GRADE 10 ACADEMIC SCIENCE EXAM REVIEW

BREAK DOWN OF EXAM:

Multiple choice: Short Answer: Long Answer: 1.5 HOURS. 25 marks 38 marks 22 marks TOTAL O F 85 MARKS (16 pages)

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW:

A) BIOLOGY:
a. Parts of an Animal Cell and Plant Cell what are the parts (and definitions); how are they similar and how are they different? Where does photosynthesis occur? i. Nuclear membrane: It surrounds the nucleus. It is composed of two layers, ii. iii. iv. v.

vi. vii. viii.

and has numerous openings for nuclear traffic. Nucleolus: Spherical shape, and is visible when cell is not dividing. It contains RNA for protein manufacture. Chloroplasts: A plastid usually found in plant cells. It contains green chlorophyll where photosynthesis takes place. Cytoskeleton: Composed of microtubules. It supports cell and provides shape. It also aids movement of materials in and out of cells. Endoplasmic Reticulum: Tubular network fused to nuclear membrane. Goes through cytoplasm onto cell membrane. It stores, separates, and serves as cell's transport system. Golgi Apparatus: Protein 'packaging plant'. It is a membrane structure found near nucleus, and is composed of numerous layers forming a sac. Lysosomes: Digestive 'plant' for proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. It transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal. Mitochondria: Second largest organelle with unique genetic structure. Double-layered outer membrane with inner folds called cristae. Energyproducing chemical reactions take place on cristae. It controls level of water and other materials in cell. It also recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, and forms urea.

ix. Ribosomes: Miniature 'protein factories' and composes 25% of cell's mass. x. Vacuoles: Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal.

Contains water solution. xi. Cell Wall: Most commonly found in plant cells. Controls turgity. xii. Plasma Membrane: Outer membrane of cell that controls cellular traffic Contains proteins that span through the membrane and allow passage of materials.
b. Parts of the digestive system: Supplies our body with nutrients and gets rid of waste. It includes the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, colon, and rectum. The enzymes that are part of the breakdown of food (ie: pepsin in the stomach). c. The Circulatory System: Your heart (along with your arteries, veins, and lungs). Your heart pumps oxygenated blood through your body). Your circulatory system is also responsible for moving blood throughout your body so that sugar (from cellular respiration) and oxygen (from cellular respiration) can get to our tissues, muscles and organs (liver) for energy and gas exchange. d. The Respiratory System: Your lungs (where gas exchange occurs the lungs supply oxygen to the blood, and remove carbon dioxide from the blood). Other parts of the respiratory system are the trachea, bronchi, and diaphragm (strong muscle at the base of the lungs that pulls down during a deep breath. When the diaphragm contracts and lowers, it causes a change in pressure in the lungs, and air moves quickly into the lungs to fill this pressure change). e. Cell division occurs for: Reproduction, to repair damaged cells; and for the growth of the organism. It occurs within the cell itself - it is the process of mitosis. f. What is DNA? When does the synthesis of DNA occur? g. The organs of the body what do they look like? What are their functions? What systems are they involved in? (see biology review notes) h. The organs of a plant the roots, stems, and leaf what do they look like, and what is their function (what system are they involved in)? i. Parts of the Leaf (and definitions) stomata, guard cells, xylem, and phloem (see biology review notes). j. Explain how water moves up through a plant, and how it is removed from a plant. k. In plants: Photosynthesis (the process of capturing light energy from the Sun to produce sugar and oxygen. It requires chlorophyll as well as carbon dioxide and water. The equation for photosynthesis is 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6). Respiration (the process of metabolizing (burning) sugars to yield energy required for growth and reproduction it is the opposite of photosynthesis as it takes sugar and

oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. The equation for cellular respiration is . C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O ) Cellular Respiration also occurs in humans and animals! ; Transpiration (the loss of water vapour through the stomata). l. What is metastasis (the spreading of cancer cells from their original location to new locations in the body). How does cancer form in our bodies (Cancer cells are abnormal cells that grow out of control. These cells do not die, but will continue to grow and multiply; as well as invade other tissue. Cancer cells are created when damaged DNA does not die, but instead, begins to multiply). m. Know all the parts of mitosis (PMAT), as well as the cell cycle (cytokinesis and interphase, etc) [See biology review notes]. n. What are organs (combination of several types of tissue working together to perform a specific function. Example) liver, heart, lungs in animals and humans. In plants: roots, stem, leaves. o. What is tissue (a cluster of similar cells that share the same specialized structure and function). p. What are the parts of the microscope? How do you determine the magnification of the object? How do you determine the image size using a convex lens? q. What is the difference between an artery (carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body) and a vein (carries deoxygenated blood from the body back toward the heart).

