Application Note 15
Application Note 15
Overview
A golden power supply that will satisfy every design require-
ment does not exist. Size, cost, and efficiency are the driving
factors for selecting a design, causing each design to be
different. This application note covers real-world circuit
designs by showing a collection of the most commonly used
power supply circuits. Some of the application circuits utilize
low-profile surface mount components, while others employ
low-cost components.
Every circuit in this application note has been designed, built,
and evaluated for stability, temperature, component life, and
tolerance (see Figure 1). Judicious design practices have
been followed to ensure that the solutions are robust.
Efficiency is often a main concern with switching regulators.
To allow a preliminary performance evaluation, efficiency
plots for various input and output conditions accompany most
circuits.
Figure 1. Designed, Built, and Tested
Micrel, Inc. • 1849 Fortune Drive • San Jose, CA 95131 • USA • tel + 1 (408) 944-0800 • fax + 1 (408) 944-0970 • http://www.micrel.com
March 2001
Micrel
Practical Switching Regulator Circuits
by Brian Huffman
If the components specified in the schematic are not readily
available, alternative components can be found in the cross-
reference list in Appendix A. The components in the list are
not exact replacements. Their electrical characteristics and
physical sizes may be slightly different, but the electrical
performance in the circuits will be the same. Appendix A also
provides detailed electrical specifications for each power
component, making the selection of alternate components
easy.
Instead of publishing the operating equations for the buck
(step-up), buck-boost (inverting), boost (step-up) and flyback
topologies in this application note, Micrel chose to put them
into easy-to-use Microsoft® Excel spreadsheets. This dra-
matically speeds up the design time when there is a need to
modify one of the existing circuits.
1 Application Note 15
Application Note 15 Micrel

© 1998 Micrel Incorporated

This information is believed to be accurate and reliable, however no responsibility is assumed by Micrel for its use nor for any infringement of patents or
other rights of third parties resulting from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent right of Micrel Inc.
Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
Windows and Windows NT are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
Apple and Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.

Application Note 15 2 March 2001

Application Note 15 Micrel

Application Note Contents

Buck Converter—Through Hole ....................................................................................... 5
MIC4574 (6V–24V to 3.3V/0.5A) ........................................................ Fig. 1 .................... 5
MIC4574 (8V–24V to 5V/0.5A) ........................................................... Fig. 2 .................... 5
MIC4574 (16V–24V to 12V/0.5A) ....................................................... Fig. 3 .................... 5
MIC4575 (6V–24V to 3.3V/1A) ........................................................... Fig. 4 .................... 5
MIC4575 (8V–24V to 5V/1A) .............................................................. Fig. 5 .................... 6
MIC4575 (16V–24V to 12V/1A) .......................................................... Fig. 6 .................... 6
MIC4576 (6V–24V to 3.3V/3A) ........................................................... Fig. 7 .................... 6
MIC4576 (6V–36V to 3.3V/3A) ........................................................... Fig. 8 .................... 6
MIC4576 (8V–24V to 5V/3A) .............................................................. Fig. 9 .................... 7
MIC4576 (8V–36V to 5V/3A) ............................................................ Fig. 10 .................... 7
MIC4576 (16V–36V to 12V/3A) ........................................................ Fig. 11 .................... 7
Buck Converter—Low-Profile Surface Mount ................................................................. 7
MIC4574 (6V–24V to 3.3V/0.5A) ...................................................... Fig. 12 .................... 7
MIC4574 (8V–24V to 5V/0.5A) ......................................................... Fig. 13 .................... 8
MIC4574 (16V–24V to 12V/0.5A) ..................................................... Fig. 14 .................... 8
MIC4575 (6V–24V to 3.3V/1A) ......................................................... Fig. 15 .................... 8
MIC4575 (8V–24V to 5V/1A) ............................................................ Fig. 16 .................... 8
MIC4575 (16V–24V to 12V/1A) ........................................................ Fig. 17 .................... 9
Buck Converter—Lower-Cost Surface Mount ................................................................ 9
MIC4574 (6V–24V to 3.3V/0.5A) ...................................................... Fig. 18 .................... 9
MIC4574 (8V–24V to 5V/0.5A) ......................................................... Fig. 19 .................... 9
MIC4574 (16V–24V to 12V/0.5A) ..................................................... Fig. 20 .................... 9
MIC4575 (6V–24V to 3.3V/1A) ......................................................... Fig. 21 .................. 10
MIC4575 (8V–24V to 5V/1A) ............................................................ Fig. 22 .................. 10
MIC4575 (16V–24V to 12V/1A) ........................................................ Fig. 23 .................. 10
Buck-Boost Converter—Through Hole ........................................................................... 10
MIC4575 (8V–18V to –5V/0.2A) ....................................................... Fig. 24 .................. 10
MIC4575 (5V to –5V/0.3A) ................................................................ Fig. 25 .................. 11

Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

Windows and Windows NT are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
Apple and Macintosh are registed trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.

March 2001 3 Application Note 15

Application Note 15 Micrel

Special Feature Circuits .................................................................................................... 11

MIC4576 Parallel Switching Regulators ........................................... Fig. 26 .................. 11
MIC4575 Low Output-Noise Regulator (5mV Output Ripple) .......... Fig. 27 .................. 12
MIC4575 Split ±5V Supplies ............................................................. Fig. 28 .................. 12
MIC4575 Adjustable (0V–12V) Output Voltage Regulator ............... Fig. 29 .................. 12
MIC4575 Low Output-Voltage Regulator .......................................... Fig. 30 .................. 13
MIC4575 1A Battery Charger (6–8 cells) .......................................... Fig. 31 .................. 13
MIC4575 0.1A–1A Variable-Current Battery Charger ...................... Fig. 32 .................. 13
MIC4575 1A Battery Charger (2–8 Cells) ......................................... Fig. 33 .................. 14
MIC4575 Remote Sensing Regulator ............................................... Fig. 34 .................. 14
MIC4575 6V–18V to Split ±12V/100mA Supplies (PMOS) .............. Fig. 35 .................. 15
MIC4575 1A Battery Charger ........................................................... Fig. 36 .................. 15
MIC4575 Improved Adjustable Output-Voltage (0V–12V) Regulator Fig. 37 .................. 16
MIC4575 Switchable Battery-Pack Charger ..................................... Fig. 38 .................. 16
MIC4575 Lithium-Ion Battery Charger with End-of-Charge Flag ..... Fig. 39 .................. 17
MIC4575 Low Output-Noise Regulator (<1mV) ................................ Fig. 40 .................. 17
Appendix A ......................................................................................................................... 18
Component Cross-Reference List ................................................................................... 18
Appendix B ......................................................................................................................... 20
Suggested Manufacturers List ......................................................................................... 20
Appendix C ......................................................................................................................... 21
Microsoft® Excel Spreadsheet Summary ........................................................................ 21
Appendix D ......................................................................................................................... 23
Package Thermal Characteristics .................................................................................... 23
Appendix E ......................................................................................................................... 23
Suggested PC Board Layouts ......................................................................................... 23
Appendix F ......................................................................................................................... 26
Manufacturer’s Distributors List ....................................................................................... 26

Application Note 15 4 March 2001

Application Note 15 Micrel

6V–24V to 3.3V/0.5A Buck Converter 16V–24V to 12V/0.5A Buck Converter

Through Hole Through Hole
L1 3.3V/0.5A 3 7
L1 12V/0.5A
3 7
SHDN SW SHDN SW
100µH 220µH R2
MIC4574-3.3BN 16V to 24V MIC4574BN 13.0k
6V to 24V 5 1
C2
5
VIN FB
1 C2 VIN FB 1%
220µF 220µF
C1 SGND PGND 16V C1 SGND PGND R1 16V
47µF D1 33µF MBR160 1.50k
2 4 2 4
35V 1N5819 63V 1%

