microscopic examination Mounting of cell sample Cytologic techniques of : Urine sample, Sputum sample, Body fluids PAP staining Special stains Vaginal and cervical smears Stains for hormonal evaluation Demonstration of Barr body Karyotyping/Banding techniques Cytospin preparation Recent techniques, Quality control in cytology THIRD SEMESTER MLT 301 & MLT 302 IS COMMON TO ALL SPECIALIZATION SPECIALIZATION A CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY MLT 301 LABORATORY ORGANIZATION, BIOSTATISTICS (SECTION B) MANAGEMENT (SECTION A) AND

SECTION A AND SECTION B SHOULD BE ANSWERED SEPERATELY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Different levels of laboratories Basic requirements and functions of a laboratory Purchasing of equipments and chemicals Open and closed system analyzers National and international accreditation of laboratories Laboratory safety Quality control, External and internal quality controls, quality control materials, filing of QC charts 8. Principles of Instrumentation

44 9. 10. 11. management BIOSTATISTICS Unit I: Descriptive Statistics Tabulation, organization and graphical representation of quantitative data. Measures of central tendencies: Mean, Median and Mode Measures of Variability : Range . Q.D; S.D; A.D; and Coefficient of Variation Measures of Relative Position: Percentiles, Percentile Ranks, Standards Scores, Stanine Scores, T- Scores Normal Probability Distribution, properties of normal curve, applications of normal curve, Divergence from Normality : Skewness and Kurtosis Unit II : Correlational Techniques Karl Pearson.s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient .r. Spearman.s Rank order correlation coefficient ( rho) Regression and Prediction Biserial, Point biserial, Tetrachoric and Phi-Coefficent Partial and Multiple Correlation Unit VII : Statistical Inference Concept of Standard Error and it.s uses The Significance of Statistical Measures Testing the Significance of difference between two means Z-Test, T-Test Analysis of variance and Analysis of covariance : One way Anova, Post . Anova Test of difference by use of .t., Two-way Anova, Analysis of covariance. Unit III : Non-parametric Tests Chi-square test Medium test Mann . Whitney U test. Kolmogorov . Smirnov two sample test Unit IV . Multivariate Analysis Factor Analysis Cluster Analysis Discriminant Analysis Unit V : Reliability and Validity of Test Scores The reliability of the test The validity of the test Item analysis PRACTICALS 1. Collection and tabulation of data Laboratory statistics Clinical Laboratory Informatics All aspects Laboratory management including Financial

45 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Graphical representation of data Correlation and regression analysis Students t test Chi-square test ANOVA

MLT 302 IMMUNOPATHOLOGY UNIT I 1. Mechanism of Ab-mediated inactivation: direct and indirect Eg. Diabetes mellitus, thyroid diseases, pernicious anaemia, polyendocrinopathy, infertility, haemophilia, myasthenia gravis, anti-idiotypes and diseases. UNIT II 2. Immune deficiency disorders UNIT III 3. Immune complex reactions: arthus reaction, serum sickness,glomerulonephritis, skin diseases mediated by immune Immunohaematologic diseases: transfusion reactions, erythoroblastosis foetalis, warm-antibody diseases, cold-antibody diseases, drug and haemolytic diseases, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenic purpura, immune suppression of blood cell production, vascular purpura, demonstration of cytotoxic antibodies in vitro. UNIT IV 4. complexes, evaluation of circulating immune complexes, Immune mediated Dermatological disorders. UNIT V 5. Connective tissue diseases: polyartheritis, SLE, dermatomyosis, rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, progressive systemic sclerosis. UNIT VI 6. Atopic anaphylactic reactions: reaginic antibody, anaphylaxis, atopic allergy-factors involved, asthma, hay fever, food allergy, insect allergy, atopic eczema, delayed hypersensitivity reactions, contact dermatitis, viral infections, graft-host relationship in pregnancy. UNIT VII 7. Autoallergic diseases: sjogrens syndrome encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis ,orchitis ,thyroiditis,