B) CHEMISTRY:
a. Know the different types of compounds (ionic, polyatomic, multivalent, or molecular; as well as an acid or a base). Be able to name or give the chemical formula for each type. i. Remember that ionic compounds include: metal + non-metal; metals or nonmetals with a polyatomic ion; and multivalent metals with a non-metal. ii. Remember to use the proper prefix (mono, di, tri) when naming molecular compounds the prefix is determined by the chemical formulas subscripts (ie: CO2 is carbon dioxide). iii. Remember to use a Roman Numeral when naming a multivalent metal (ie: Lead (IV) sulfide). iv. Remember that Ionic bonds are formed in ionic compounds the giving and taking of valence electrons). v. Remember that Covalent bonds are formed in molecular compounds (two non-metals) the sharing of valence electrons.

vi. Remember your diatomic molecules are gases when they are alone so that you must write them as: O2, H2, N2 etc. vii. Remember to use BRACKETS with a polyatomic ion when it has received a subscript. Example) Write Al(NO3)3 not AlNO33 b. Physical properties (a characteristic that you can use your senses to identify. Ie: odor, taste, colour, size, texture, etc) versus Chemical properties (the behavior of a substance while it undergoes a chemical change. Ie) the car was rusting; the fire was exploding). c. Physical changes (the reactants change shape, size, or state but remain the same material. Ie) water boiling; cutting a piece of paper) versus Chemical changes (the reactants underdo a chemical change to become a new substance(s). Ie) a fire burning; baking a cake). The indicators of a chemical change are: colour change, odor change, heat or light is given off, a precipitate is formed, it is difficult to reverse, and gas or bubbles are formed. d. The different types of Chemical Reactions how do you identify them? How do you complete each type of reaction? i. Synthesis (putting together): Na + Cl NaCl ii. Decomposition (taking apart): H2O H2 + O2 iii. Single Displacement (a single metal or non-metal knocks out and replaces the metal, or non-metal, in the compound): Ca + AlCl3 CaCl2 + Al iv. Double Displacement (two compounds combine to form two new compounds): NaCl + MgF2 NaF + MgCl2 e. Balancing chemical equations; counting atoms; and using coefficients - all follow the rule of the conservation of mass. Be able to balance equations. f. Cations (an ion with a positive charge more protons than electrons. It is usually a metal) versus Anions (an ion with a negative charge more electrons than protons. It is usually a non-metal). g. Acids (a substance with H+ ions; they conduct electricity, have a sour taste, and are corrosive) versus Bases (a substance with OH- ions; they conduct electricity, have a bitter taste, and are slippery). i. Naming a Base: A metal and the hydroxide ion. Examples) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Lithium hydroxide (LiOH), Magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2]. ii. Naming Binary Acids: Always a non-metal and H+ ion. Add the word hydro to the non-metal, and change the ending to -ic. Then add the word acid to the name. Examples) Sulfur becomes hydrosulfuric acid; Fluorine becomes hydrofluoric acid; Bromine becomes hydrobromic acid.

iii. Naming Oxoacids: Always a polyatomic ion and H+ ion. If it is the polyatomic ion with the lower subscript, it will change its ending to -ous; if it is the polyatomic ion with the higher subscript, it will change its ending to -ic. Then, add the word acid to the end. Examples) Nitrate becomes nitric acid (HNO3 aq) , and Nitrite becomes nitrous acid (HNO2 aq); Sulfate becomes sulfuric acid (H2SO3 aq) and Sulfite becomes sulfurous acid (H2SO2
aq)

1. Creating Oxoacids with Water: CO2 + H2O will create a weak acid called carbonic acid (H2CO3 aq). h. Combustion: Is burning in an exothermic reaction when a fuel (typically a hydrocarbon, which is composed of carbon and hydrogen) is exposed to oxygen. In complete combustion, the 2 products are always CO2 and H2O. i. Gas Tests: i. Hydrogen Gas: You use a burning splint and when it detects hydrogen gas, there will be a pop noise. Remember that the presence of a gas also creates bubbles in a solution. Also remember that an acid (Which contains the H+) will test positive for the hydrogen gas test. ii. Oxygen Gas: You use a glowing splint and when it detects oxygen as, the splint will burn with a higher flame. iii. Carbon dioxide: If you blow air into limewater, the limewater will turn a milky or cloudy colour.

j. Activity Series for Metals remember that the single metal must be located
above the metal that is part of the compound in order for it to bump it from the compound. If the single metal is lower on the activity series than the metal within the compound, no reaction can occur. We see this during a single displacement

reaction.
k. The pH scale know how it works. i. If a substance is an acid, it will contain H+ in its chemical formula, and it will turn litmus paper red. It will have a pH between 0-6 (0 being the strongest acid with the highest concentration of H+ ions, and 6 being the weakest acid with the lowest concentration of H+ ions). ii. If a substance is a base, it will contain OH- ions in its chemical formula, and it will turn litmus paper blue. It will have a pH between 8-14 (8 being the weakest base with the least amount of OH- ions and the highest amount of H+ ions still present; and 14 is the strongest base with the highest concentration of OH- ions present, and the least amount of H+ concentration).

iii. A neutral substance has a pH of 7. Salt and Water are considered to be neutral since they are the products of a neutralization reaction. A neutralization reaction occurs when you combine an acid and a base to produce salt and water. l. pH indicators know the different types; and the advantages and disadvantages of each (ie: litmus paper). i. Red litmus paper stays red for an acid, but turns blue for a base. ii. Blue litmus paper stays blue for a base, but turns red for an acid. iii. If the substance is neutral neither the red or blue litmus paper will change colour.