C1 Nichicon UPL1V470MEH, ESR = 0.34Ω C1 Nichicon UPL1J330MEH, ESR = 0.35Ω

C2 Nichicon UPL1C221MPH, ESR = 0.16Ω C2 Nichicon UPL1C221MPH, ESR = 0.16Ω
D1 Motorola 1N5819 D1 Motorola MBR160
L1 Sumida RCH875-101K, DCR = 0.28Ω L1 Sumida RCH106-221K, DCR = 0.78Ω

Figure 1a. Schematic Figure 3a. Schematic

80 90

70 80
EFFICIENCY (%)

EFFICIENCY (%)
60 70

50 60
8V 20V
40 16V 50 30V
24V 40V
30 40
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
LOAD CURRENT (A) LOAD CURRENT (A)

Figure 1b. Efficiency Figure 3b. Efficiency

8V–24V to 5V/0.5A Buck Converter 6V–24V to 3.3V/1A Buck Converter

Through Hole Through-Hole
L1 5.0V/0.5A L1
3
SHDN SW
7
5 2
3.3V/1A
100µH SHDN SW
68µH
8V to 24V MIC4574-5.0BN MIC4575-3.3BT
5
VIN FB
1 C2 6V to 24V 1 4 C2
220µF VIN FB
C1 SGND PGND 16V 330µF
D1 C1 GND
47µF D1 16V
2 4 1N5819 150µF 3
35V 35V 1N5819

C1 Nichicon UPL1J470MEH, ESR = 0.34Ω C1 Nichicon UPL1V151MPH, ESR = 0.12Ω

C2 Nichicon UPL1C221MPH, ESR = 0.16Ω C2 Nichicon UPL1C331MPH, ESR = 0.12Ω
D1 Motorola 1N5819 D1 Motorola 1N5819
L1 Sumida RCH875-101K, DCR = 0.28Ω L1 Sumida RCH106-680K, DCR = 0.22Ω
L1 Bi HM77-11003, DCR = 0.233Ω, Note 2
Figure 2a. Schematic
Figure 4a. Schematic
90
80
80
EFFICIENCY (%)

70
EFFICIENCY (%)

70

60 60
8V
50 16V 8V
50
24V 16V
40 24V
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 40
LOAD CURRENT (A) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
LOAD CURRENT (A)
Figure 2b. Efficiency
Figure 4b. Efficiency

Note 1 (General): For IC electrical specifications, see the MIC4574, MIC4575, or MIC4576 data sheet.
Note 2: Surface-mount component

March 2001 5 Application Note 15

Application Note 15 Micrel

8V–24V to 5V/1A Buck Converter 6V–24V to 3.3V/3A Buck Converter

Through Hole Through Hole
L1 5.0V/1A L1 3.3V/3A
5 2 5 2
SHDN SW SHDN SW
68µH 33µH
8V to 24V MIC4575-5.0BT 6V to 24V MIC4576-3.3BT
1 4 C2 1 4 C2
VIN FB VIN FB
330µF 1000µF
C1 GND C1 GND
D1 16V D1 16V
150µF 3
470µF 3
35V 1N5819 35V 1N5822

C1 Nichicon UPL1J151MPH, ESR = 0.12Ω C1 Nichicon UPL1V471MPH, ESR = 0.046Ω

C2 Nichicon UPL1C331MPH, ESR = 0.12Ω C2 Nichicon UPL1C221MPH, ESR = 0.047Ω
D1 Motorola 1N5819 D1 Motorola 1N5822
L1 Sumida RCH106-680K, DCR = 0.22Ω L1 Coiltronics PL52C-33-1000, DCR = 0.036Ω
L2 Bi HM77-11003, DCR = 0.233Ω, Note 2 L1 Bi HM77-30004, DCR = 0.045Ω, Note 2

Figure 5a. Schematic Figure 7a. Schematic

90 80

80
EFFICIENCY (%)

70

EFFICIENCY (%)
70
60

8V
60 8V
16V 50
24V 16V
50 24V
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 40
LOAD CURRENT (A) 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
LOAD CURRENT (A)
Figure 5b. Efficiency
Figure 7b. Efficiency

16V–24V to 12V/1A Buck Coverter

Through-Hole 6V–36V to 3.3V/3A Buck Converter
L1 12V/1A
Through Hole
5 2
SHDN SW L1
150µH R2 5 2
3.3V/3A
MIC4575BT 13.0k SHDN SW
16V to 24V 1 4 C2 33µH
VIN FB 1% MIC4576-3.3BT
330µF 6V to 36V C2
C1 GND R1 16V
1
VIN FB
4
68µF MBR160 1.50k 1000µF
3 C1 GND 16V
63V 1% 470µF D1
3
63V MBR360

C1 Nichicon UPL1J680MPH, ESR = 0.17Ω

C2 Nichicon UPL1C331MPH, ESR = 0.12Ω C1 Nichicon UPL1J471MRH, ESR = 0.039Ω
D1 Motorola MBR160 C2 Nichicon UPL1C102MPH, ESR = 0.047Ω
L1 Sumida RCH110-151K, DCR = 0.23Ω D1 Motorola MBR360
L1 Coiltronics PL52C-33-1000 DCR = 0.036
L1 Bi HM77-30004, DCR = 0.045Ω, Note 2
Figure 6a. Schematic
Figure 8a. Schematic
90

80
EFFICIENCY (%)

80 70
EFFICIENCY (%)

60
70
20V 50 10V
30V
20V
40
60
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 30V
LOAD CURRENT (A)
30
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
LOAD CURRENT (A)
Figure 6b. Efficiency
Figure 8b. Efficiency

Note 2: Surface-mount component

Application Note 15 6 March 2001

Application Note 15 Micrel

8V–24V to 5V/3A Buck Converter 16V–36V to 12V/3A Buck Converter

Through Hole Through Hole
L1 5V/3A L1 12V/3A
5 2 5 2
SHDN SW SHDN SW
33µH 68µH R2
MIC4576-5.0BT 16V to 36V MIC4576BT 13.0k
8V to 24V 1 4 C2 1 4
1% C2
VIN FB VIN FB
1000µF 1000µF
C1 GND C1 GND R1
D1 16V 16V
470µF 470µF 3 MBR360 1.50k
3
35V 1N5822 63V 1%

C1 Nichicon UPL1J471MPH, ESR = 0.046Ω C1 Nichicon UPL1J471MPH, ESR = 0.039Ω

C2 Nichicon UPL1C102MPH, ESR = 0.047Ω C2 Nichicon UPL1C102MPH, ESR = 0.047Ω
D1 Motorola MBR5822 D1 Motorola MBR360
L1 Coiltronics PL52C-33-1000, DCR = 0.036 L1 Bi HM77-29006, DCR = 0.08Ω
L1 Bi HM77-30004, DCR = 0.045Ω, Note 2

Figure 11a. Schematic

Figure 9a. Schematic
90
90

EFFICIENCY (%)
80
EFFICIENCY (%)

80

70
70
8V 20V
60
16V 30V
24V
60
50 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 LOAD CURRENT (A)
LOAD CURRENT (A)
Figure 11b. Efficiency
Figure 9b. Efficiency