UNIT VIII 8. Granulomatous reactions: infectious diseases like tuberculosis, leprosy. UNIT IX 9. Drug allergy: penicillin allergy, allergic reactions to cancer chemotherapeutics. UNIT X 10. Immunology of AIDS, Tumor - oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes and Transplantation and transplantation rejection (specify each organs)

46 PRACTICALS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Serological (screening and Diagnostic) tests used in different pathological conditions Delayed type hypersensitivity testing Detection of tumour markers Histocompatibility testing Western blotting ELISA techniques Immunoassays SPECIALIZATION A CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY MLT 303 DIAGNOSTIC BIOCHEMISTRY AND ORGAN FUNCTION TEST 1. Clinical enzymology : factors affecting enzyme levelsin plasma or serum, selection of enzyme tests, measurement of reaction rate, measurement of enzyme mass, enzyme as analytical reagents, analytical applications of immobilized enzymes, measurement of isoenzymes clinical significances, antioxidants and enzyme systems. Lipoproteins : clinical significance, association with coronary disease, diagnosis of lipoprotein disorders, reactive oxygen species and defence mechanisms. Diabetes mellitus: classification, pathogenesis of type I and type II, diagnosis, gestational diabetes mellitus, glucose tolerance test. Blood and disorders: biochemical disarrangement in anaemia, conditions associated with abnormal acid base status, abnormal electrolyte composition of the blood, diagnosis of acid-base disorders. Clinical toxicology: screening procedures for detection of drugs, pharmacology and analysis of specific drugs and toxic agents agents that cause cellular hypoxia, alcohols, analgesics, drugs related to anticholinergic toxindrome, ethylene glycol, metals, organophosphoral and carbomate insecticides. Drugs of abuse amphitamine, methemphitamine, barbiturates, benzodiazipines, cannabinoids, cocaine, lysergic acid, diethylamide, opioids, methadone, propoxyphine phencylidine 6. Organ function tests : Liver, pancreas, gastric, kidney, cardiac, thyroid, adrenal, etc. PRACTICALS 1. Effect of pH on enzyme action 2. Effect of temperature on enzyme action 3. Isoenzyme study by electrophoresis 4. Glucose tolerance test 5. Lipid profile 6. Biochemical tests for anaemia 7. Estimation of serum electrolytes 8. Analysis of certain drugs in blood and urine 9. Biochemical tests for assessing the following 10. Pancreatic function, gastric function, kidney function, cardiac function, thyroid function.

2. 3. 4.

5.

47 MLT 304 GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY, NUTRITION, MINERAL METABOLISM 1. 2. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins. Absorption of minerals and electrolytes. Respiration: Oxygen transport, oxygen dissociation curves, Carbon dioxide transport, factors affecting oxygen transport and carbon dioxide transport, oxygen toxicity, free radical formation, anti oxidants. Blood clotting: Chemistry of blood coagulation. Muscle contraction: Muscle proteins, Muscle energy metabolism, Chemistry of muscle contraction. Detoxication: Mechanisms of detoxication, oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, conjugation, detoxication of drugs. Nutrition: Caloric values of foods, BMR, respiratory quotient, energy requirements, role of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and amino acids in diet, nitrogen balance, protein energy malnutrition, glycemic index, diet in pregnancy and lactation. Mineral metabolism: Metabolism of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium potassium, chloride, sulpher, iron, copper, iodine, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, cobalt, nickel, chromium, fluorine, selenium. MINERALS: absorption, biochemical roles, requirements, deficiency manifestations of bulk, trace and ultra trace elements, effect of toxic metals PRACTICALS Measurement of serum minerals like Zn, Cu, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Mn, Ca,P, I, Fe and Se binding capacity, ferritin Estimation of serum ceruloplasmin Estimation of serum tansferrin

3. 4. 5. 6.

7.

SPECIALIZATION B MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY MLT 303 SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY Systematic study of morphologic cultural, biochemical and antigenic characters, epidemiology, pathogenesis, lab diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis of following bacterial pathogens. Staphylococci, Streptococci, Pneumococi, Neisseria, Corynebacterium, Bacillus, Mycobacterium, Clostridium, Non-sporangia anaerobes, E.coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Pasteurella, Francisellaq, Haemophilus, Brucella, Spirochaetes, Listeria, Erysipelothrix, Alcaligenes, Campylobacter, Acinetobacter, Rickettsiae, Chalamydiae, Mycoplasma, Actinomycetes. PRACTICALS Study of morphological, cultural and biochemical characters of common bacterial pathogens.

