Cell - smallest unit of life, has plasma membrane, has cytoplasm and DNA.

Traits common to all cells 1. Plasma membrane - separates its contents from the environment. - selectively permeable - consist mainly of lipids. 2. Cytoplasm - mixture of water, sugars, ions, and proteins. -Where cell metabolism occur. 3. Organelles - found in the Cytoplasm. - carry out specific metabolic processes in the cell. 4. Nucleus (eukaryotic cells) - where DNA is found Constraints on Cell Size -surface to volume ratio Cell Theory Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek -invented the first microscope. -coined "animalcules" -coined "cellae" for tiny compartments on sliced cork Robert Brown - identified cell nucleus Matthias Schleiden -plant cells are independent living unit even when being apart from the plant itself. Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann -animal and plant cells are composed of cells and their products. -cell have a life of their own even when apart from the cell. Robert Hooke - cells come from division of preexisting cells. Cell Theory (first articulated by Schleiden and Schwann) 1. Every living organism consists of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the structural and functional unit of all organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life, individually alive even as a part of a multicelled organism. 3. All living cells come from division of preexisting cells. 4. Cells contain hereditary material, which they pass to their offspring during division. MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Phospholipids lipid bilayer - structural foundation of cell membranes; double layer of lipids arranged tail to tail.

fluid mosaic - model of a cell membrane as a two dimensional fluid of mixed composition (lipids and proteins). MEMBRANE PROTEINS 1. Adhesion protein - membrane protein that helps cells stick together in tissues. e.g. Integrins, cadherins 2. Recognition protein - Plasma membrane protein that identifies a cell as belonging to self (one's own body). e.g. MHC molecules 3. Receptor protein - Plasma membrane protein that binds to a particular substance outside of the cell. e.g. Insulin receptor, B cell receptor 4. Transport protein - Protein that passively or actively assists specific ions or molecule across a membrane. a) Passive transporters - allows ions or small molecules to cross a membrane to the side of less concentration e.g. Porins, glucose transporter b) Active transporters - pump ions or molecule through membranes to the side where they are more concentrated. Require energy input, as from ATP. e.g. Calcium pump, serotonin transporter 5.Enzyme - speeds a specific reaction. e.g. Cytochrome c oxydase of mitochondria. BACTERIA AND ARCHAEANS ribosome - organelle of protein synthesis (polypeptides). plasmid - small circle of DNA in some bacteria and archaeans. nucleoid - region of cytoplasm where the DNA is concentrated inside a bacterium or archaean. flagellum - long, slender cellular structure used for motility. pilus - a protein filament that projects from the surface of some bacterial cells. cell wall - semirigid but permeable structure that surrounds the plasma membrane of some cells. biofilm - community of microorganisms living within a shared mass of slime. EUKARYOTIC CELLS Organelles with membranes Nucleus - protecting and controlling access to DNA. Endoplasmic Reticulum - routing, modifying new polypeptide chains, synthesizing lipids. Golgi Body - modifying new polypeptide chains, sorting, shipping proteins and lipids. Vesicles - transporting, storing, or digesting substances in a cell. Mitochondrion - making ATP by glucose breakdown.

Chloroplast - making sugars into plants, some protists. Lysosome - intracellular digestion. Peroxisome - inactivating toxins. Vacuole - storage ORGANELLES WITHOUT MEMBRANES Ribosomes - assembling polypeptide chains Centriole - anchor for cytoskeleton OTHER COMPONENTS Cytoskeleton - contributes to cell shape, internal organization, and movement. THE NUCLEUS nuclear envelope a double membrane that constitutes the outer boundary of the nucleus. nucleoplasm viscous fluid enclosed by the nuclear envelope. nucleolus in the cell nucleus, a dense, irregularly shaped region where ribosomal subunits are assembled. THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM - series of interacting organelles between the nucles and the plasma membrane. Endoplasmic reticulum organelle that is a continuous system of sacs and tubes; extension of the nuclear envelope. Rough ER is studded with ribosomes; smooth ER is not. vesicle small, membrane-enclosed, saclike organelle; different kinds store, transport, or degrade their contents. vacuole a fluid-filled organelle that isolates or disposes of waste, debris, or toxic materials. central vacuole fluid-filled vesicle in many plant cells. lysosome enzyme-filled vesicle that functions in intracellular digestion. peroxisome enzyme-filled vesicle that breaks down amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic substances. Goldgi body organelle that modifies polypeptides and lipids; also sorts and packages the finished products into vesicles.