6V–24V to 3.3V/0.5A Buck Converter

8V–36V to 5V/3A Buck Converter
Low-Profile Surface Mount
Through Hole
5 12
L1 3.3V/0.5A
L1 5V/3A SHDN SW
5 2
SHDN SW 100µH R2
33µH MIC4574BWM 2.49k C3
MIC4576-5.0BT 6V to 24V 10 3
1% 3300pF C2
8V to 36V 1 4 C2 VIN FB 330µF
VIN FB C1 SGND PGND
1000µF R1 6.3V
C1 GND 10µF D1 1.50k
D1 16V 4 6
470µF 3 35V 1%
63V MBR360
MBRS130LT3
C1 AVX TPSD106M035R0300, ESR = 0.3Ω
C1 Nichicon UPL1J471MRH, ESR = 0.039Ω C2 AVX TPSE337M006R0100, ESR = 0.1Ω
C2 Nichicon UPL1C102MPH, ESR = 0.047Ω D1 Motorola MBRS130LT3
D1 Motorola MBR360 L1 Coiltronics CTX100-2P, DCR = 0.541Ω
L1 Coiltronics PLS2C-33-1000, DCR = 0.036
L1 Bi HM77-30004, DCR = 0.045Ω, Note 2
Figure 12a. Schematic
Figure 10a. Schematic
80
90
70
EFFICIENCY (%)

80
EFFICIENCY (%)

70 60

60 6V
10V 50
12V
20V 18V
50
30V 40
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
40 LOAD CURRENT (A)
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
LOAD CURRENT (A)
Figure 12b. Efficiency
Figure 10b. Efficiency

Note 2: Surface-mount component

March 2001 7 Application Note 15

Application Note 15 Micrel

8V–24V to 5V/0.5A Buck Converter 6V–24V to 3.3V/1A Buck Converter

Low-Profile Surface Mount Low-Profile Surface Mount
L1 5V/0.5A 5 2
L1 3.3V/1A
5 12
SHDN SW SHDN SW
100µH R2 68µH R2
3.01k C3 MIC4575BU 2.49k C3
MIC4574BWM 6V to 24V
8V to 24V 10 3 3300pF C2 1 4
1% 3300pF C2
VIN FB 1% VIN FB
220µF 330µF
C1 SGND PGND R1 10V C1 GND R1 6.3V
10µF 4 6 D1 1.00k 22µF 3 D1 1.50k
35V 1% 35V 1%
MBRS130LT3 MBRS130LT3

C1 AVX TPSD106M035R0300, ESR = 0.3Ω C1 AVX TPSE226M035R0300, ESR = 0.3Ω

C2 AVX TPSE227M010R0100, ESR = 0.1Ω C2 AVX TPSE337M006R0100, ESR = 0.1Ω
D1 Motorola MBRS130LT3 D1 Motorola MBRS130LT3
L1 Coiltronics CTX100-2P, DCR = 0.541Ω L1 Coiltronics CTX68-4P, DCR = 0.238Ω

Figure 13a. Schematic Figure 15a. Schematic

90 80

80

EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)

70
70

60
60
8V 6 Vin
50 13V 12 Vin
18V 18 Vin
40 50
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
LOAD CURRENT (A) LOAD CURRENT (A)

Figure 13b. Efficiency Figure 15b. Efficiency

16V–24V to 12V/0.5A Buck Converter 8V–24V to 5V/1A Buck Converter

Low-Profile Surface Mount Low-Profile Surface Mount
L1 L1 5V/1A
5 12 12V/0.5A 5 2
SHDN SW SHDN SW
250µH R2 68µH R2
C3 MIC4575BU C3
MIC4574BWM 13.0k 8V to 24V 3.01k
16V to 24V 10 3 3300pF C2 1 4 3300pF C2
VIN FB 1% VIN FB 1% 220µF
68µF
C1 SGND PGND R1 20V C1 GND R1 10V
10µF D1 22µF D1 1.00k
4 6 1.50k 3
50V SS16 35V 1%
1%
MBRS130LT3

C1 Tokin C55Y5U1H106Z C1 AVX TPSE226M035R0300, ESR = 0.3Ω

C2 AVX TPSE686M020R0150, ESR = 0.15Ω C2 AVX TPSE227M010R0100, ESR = 0.1Ω
D1 General Instruments SS16 D1 Motorola MBRS130LT3
L1 Coiltronics CTX250-4P, DCR = 0.434Ω L1 Coiltronics CTX68-4P, DCR = 0.238Ω

Figure 14a. Schematic Figure 16a. Schematic

90 90

80 80
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)

70 70

8V
60 60
18V 13V
18V
50 50
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
LOAD CURRENT (A) LOAD CURRENT (A)

Figure 14b. Efficiency Figure 16b. Efficiency

Application Note 15 8 March 2001

Application Note 15 Micrel

16V–24V to 12V/1A Buck Converter 8V–24V to 5V/0.5A Buck Converter

Low-Profile Surface Mount Lower-Cost Surface Mount
L1 12V/1A L1 5V/0.5A
5 2
5 12
SHDN SW SHDN SW
150µH R2 100µH
MIC4575BU 13.0k C3
16V to 24V 8V to 24V MIC4574-5.0BWM
1 4
1% 3300pF C2 10 3 C2
VIN FB 68µF VIN FB 470µF
C1 GND R1 20V C1 SGND PGND 16V
D1 D1
10µF 1.50k 68µF
3
SS26 4 6 MBRS130LT3
50V 1% 35V

C1 Tokin C55YU1H106Z C1 Sanyo 35CV168GX, ESR = 0.34Ω

C2 AVX TPSE686M020R0150, ESR = 0.15Ω C2 Sanyo 16CV470GX, ESR = 0.17Ω
D1 General Instruments SS26 D1 Motorola MBRS130LT3
L1 Coiltronics CTX150-4, DCR = 0.372Ω L1 Coilcraft DO3316P-104, DCR = 0.23Ω

Figure 17a. Schematic Figure 19a. Schematic

90 90

80
85
EFFICIENCY (%)

EFFICIENCY (%)
70
80
60
8V
75
18V 50 16V
24V
70 40
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
LOAD CURRENT (A) LOAD CURRENT (A)

Figure 17b. Efficiency Figure 19b. Efficiency

6V–24V to 3.3V/0.5A Buck Converter 16V–24V to 12V/0.5A Buck Converter

Lower-Cost Surface Mount Lower-Cost Surface Mount
L1 3.3V/0.5A L1 12V/0.5A
5 12 5 12
SHDN SW SHDN SW
100µH 220µH R2
MIC4574-3.3BWM 16V to 24V MIC4574BWM 13.0k
6V to 24V 10 3 C2 10 3 C2
VIN FB VIN FB 1%
470µF 470µF
C1 SGND PGND 16V C1 SGND PGND R1
D1 D1 16V
68µF 47µF 1.50k
4 6 MBRS130LT3 4 6
SS16
35V 50V 1%

C1 Sanyo 35CV168GX, ESR = 0.34Ω C1 Nichicon UUX1H470MNT1GS, ESR = 0.4Ω

C2 Sanyo 16CV470GX, ESR = 0.17Ω C2 Sanyo 16CV470GX, ESR = 0.17Ω
D1 Motorola MBRS130LT3 D1 General Instruments SS16
L1 Coilcraft DO3316P-104, DCR = 0.23Ω L1 Coilcraft DO3316-224, DCR = 0.53Ω

Figure 18a. Schematic Figure 20a. Schematic

80
90

70
EFFICIENCY (%)

80
EFFICIENCY (%)

60

70
50
8V
40 16V 60
18 Vin
24V
30
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 50
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
LOAD CURRENT (A) LOAD CURRENT (A)