48 MLT 304 CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Normal flora of human body Collection, transport, Processing of specimens for diagnosis of bacterial, viral and fungal infections in following cases. Respiratory tract infections, Gastrointestinal tract infections, Genital tract infections, CNS infections, Wound and abscesses, Eye, Ear and Sinus infections, Infections of the blood, Tissue samples for culture. Biological safety in clinical laboratory, Quality control, Modern techniques employed in clinical laboratory. Nosocomial infections: epidemiology, bacterial and viral infections, infections in paediatricpatients, surveillanceand control programmes, organizations and associations involved, role of microbiology lab in prevention and control, deviceassociated intravascular infections and its control, sterilization, disinfection and antisepsis in hospitals. Respiratory tract infections: Upper respiratory tractaetiology, transmission, pathogenesis, epidemiology and clinical features of following. Common cold, pharyngitis and tonsillitis, otitis and sinusitis, acute epiglottitis, oral cavity infections, laryngitis and tracheitis, diphtheria Lower respiratory tract- whooping cough, bronchitis, RSV infections, bacterial pneumonia, viral pneumonia, tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, lung abscesses. Diagnosis of respiratory tract infections. Urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases Bacterial, viral and fungal infections of urinary tractaetiology, pathogenesis, transmission, clinical features, complications and diagnosis. Aetiology, transmission, clinical features, and diagnosis of syphilis, gonorrhoea, chlamydial infections, HIV, bacterial vaginosis, genital herpes, papilloma virus infections, opportunistic STDs. Gastrointestinal tract infections: Aetiology, pathogenesis clinicalfeaturesand diagnosis of diarrheal diseases (bacterial and viral), H. pylori, food poisoning, parasites in the GI tract, systemic infections from GI tract. Central nervous system infections: meningitis caused by bacteria, virus, fungi and protozoa, viral encephalitis, brain abscesses, tetanus, botulism. Infections of the skin, ear and eye: Aetiology, transmission, diagnosis and prevention. Microbiology of air, water and milk: common pathogens encountered, methods for microbial analysis, methods for purification.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

PRACTICALS Study of normal flora of human body Isolation, characterization and identification of pathogens from various clinical specimens Study of antibiotic sensitivity of common pathogens Assay of antimicrobial agents in body fluids Study of microbial flora of air in various localities Microbial analysis of water Microbial analysis of milk

49 SPECIALIZATION C HEMATOLOGY AND TRANSFUSION TECHNIQUES MLT 303 ADVANCED CLINICAL PATHOLOGY 1. 2. Quality control Automation FBCC, coagulation studies PT, APTT, Factor assays, Platelet function tests- principles, procedures, interpretation of results 3. Flow cytometry 4. Immunohistochemistry for phenotyping of leukaemia 5. Cytogenetics of leukaemia 6. Electrophoresis serum, immunoelectrophoresis, haemoglobin, microcolumn chromatography for quantification of Hb 7. QBC 8. DNA analysis, PCR 9. In situ hybridization 10. Fluorescence in situ hybridization 11. Intra uterine insemination PRACTICALS Students should be familiar with procedures of the above mentioned topics Student should know thoroughly automated full blood cell counting and automated coagulation studies. MLT 304 ADVANCED TECHNIQUES IN TRANSFUSION MEDICINE 1. Blood components preparation methods 2. Apheresis,- Therapeutic Apheresis. 3. Quality assurance Quality in all aspects of blood banking Quality control of products Quality control of equipments 4. Disposal of wastes and biologically hazardous substances in blood bank 5. Record keeping 6. Neonatal transfusion 7. Bone marrow transplantation 8. Automation in blood banking 9. Modern accepts in transfusion medicine: technical advances and future trends In blood banking. 10. Stem cell processing, storage and transplantation. 11. Tissue banking 12. Paternity testing 13. Cord blood banking 14. Medico legal aspects of blood transfusion. PRACTICALS Practicals must be conducted on all the above topics