C) OPTICS:
a. Magnification and Mirror Equations be able to solve different types of questions. To solve for image distance: 1/f 1/do = 1/di To solve for image height: hi = ho (-di) / do . Remember: if the image distance is negative the image will be on the other side of the mirror (behind). If the image distance is still positive, determine if it is closer or further away from the mirror by comparing its distance to that of the objects distance. If the image height is negative, it is an inverted image. If it is positive, it is an upright image. b. What happens to the image when an object is placed in different positions in relation to C and F.

c. Difference between a real image (original reflective or refractive rays intercept for a mirror it will be in front of the mirror, and for a lens it will be on the other side (not the side where the object is) of the lens) and virtual images (is when the light rays did not intercept so we use dotted lines to draw backwards and create a virtual image for a mirror, it is behind the mirror; and for a lens, it is on the same side of the lens as the object). d. Understand what an image will look like, depending on the circumstances (ie: upright or inverted; smaller or larger; location) e. Examples of total internal reflection and how it is used in technology. Example) Endoscopes in medicine, Fibre optics, etc) f. Converging lenses create a convex lens with a negative focal length. A converging lens will bring parallel light rays together (converge) to create an image. However, Diverging lens create a concave lens with a positive focal length. A diverging lens will spread out any parallel light rays that enter the lens.

g. Calculating the speed of light through different materials (given the index of reflection). i. n = c/v where n is the index of refraction; c is the speed of light through a vacuum, and v is the speed of light through another material. ii. Remember that the speed of light through a vacuum is 3.00 x108 m/s. iii. Since light travels the fastest through a vacuum, it is assumed that the index of refraction for light through a vacuum is equal to 1. Therefore, you will never have a material that has an index of refraction that is less than 1.

h. Light: wavelengths; spectrum; moving in a vacuum, in a straight line, etc) i. Know the definition for the different types of light sources: Fluorescent light, incandescent lights, chemilumenescence, and bioluminescence. j. Refraction (bending of light as it travels from one medium into another medium). i. Remember that the refractive angle will be closer to the normal if light travels from a faster medium into a slower medium. ii. The refractive angle will be further away from the normal if the light ray is travelling from a slower medium into a faster medium. iii. The higher the index of refraction, the greater the angle of refraction (even if the angle of incidence is always the same). So, if a ruby has an index of refraction of 1.54 and pyrex glass has an index of refraction of 1.47 the ruby would create a larger angle of refraction). This does not affect the angle of reflection (which is always the same as the angle of incidence law of reflection!) k. Convex versus Concave mirrors: The focal point of a convex mirror is always positive (in front of the mirror) and the focal point for a concave mirror is always negative (behind the mirror). However, the focal point for both a concave or a convex mirror is always of C. l. Dispersion: The phase of velocity of a wave depends on its frequency. An example of when we see dispersion is in a rainbow! Dispersion causes the spatial separation of white light into components of different wavelengths creating different colours. m. Myopia is the term for near-sightedness. It is usually caused when the eyeball is too long and the image is formed before the retina. So, we use a diverging lens to fix this problem since this type of lens will increase the image distance so that the image will now form on the retina. n. Hyperopia is the term for far-sightedness. It is usually caused when the eyeball is too short, and the ciliary muscles weaken. The image now forms behind the retina. So, we use a converging lens to correct this problem since this lens will decrease the image distance and the image will now form on the retina.

D) CLIMATE CHANGE:
a. How have humans impacted the climate? What can we do to help correct (or slow down) the problems that we have created? b. Albedo (how reflective a surface is snow and ice have a high albedo so this means that they reflect light and heat very well; forests and dirt have a low albedo which means that they absorb more light and heat than they reflect back into the atmosphere.) How does it relate to global warming (if ice caps, etc are melting,

there is less material available to maintain a high albedo. The lower the albedo of the Earths surface, the higher the overall temperature of the Earth. We need materials with a high albedo to reflect the Suns light and energy back into the atmosphere to create a cooling effect). c. Weather (the conditions of the atmosphere over a short period of time. Example) it will be 30 degrees and sunny on Monday. Climate (how the atmosphere behaves over a long period of time. Example) Canada tends to have warm and dry summers that average a temperature of 27 degrees.). d. Earths rotation (spinning of the Earth on its axis over a 24 hour period it gives us day and night). Earths revolutions (movement of the Earth around the Sun over the course of a year it gives us our seasons).