Figure 18b. Efficiency Figure 20b. Efficiency

March 2001 9 Application Note 15

Application Note 15 Micrel

6V–24V to 3.3V/1A Buck Converter 16V–24V to 12V/1A Buck Converter

Lower-Cost Surface Mount Lower-Cost Surface Mount
L1 3.3V/1A L1 12V/1A
5 2 5 2
SHDN SW SHDN SW
68µH 150µH R2
MIC4575-3.3BU MIC4575BU 13.0k
6V to 24V 1 4 C2 16V to 24V 1 4
1% C2
VIN FB VIN FB 470µF
470µF
C1 GND C1 GND R1
D1 16V 16V
150µF 3
47µF 3 SS26 1.50k
35V MBRS130LT3 50V 1%
X2

C1 Sanyo 35CV150GX, ESR = 0.17Ω C1 Nichicon UUX1H470MT1GS, ESR = 0.4Ω

C2 Sanyo 16CV470GX, ESR = 0.17Ω C2 Sanyo 16CV470GX, ESR = 0.17Ω
D1 Motorola MBRS130LT3 D1 General Instruments SS26
L1 Coilcraft DO3316P-683, DCR = 0.16Ω L1 Coiltcraft DO5022P-154, DCR = 0.218Ω
L1 Bi HM77-11003, DCR = 0.233Ω

Figure 21a. Schematic Figure 23a. Schematic

90
80

EFFICIENCY (%)
70
EFFICIENCY (%)

80

60
70
8V
50 18V
16V
24V
60
40 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 LOAD CURRENT (A)
LOAD CURRENT (A)

Figure 21b. Efficiency Figure 23b. Efficiency

8V–18V to –5V/0.2A Buck-Boost Converter

Through Hole
8V–24V to 5V/1A Buck Converter
8V to 18V
Lower-Cost Surface Mount 1
VIN SW
2

L1 MIC4575-5.0BT
5 2 5V/1A 5 4
SHDN SW C1 SHDN FB
68µH L1
MIC4575-5.0BU 150µF GND 10µH
8V to 24V 1 4 C2 35V 3
VIN FB
470µF
C1 GND
150µF D1 16V
3
35V MBRS130LT3 C1 Nichicon UPL1V151MPH
ESR = 0.13Ω C2
C2 Nichicon UPL1C681MPH D1 680µF
ESR = 0.065Ω 16V
C1 Sanyo 35CV150GX, ESR = 0.17Ω D1 Motorola 1N5819
C2 Sanyo 16CV470GX, ESR = 0.17Ω L1 Coiltronics PL52A-10-500 -5V/0.2A
D1 Motorola MBRS130LT3 1N5819
DCR = 0.045Ω
L1 Coilcraft DO3316P-683, DCR = 0.16Ω
L1 Bi HM77-11003, DCR = 0.233Ω
Figure 24a. Schematic
Figure 22a. Schematic
60
90

50
EFFICIENCY (%)

80
EFFICIENCY (%)

40
70 8V
30 13V
8V
60 18V
16V
24V 20
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
50 LOAD CURRENT (A)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
LOAD CURRENT (A)
Figure 24b. Efficiency
Figure 22b. Efficiency

Application Note 15 10 March 2001

Application Note 15 Micrel
5V to –5V/0.3A Buck-Boost Converter
Through Hole
4.75V to 5.25V 1 2
VIN SW
MIC4575BT C4
5 4
SHDN FB 1000pF
C1 L1
150µF GND 15µH
35V 3 R4
5.1K

R1 C2
3.01k 680µF
1% D1
16V
R2 R3 C3 -5V/0.3A
1.00K 10K 0.01µF 1N5819
1%

C1 Nichicon UPL1V151MPH, ESR = 0.12Ω

C2 Nichicon UPL1C681MPH, ESR = 0.065Ω
D1 Motorola 1N5819
L1 Coiltronics PL52A-15-500, DCR = 0.054Ω

Figure 25a. Schematic

60

55
EFFICIENCY (%)

50

45

40
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
LOAD CURRENT (A)

Figure 25b. Efficiency

Parallel Switching Regulators

U1 R1 VOUT
L1 0.1Ω 5V/4A
5 2
SHDN SW
VIN 33µH
8V to 36V MIC4576-5.0BT
1 4 C2
VIN FB
1000µF
GND R3 16V
D1
3 10K
MBR360

C1 C5
470µF 0.01µF
63V
VIN

8 2

1 U3
LM358
3
4
U2
5 4
SHDN FB
R2
MIC4576-5.0BT L2 0.1Ω
1 2
VIN SW
33µH
C3 GND C4
470µF 3
D2 1000µF
63V MBR360 16V

C1, C3 Nichicon UPL1J471MRH, ESR = 0.039Ω

C2, C4 Nichicon UPL1C102MPH, ESR = 0.047Ω
D1, D2 Motorola MBR360
L1, L2 Coiltronics PL52C-33-1000, DCR = 0.036
R1, R2 KRL SP-1-A1-0R100J
U3 National LM358

Figure 26.

March 2001 11 Application Note 15

Application Note 15 Micrel

Low Output-Noise Regulator (5mV Output Ripple )

T1 VOUT
68µH L1 5V/1A
5 2 4 3
SHDN SW
VIN 1µH R2 C3 5mVP-P
MIC4575BU 3.01k 3300pF
8V to 18V 1 4 1 2
VIN FB 1% C2
C1 GND R1 220µF
D1 C4
22µF 3 220µF 1.00K 10V
35V MBRS130LT3
10V 1%

C1 AVX TPSE226M035R0300, ESR = 0.3Ω

C2 AVX TPSE227M010R0100, ESR = 0.1Ω
C4 AVX TPSE227M010R0100, ESR = 0.1Ω
D1 Motorola MBRS130LT3
T1 Coiltronics CTX68-4P, DCR = 0.238Ω
L1 Coilcraft DO1608C-102

Figure 27.

Split ±5V Supply

+VOUT/+IOUT
T1
5 2 2 68µH 1
5V/0.5A
SHDN SW
VIN R2
C3
8V to 18V MIC4575BU 3.01k
1 4 3300pF
VIN FB 1% C2
C1 GND R1 220µF
22µF 3
D1 1.00K 10V
35V MBRS130LT3 1%
4

C5
220µF L1 C4
10V D2 220µF
MBRS130LT3 10V
3

+IOUT + IOUT 1A -VOUT/-IOUT

C1 AVX TPSE226M035R0300, ESR = 0.3Ω -5V/0.5A
C2 AVX TPSE227M010R0100, ESR = 0.1Ω +VOUT 0.5V at VIN ≥15V
DC Load Regulation≈±5%
C4 AVX TPSE227M010R0100, ESR = 0.1Ω VIN 0.5V
C5 AVX TPSE227M010R0100, ESR = 0.1Ω
D1 Motorola MBRS130LT3 DC 40% then IOUT +IOUT
D2 Motorola MBRS130LT3
T1 Coiltronics CTX68-4P, DCR = 0.238Ω DC 40% then IOUT IOUT (1 DC)

Figure 28.

Adjustable Output-Voltage Regulator (0V–12V)

Q1
2N4339
R3
3.3K
U2
L1 LM4041CIZ-1.2 VOUT
5 2
SHDN SW (0-12V)/0.5A
VIN 68µH R1 VOUT Min = 60mV
4V to 24V MIC4575BT
1 4 200K C2 R4
VIN FB 330Ω
C1 GND 330µF
D1 0.5W
150µF R2 16V
3
35V 1N5819 15k

C1 Nichicon UPL1V151MPH, ESR = 0.12Ω VOUT

C2 Nichicon UPL1C331MPH, ESR = 0.12Ω VIN min 1.5V
0.9
D1 Motorola 1N5819
L1 Coiltronics PL52B-68-500, DCR = 0.095Ω and
U2 Micrel LM4041CIZ-1.2
VIN min VOUT 2.5V

Figure 29.