50 SPECIALIZATION D CYTOLOGY AND CYTOGENETICS MLT 303 ADVANCED CLINICAL PATHOLOGY 1. Quality control 2. Automation FBCC, coagulation studies PT, APTT, Factor assays, Platelet function tests- principles, procedures, interpretation of results 3. Flow cytometry 4. Immunohistochemistry for phenotyping of leukaemia 5. Cytogenetics of leukaemia 6. Electrophoresis serum, immunoelectrophoresis, haemoglobin, microcolumn chromatography for quantification of Hb 7. QBC 8. DNA analysis, PCR 9. In situ hybridization 10. Fluorescence in situ hybridization 11. Intra uterine insemination PRACTICALS Students should be familiar with procedures of the above mentioned topics Student should know thoroughly automated full blood cell counting and automated coagulation studies. MLT 304 TISSUE PATHOLOGY 1. Cardio Vascular System 1. 2. Common Cardiac disorders Rheumatic fever, Bacterial endocarditis, coronary heart diseases. Myocardial infraction, Atherosclersis and aneurysms. Diseases of the myocardial such as Myocarditis, Cardiomyopathy, tumors, diseases of per cardium, Arteries, Veins.

2. GIT Common Disease Acid peptic disease, appendicitis, Tuberculosis, Amoebiasis, Ulcerative colitis, other ulcerative lesions of the large intestine, tumors of GIT common tumors of salivary gland & oral cavity like pleomorphic adenoma carcinoma of oral cavity, Adamantinoma, GIT Disease Crohns disease, Malabsorption syndrome, tumors like lymphomas and carcinoid. 3. Respiratory System 1. 2. Common respirator disease like bronchiectasis, lung abscess, Pneumonia, tuberculasis and tumor of the lung. Lung disease Emphysema, Pneumoconiosis, Sarcoidosis Uncommon tumors like mesothelioma

4. Hepatobiliary System Common disease of the liver, Gall bladder and pancreas 1. Such a viral hepatitis, Alcoholic liver disease, Cirrhosis, Hepatoma, Cholelithiasis, Acute pancreatitis and carcinoma pancreas. 2. Uncommon liver diseases like Indian childhood cirrhosis, Wilson s diseases. 3. Uncommon lesions of pancreas like Islet cell tumoe.

51 5. Renal System 1. Etiopathogenesis, Pathological features, Clinical pathological correlation, Prognosis and relevant late investigations of common renal diseases, such as glomerulonephritis, Nephritic syndrome, pyelonephritis, hypertensive kidney. 6. Lymphoreticualr System 1. Lymphomas Hodgkins, Non Hodgkins 2. Lymphoid diseases like sinus histiocytosis 7. Breast Pathology 1. 2. Fibroadenoma, Fibrocystic diseases of breat, carcinoma Uncommon lesions of the breast like cystosarcona Stromal sarcoma

8. Bones and Joints Chronic osteomyelnie, common tumors of bone and cartilage like osteogenic sarcoma, osteoclasoma, chondro sarcoma, Ewing s tumours and multiple myeloma Uncommon lesions like Pagets disease. Fibrous dysplasia, Osteoporosis and odonotogenic tumours 9. Male Genital System 1. Tumors of the panis and testis, Benign hyperplasia and carcinoma of the prostate. 2. Pathological features and complications of undescended testis, Klinefelters syndrome and Hypospermatogenesis. 10. Female Genital System 1. Hormonal influences and histological appearance of the different phases of menstrual cycles and abnormalities associated with it. 2. Etiopathogenesis, Pathological features. Clinico Pathological correlation, classification and relevant investigations of a. Tumors of cervix and uterus with emphais of CIN b. Carcinoma of fallopian tubes and ovaries c. Hydatidiform mole and choreo carcinoma 3. Edometritistumors like leiomyosarcoma and stromal sarcoma of uterus

Books Robbins pathological basis of diseses Diagnostic cytopathology -koss