Application Note 15 12 March 2001

Application Note 15 Micrel
Low Output-Voltage Regulator (1V)

U1 L1 VOUT
68µH 1V/1A
5 2
SHDN SW
VIN 3
4V to 15V MIC4575BT
1 4 1
VIN FB U2
GND 2
LM358 C2
3 330µF
C1 16V R3
150µF D1 1k
R1 R2
35V 1N5819
249Ω 1.00k
1% 1%

C1 Nichicon UPL1V151MPH, ESR = 0.12Ω

C2 Nichicon UPL1C331MPH, ESR = 0.12Ω
D1 Motorola 1N5819
L1 Coiltronics PL52B-68-500, DCR = 0.095Ω
U2 National LM358

Figure 30.
1A Battery Charger (6–8 cells)
D2 IOUT
L1 1N5819 1A
5 2
R1
SHDN SW
VIN 68µH R2 0.25Ω R3 C2
MIC4575BT 200Ω 6-8 Cells
9V to 24V 1 4 10K 330µF VBATT
VIN FB 1% 16V
C1 GND
150µF D1
3 1N5819 U2
35V LM358 3

Q1 1
C1 Nichicon UPL1V151MPH, ESR = 0.12Ω VN2222LL 2
C2 Nichicon UPL1C331MPH, ESR = 0.12Ω
D1 Motorola 1N5819
L1 Coiltronics PL52B-68-500, DCR = 0.095Ω C3
U2 National LM358 C4
Q1 Siliconix VN2222LL 1000pF
R1 KRL SP-1/2-A1-0R250J 0.01µF DZ1
VBATT 1N5244
VIN min 2.5V R4 14V
0.9 3k
1.23V R2
IOUT
R5 R1
R5
1.00k
1%

Figure 31.
0.1A–1A Variable-Current Battery Charger
D3

1N4148 L1 D2
68µH R1 1N5819 IOUT
5 2 0.1Ω 0.1A to 1A
SHDN SW
VIN R6 D1 C2
MIC4575-BT 2-8 Cells
8V to 24V 1 4 3k 1N5819 R2 330µF
VIN FB 100Ω VBATT
16V VIN
GND C4 1%
3 1000pF
C1 3
150µF R5
35V R7 1 U2A 10k
R3 VIN U2B
1k 1/2LM358 10k
2 1/2 LM358
U1 Micrel MIC4575BT 8 5 VR1 U3
U2 National LM358 C3 10k LM4041CIZ-1.2
U3 Micrel LM4041CIZ-1.2 7
C1 Nichicon UPL1V151MPH, ESR = 0.12Ω 6
C2 Nichicon UPL1C331MPH, ESR = 0.12Ω 0.01µF DZ1 Q1
D1 Motorola 1N5819 1N5244 4
VN2222LL
D2 Motorola 1N5819 14V
D3 Motorola 1N4148
L1 Coiltronics PL52B-68-500, DCR = 0.095Ω
R1 KRL SP-1-A1-0R100J R4
Q1 Siliconix VN2222LL 1.21k
1%
VIN min VBATT / 0.9 2.5V

Figure 32.

March 2001 13 Application Note 15

Application Note 15 Micrel
1A Battery Charger (2–8 Cells)

D3

1N4148 L1 D2
R1 IOUT
68µH 1N5819
5 2 0.1Ω 1A
SHDN SW
VIN R5 D1 C2
MIC4575-BT 2-8 Cells
8V to 24V 1 4 3k 1N5819 R2 330µF
VIN FB 100Ω VBATT
16V
GND C4 1%
3 1000pF
C1 R6 3
150µF 1k
35V 1 U2A
R3
1/2LM358 10k
2

C3
U1 Micrel MIC4575BT
U2 National LM358
C1 Nichicon UPL1V151MPH, ESR = 0.12Ω 0.01µF DZ1
C2 Nichicon UPL1C331MPH, ESR = 0.12Ω 1N5244
D1 Motorola 1N5819 14V
D2 Motorola 1N5819 VIN
D3 Motorola 1N4148
L1 Coiltronics PL52B-68-500, DCR = 0.095Ω 8
R1 KRL SP-1-A1-0R100J 5 U2B
Q1 Siliconix VN2222LL 1/2 LM358
Q1
7 VN2222LL
VIN min VBATT / 0.9 2.5V 6

4
1.23V R2
IOUT
R4 R1
R4
1.21k
1%

Figure 33.

Remote-Sensing Regulator

VIN U1 10 ft Wire VOUT

L1 0.5 Ω 5V/1A
8V to 24V 1 2
VIN VSW +V
68µH C2
MIC4575BT D1 68µF R1
5 4 MBR160 63V 30Ω
C1 SD FB +VSENSE
68µF GND
63V C3 R2
3 0.01µF 3.01k C4
1% 220µF
R3 10V
1.00k
1%
–VSENSE

C1 Nichicon UPL1J680MPH, ESR = 0.17Ω R4

C2 Nichicon UPL1J680MPH, ESR = 0.17Ω 10Ω
C4 AVX TPSE227M010R0100, ESR = 0.1 Ω –V
D1 Motorola MBRS160
L1 Coiltronics PL52B-68-500, DCR = 0.095Ω

Figure 34.

Application Note 15 14 March 2001

Application Note 15 Micrel
6V–18V to Split ±12V/100mA Supply

C2 T1 VOUT
Q1 68µF
Si9435 150µH 12V/100mA
5 2
SHDN SW 2 1
D3 R2
MIC4575BU 13.0k C5
VIN 1N4148 3300pF
6V to 18V 1%
1 VIN FB 4
GND 3 C3
C1 68µF
3
D1 R1 20V
22µF T1 MBRS130LT3 1.50K
35V 1%
4

C1 AVX TPSE226M035R0300, ESR = 0.3Ω C4

R3 68µF
C2 AVX TPSE686M020R0150, ESR = 0.15Ω D2 1k
C3 AVX TPSE686M020R0150, ESR = 0.15Ω 20V
C4 AVX TPSE686M020R0150, ESR = 0.15Ω
D1 Motorola MBRS130LT3 –VOUT
MBRS130LT3
D2 Motorola MBRS130LT3 –12V/100mA
T1 Coiltronics CTX150-4, DCR = 0.372Ω (–11V to –12V)
Q1 Siliconix Si 9435, PMOS

Figure 35.

1A Battery Charger

U1 L1 D2 IOUT
68µH 1N5819 1A
5 2
SHDN SW
D1
VIN MIC4575BU 1N5819 C2 VBATT
C3 330µF
8V to 24V 1 4 0.1µF 2–8 Cells
VIN FB 16V
C1 GND
150µF 3
35V R1
R3 R2 0.1Ω
VIN 113k 10k
1% 1%
DZ1
1N5244
C4 0.01µF 14V
8
8
6
7
R4
U2B 5
1/2 LM358 4
10k

U1 Micrel MIC4575BT VBATT

U2 National LM358 VIN min = + 2.5V
C1 Nichicon UPL1V151MPH, ESR = 0.12Ω 0.9
C2 Nichicon UPL1C331MPH, ESR = 0.12Ω
D1 Motorola 1N5819 1.23V R2
D2 Motorola 1N5819 IOUT =
DZ1 Motorola 1N5244 R1 R2 R3
L1 Bi HM77-11003, DCR = 0.233Ω
R1 KRL SP-1/2-A1-0R100J

Figure 36.

March 2001 15 Application Note 15

Application Note 15 Micrel
Improved Adjustable Output-Voltage (0V–12V) Regulator

VOUT
U1 L1 0V–12V
68µH VOUTmin = 60mV
5 2
SHDN SW
D1 C2 R6
VIN MIC4575BT 1N5819 C3 R1
20k 1000µF 330Ω
4V to 24V 3300pF 16V 0.5W
1 VIN FB 4 1%
C1 GND
150µF 3
35V VIN
R2
2k
C4 1%
5 8 0.01µF 2 U2A
U2B 7 1
1/2LM358
6 3
4
1/2LM358 R6
220Ω

R3 R4
20k 2k R5
1% 1% 10K

VOUT
U1 Micrel MIC4575BT VIN min = + 2.5V
U2 National LM358 0.9
C1 Nichicon UPL1V151MPH, ESR = 0.12Ω R1
C2 Nichicon UPL1C102MPH, ESR = 0.047Ω VOUT max = 1.23V 1
D1 Motorola 1N5819 R2
L1 Bi HM77-11003, DCR = 0.233Ω R1 = R3 and R2 = R4

Figure 37.
Switchable Battery-Pack Charger
D3

U1 IOUT
1N4148 R1
L1 0.1Ω 1A
5 2
SHDN SW
D1 68µH
VIN 1N5819 C2
MIC4575BT R5 R2 330µF
8V to 24V 1 4 3k 100Ω 16V
VIN FB
C1 GND U2A 1%
150µF R6 1/2LM358
3
1k C4 3
35V 1000pF
1 R3
2
10k
C3
VIN 0.01µF

C5 DZ1
5
0.01µF 1N5236 R7 R8
8 7.5V 100k 100k
U2B 7 Q1
1/2 LM358 VN2222LL
4 U3 7
6 2
Bat A FLG A IN 8
3 OUT A
U1 Micrel MIC4575BT Bat B FLG B R10
U2 National LM358 R4 1 MIC2506 510k
CTL A 5
U3 Micrel MIC2506BM 1.21k OUT B
C1 Nichicon UPL1V151MPH, ESR = 0.12Ω 1% 1 2 4
C1 Nichicon UPL1C331MPH, ESR = 0.12Ω A/B CTL B GND
D1 Motorola 1N5819 U4A 6
D2 Motorola 1N5819 7404 Bat B Bat A
DZ1 Motorala 1N5236 R9
510k 4 Cells 4 Cells
L1 Bi HM77-11003, DCR = 0.233Ω NiCad NiCad
Q1 Siliconix VN2222LL
R1 KRL SP-1/2-A1-0R100J

Figure 38.

Application Note 15 16 March 2001

Application Note 15 Micrel
Lithium-Ion Battery Charger with End-of-Charge Flag
D3

D2 IOUT
U1 1N4148 R1
L1 1N5819 1A
5 2
0.1Ω
SHDN SW
D1 68µH VBATT
VIN 1N5819 C2
MIC4575BT R6 R2 330µF 2 Li Cells
12V to 24V 1 4 3k 100Ω 16V
VIN FB
GND U2A 1% R5
C1 R7
150µF 3 C4 1/2LM358 3
1.0k
1k 1%
35V 1000pF
1

U1 Micrel MIC4575BT C3 2
U2 National LM358 VIN 0.01µF
U3 National LM3420
U4 National LM339
C1 Nichicon UPL1V151MPH, ESR = 0.12Ω C5
5
C1 Nichicon UPL1C331MPH, ESR = 0.12Ω 8
0.1µF
D1 Motorola 1N5819 U2B 7 Q1
D2 Motorola 1N5819 1/2 LM358 VN2222LL
4
DZ1 Motorala 1N5244
6
L1 Bi HM77-11003, DCR = 0.233Ω U3 8
R1 KRL SP-1/2-A1-0R100J IN
3
Q1 Siliconix VN2222LL COMP
VIN R3
1.24V R2 1.21k C8
0.01µF LM3420
IOUT = 1%
R3 R1 R8 R10 Q2 1
10k R9 10k 2N2222 OUT
10M GND
4
IOUT = 1.02A VIN C7 R12
0.01µF R4 100k
VBATT 13.0k
VIN min > = + 2.5V C6 1%
0.9 0.1µF 3 7

1
END
IOUTEND 60mA 6
12
R2 R5 LM339
–
R3 R4
IOUTEND 1.23V
R1

Figure 39.
Low Output-Noise Regulator (<1mV)

U1 L1 6.0V L2 U2 VOUT
68µH 1µH 5V/1A
5 2 1 3
SHDN SW VIN VOUT
R2 C3 MIC29150
VIN MIC4575BU 3.92k 3300pF
9V to 18V VIN FB 1% GND
1 4 C2 C3 C4
GND 220µF 100µF 2 22µF
C1 3 R1 10V 10V 10V
22µF D1 1.00k
35V MBRS130LT3 1%

U1 Micrel MIC4575BU
U2 Micrel MIC29150-5.0BU R2
VOUT = 1.23 1+
C1 AVX TPSE226M035R0300, ESR = 0.3Ω R1
C2 AVX TPSE227M010R0100, ESR = 0.1Ω
C3 AVX TPSE106M010R0200, ESR = 0.2Ω
C4 Sprague 293D226X0010C2W
D1 Motorola MBRS130LT3
D2 Motorola MBRS130LT3
L1 Bi HM77-11003, DCR = 0.233Ω
L2 Coilcraft D016087C-102, DCR = 0.05Ω

Figure 40.

March 2001 17 Application Note 15

Application Note 15 Micrel
Appendix A
Component Cross-Reference List
Micrel provides this cross-reference list to make it easier to choose alternate power components. This becomes necessary
when the standard components are not readily available or the manufacturer is not an approved vendor.
The components in this list are not exact replacements. Their electrical characteristics and physical sizes may be slightly
different, but their performance in the circuit will be the same. Also, detailed electrical specifications are provided for each
power component so that if you need an alternate component, you can choose it intelligently.

Through-Hole Components

Capacitors
Nichicon Sanyo Panasonic United Chemi-Con
(Electrolytic) (Electrolytic) (Electrolytic) (Electrolytic)
220µF/16V/0.16Ω/0.460A UPL1C221MPH 16MV220GX ECA1CFQ271 LXF16VB271M10x12.5
330µF/16V/0.12Ω/0.595A UPL1C331MPH 16MV330GX ECA1CFQ331L LXF16VB331M8x15
680µF/16V/0.065Ω/1.02A UPL1C681MPH 16MV560GX ECA1CFQ681L LXF16VB681M10x20
1000µF/16V/0.047Ω/1.41A UPL1C102MPH 16MV1000GX ECA1CFQ122L LXF16VB102M10x30
47µF/35V/0.34Ω/0.27A UPL1V470MEH 35MV68GX ECA1VFQ560 LXF35VB680M6.3x11.5
150µF/35V/0.12Ω/0.595A UPL1V151MPH 35MV150GX ECA1VFQ151L LXF35VB181M8x15
470µF/35V/0.046Ω/1.42A UPL1V471MPH 35MV680GX ECA1VFQ561L LXF35VB5611M10x30
33µF/63V/0.35Ω/0.33A UPL1J330MEH 63MV82GX ECA1JFQ390 LXF63VB33M6.3x15
68µF/63V/0.17Ω/0.5A UPL1J680MPH 63MV150GX ECA1JFQ680 LXF63VB820M8x20
470µF/63V/0.039Ω/1.42A UPL1J471MRH 63MV680GX ECA1JFQ471L LXF63VB561M12.5x40

Diodes
Motorola GI IR
(Schottky) (Schottky) (Schottky)
1A/40V 1N5819 1N5819 11DQ04
1A/60V MBR160 SB160 11DQ06
3A/40V 1N5822 1N5822 31DQ04
3A/60V MBR360 SB360 31DQ06

Inductors
Coiltronics Renco Sumida
(Toroidal Cores) (Rod Cores) (Button Cores)
10µH/0.5A PL52A-10-500
15µH/0.5A PL52A-15-500
33µH/3A PL52C-33-1000
68µH/1A PL52B-68-500 RL-1283-68-43 RCH106-680K
68µH/3A PL52D-68-2000
100µH/0.5A PL52A-100-250 RL-1284-100-43 RCH875-101K
150µH/1A PL52B-150-500 RL-1283-150-43 RCH110-151K
220µH/0.5A PL52A-220-250 RL-1284-220-43 RCH106-221K

Application Note 15 18 March 2001

Application Note 15 Micrel
Surface-Mount

Capacitors
AVX Tokin Sprague
Low Profile (Tantalum) (Ceramic) (Tantalum)
330µF/6.3V/0.1Ω/1.149A TPSE337M006R0100 593D337X06R3E2W
220µF/10V/0.1Ω/1.149A TPSE227M010R0100 593D227X0010E2W
68µF/20V/0.15Ω/0.938A TPSE686M020R0150 593D686X0020EZW
10µF/35V/0.3Ω/0.663A TPSD106M035R0300 593D106X0035E2W
22µF/35V/0.3Ω/0.632A TPSE226M035R0300 593D226X0035E2W
10µF/35V C55Y5U1E106Z
22µF/35V C25Y5U1E226Z
10µF/50V C55Y5U1H106Z

Sanyo Nichicon
Lower-Cost (Electrolytic) (Electrolytic)
470µF/16V/0.17Ω/0.45A 16CV470GX
68µF/35V/0.34Ω/0.28A 35CV68GX
220µF/35V/0.17Ω/0.45A 35CV220GX
47µF/50V/0.4Ω/0.18A UUX1H470MNT1GS

Diodes
Motorola GI IR
(Schottky) (Schottky) (Schottky)
1A/30V MBRS130LT3
1A/40V MBRS140T3 SS14/SS24 10MQ040
1A/60V SS16/SS26
3A/40V MBRS340T3 SS34 330WQ04F
3A/60V MBRS360T3 SS36 330WQ06F

Inductors
Coiltronics Coilcraft Bi
(Toroidal Cores) (Button Cores) (Toroidal Cores)
100µH/0.5A CTX100-2P DO3316P-104
220µH/0.5A CTX250-4P DO3316P-224
68µH/1A CTX68-4P DO3316P-683 HM77-11003
150µH/1A CTX150-4 DO5022P-154
33µH/3A HM77-30004
68µH/3A HM77-29006

March 2001 19 Application Note 15

Application Note 15 Micrel
Appendix B Motorola Inc.
3102 North 56th St., MS 56-126
Suggested Manufacturers List
Phoenix, AZ 85018
Micrel supplies this list of manufacturers to save you time in Tel: (800) 521-6274
selecting components. Micrel makes no claims about these Fax: (602) 952-4190
companies except that they provide components necessary
Heat Sinks
in switching power supplies.
Aavid Engineering, Inc.
67 Primrose Drive
Laconia, NH 03246
Capacitors Tel: (603) 528-3400
AVX Corp. Fax: (603) 528-1478
801 17th Ave. South Thermalloy
Myrtle Beach, SC 29577 2021 West Valley View Lane
Tel: (803) 448-9411 P.O. Box 810839
Fax: (803) 448-1943 Dallas, TX 75381
Nichicon (America) Corporation Tel: (214) 243-4321
927 East State Parkway Fax: (214) 241-4656
Schaumburg, IL 60173 Inductors
Tel: (708) 843-7500 Bi Technologies
Fax: (708) 843-2798 4200 Bonita Place
Panasonic Fullerton, CA 92635
6550 Katella Avenue Tel: (714) 447-2345
PANAZIP 17A-11 Fax: (714) 447-2500
Cypress, CA 90630 Coilcraft
Tel: (714) 373-7857 1102 Silver Lake Road
Fax: (714) 373-7102 Cary, IL 60013
Sanyo Video Components (USA) Corp. Tel: (708) 639-2361
2001 Sanyo Avenue Fax: (708) 639-1469
San Diego, CA 92173 Coiltronics
Tel: (619) 661-6835 6000 Park of Commerce Boulevard
Fax: (619) 661-1055 Boca Raton, FL 33487
Sprague Electric Tel: (407) 241-7876
Lower Main Street Fax: (407) 241-9335
60005 Sanford, ME 04073 Dale Electronics
Tel: (207) 324-4140 East Highway 50
Tokin America, Inc. Yankton, SD 57078
155 Nicholson Lane Tel: (605) 665-9301
San Jose, CA 95134 Fax: (605) 665-0817
Tel: (408) 432-8020 Renco
Fax: (408) 434-0375 60 Jefryn Boulevard East
United Chemi-Con Inc. Deerpark, NY 11729
9801 West Higgins Road, Suite 430 Tel: (516) 586-5566
Rosemount, IL 60018 Fax: (516) 586-5562
Tel: (708) 696-2000 Sumida Electric
Fax: (708) 696-9278 5999 New Wilke Road
Diodes Suite 110
General Instruments (GI) Rolling Meadows, IL 60008
10 Melville Park Road Tel: (708) 956-0666
Melville, NY 11747 Fax: (708) 956-0702
Tel: (516) 847-3222 Resistors
Fax: (516) 847-3150
KRL/Bantry Components, Inc.
International Rectifier Corp. 160 Bouchard Street
233 Kansas Streeet Manchester, NH 03103
El Segundo, CA 90245 Tel: (603) 668-3210
Tel: (310) 322-3331 Fax: (603) 624-0634
Fax: (310) 322-3332

Application Note 15 20 March 2001

Application Note 15 Micrel
Appendix C The third column itemizes the power losses. The largest
contributors to efficiency losses are the IC switch
Microsoft® Excel Spreadsheet Summary
(Pd_IC_Switch) and diode (Pd_Diode). For heat sink design,
Determining the operating conditions for a switching regula- the IC’s power dissipation result (Pd_IC) makes sizing of the
tor requires dozens of calculations. Doing this with a hand- heat sink quick and easy.
held calculator can take hours, but when the equations are
There are three pull-down menus: one for selecting a Micrel
put into a spreadsheet, this takes only a few seconds. Micrel
IC, one for selecting an inductor core material, and one for
provides Microsoft® Excel spreadsheets for buck (step-up)
doing worst-case analysis on a selected parameter. The
and buck-boost (inverting), boost (step-up) and flyback switch-
Micrel parts list shows all the devices that are available for a
ing regulator topologies. The spreadsheets perform com-
design. The list includes both the 52kHz (LM257X) and the
puter aided design, not computer generated design. It is the
200kHz (MIC457X) parts. The operating warning window
responsibility of the user to verify spreadsheet results by
uses the selected IC’s peak switch current, input voltage
building the circuit and measuring component stress under all
range, and output voltage range to determine if an operating
expected operating conditions.
condition exceeds its limit.
Figure C1 shows the buck regulator spreadsheet. It is
The second pull-down menu has two core materials to
divided into three columns. The first column contains all the
choose from, either a powdered iron type 52 (#52) or a ferrite
input variables. You can change any variable in this column,
(Fe). The inductor core material has a minuscule effect on the
such as input voltage, switching frequency, and inductor
overall efficiency and was included only for completeness.
value. You might change these variables to observe the
sensitivity of the circuit, to test for worst-case conditions, or to Worst case analysis has been automated for user conve-
set a tolerance on component characteristics. nience. The program sweeps the input voltage from the
minimum input voltage (Vin_Min) to the maximum input
The second column contains the resulting operating condi-
voltage (Vin_Max). The output current is fixed at it’s original
tions for all power components. You select the power
value. Once the calculation is complete the results are
components based upon these values. Most worst-case
displayed in a graph.
operating conditions occur at the minimum input voltage, but
not in every case. To ensure a reliable design, vary the input Note that the list box exhibits a strange behavior. The
voltage over its entire operating range and use the worst- program will not rerun if you select the same item in the list box
case value to select components. two times in a row. To rerun a parameter, you must select the

Figure C1. Buck Regulator Excel Spreadsheet

March 2001 21 Application Note 15

Application Note 15
None item first and then click on the desired parameter.
Efficiency varies widely for various input voltages and load
conditions. Therefore, a macro has been written that sweeps
both the input voltage and the output current over the entire
operating region. The resulting efficiency is then automati-
cally displayed in a graph. To run the macro, click the
efficiency button.
Equations in the second and third columns are protected and
cannot be inadvertently changed. You can defeat the protec-
tion feature, however, by selecting the Tools button from the
top menu bar, clicking the protection menu item, selecting the
unprotect sheet option, and entering “Micrel” for the pass-
Micrel
word. Now any equation or formatting in the active spread-
sheet can be changed. It is advisable to make a backup copy
of the spreadsheet program prior to removing the protection.
The spreadsheets were created in Microsoft® Excel 5.0 for
Windows™ and run under Windows™3.1, Windows NT™,
and Windows 95™.
The diskette and spreadsheets can also be used with
Microsoft® Excel 5.0 for the Macintosh® or newer. For Sys-
tem 7.5 or later, the PC Exchange control panel must be “on.”
System 7.1 or earlier requires Apple® File Exchange (in-
cluded on the System Software disks) to mount the DOS-
formatted diskette and copy the file to the hard disk.

Definition of Terms
DC: duty cycle
Input & Output
DC_Prim: (1 – duty cycle)
Vin: input voltage
L_Iavg: average inductor current
Vout: output voltage
L_Ipp: peak-to-peak inductor ripple current
Iout: output current
L_Ipk: peak inductor current
L_RMS: inductor RMS current
Component Parameters
IC_Sw_RMS: IC Switch RMS current
L: inductance
Diode_RMS: diode RMS current
L_DCR: inductor DC resistance
Cin_RMS: input capacitor RMS current
Diode_Vf: catch diode forward voltage drop
Cout_RMS: output capacitor RMS current
Cin: input capacitor value
Input_Iavg: average input current
Cin_ESR: input capacitor equivalent series resistance
∆Vout_ESR: output ripple voltage caused by the ESR of
Cout: output capacitor value
the output capacitor
Cout_ESR: output capacitor equivalent series resistance

Resulting Power Dissipation

IC Parameters
Pd_IC_Iq: power loss due to quiescent current
IC_fs: switching frequency
Pd_IC_AC: power loss due to switching times
IC_Rsw: internal switch equivalent resistance
Pd_IC_Switch: switch conduction loss
IC_Vs: internal switch equivalent voltage
Pd_IC: total IC loss
IC_Iq: quiescent current
Pd_Diode: diode power loss
IC_ton: switch turn-on time
Pd_Cin: input capacitor power loss
IC_toff: switch turn-off time
Pd_Cout: output capacitor power loss
Pd_L_Cu: power loss due to the DCR of the inductor
Inductor Core Loss Constants
Pd_L_Core: power loss due to core material
Ci: core loss contant
Pd_L: total inductor loss
d: core loss frequency exponent
P_loss: sum of all the power losses
p: core loss flux density exponent
Efficiency: output power divided by input power
U: permeability of core

Resulting Operating Conditions

Mode: indicates whether the regulator is in continuous or
discontinuous mode

Application Note 15 22 March 2001

Application Note 15
Appendix D
Package Thermal Characteristics
Designing the proper heat sink requires defining the thermal
resistance of the package and heat sink. This is relatively
straightforward for a TO-220 package in which the heat sink
is attached to the part, but not for DIP and SO packages in
which the external heat sink is the PC board. The physical
size of the PC board can dramatically affect the thermal
dissipation of the package.
The heat sink manufacturers have thoroughly characterized
their heat sinks for TO-220 packages. For these packages,
you can choose either a clip-on or screw-mount heat sink.
The clip-on heat sinks offer the lowest labor cost to mount, but
they can attain only about a 15° to 30°C/W case-to-ambient
thermal coefficient. Alternatively, screw-mount types can
reach a 5° to 10°C/W case-to-ambient thermal coefficient.
The following Thermalloy part numbers are examples of each
mounting option.
Heat-Sink Style Thermalloy No. θCA
Clip on 6045 30°C/W
Screw mount 6099B 12°C/W
Most data sheets give the worst-case thermal resistance
coefficients of TO-220, DIP, and SO packages. That is, the
packages are characterized in free air, and the thermal
resistance coefficients do not take into account the heat-
sinking effect of the PC board. Table D1 gives a more
Appendix E
Suggested PC Board Layouts
To achieve proper performance, printed circuit (PC) board
layouts are provided for the various IC package types. Poor
PC board layout can have dramatic effects on the operation
of a power supply. Reduced efficiency, increased EMI, and
spurious oscillations are just some of the results of a poor
layout. Here are a few recommendations that should be
followed:
1) The inductor, filter capacitors, diode, and IC should
be physically close to one another and on the same
side of the PC board. Keep the trace length between
these components below 0.25 inches.
2) All the high-current traces must be on the same PC
board layer. Do not use vias to connect the power
traces.
3) Use a single-point ground, not a ground plane.
4) For the adjustable parts, connect the center tap of
the voltage divider network (R1, R2 in Figure 15a) as
close to the feedback pin as possible. Stray capacitance
and pickup on this node can cause erratic switching
behavior.
5) Connect the ground return of the divider network as
close to the ground pin as possible. Bizarre
switching action can occur if the ground is
returned through a high-current path.
March 2001
Micrel
reasonable junction-to-ambient thermal resistance for the
various package types. Note that one square inch of PC
board copper area was used to make these measurements.
Additional copper area will lower the thermal resistance
further.
Package Style θJA
TO-220 50°C/W
TO-263 50°C/W
8-Pin DIP 90°C/W
16-Pin SO 100°C/W
Table D1. Package Thermal Coefficients (1 in2 Cu)
The numbers in Table C1 are a good starting point to
determine the IC’s junction temperature rise, but they can
vary widely. Many factors affect these numbers, including PC
board size and thickness as well as the number of layers,
copper area, and copper thickness. Furthermore, a compo-
nent like the diode or inductor can either heat up the IC or act
as a heat sink.
For best thermal performance use as much copper as pos-
sible. Every pin should have a generous amount of PC board
copper, especially the ground (GND) and input pin (VIN).
One exception to this rule is the switch pin (SW), which should
be designed just wide enough to handle the switch current,
minimizing the radiated EMI. Copper provides the best
transfer of heat to the surrounding area. Even double-sided
or multilayered boards help in removing the heat from the IC.
In 95 percent of the cases where a power supply is malfunc-
tioning, the cause is more than likely that the inductor is
physically too small rather than poor PC board layout.
The inductor is a power component and is selected based
upon its value and current rating. An inductor’s current-
handling capability is directly related to its physical size. A
physically large inductor can handle higher peak currents
than a small one of the same value. Just like a 10Ω, 10W
resistor can handle more current than a 10Ω, 1/4W resistor.
A 100µH, 3A inductor should be at least the size of your
thumb. If it is not, its value can rapidly decrease or even go
to zero (saturate the core) when operated beyond its rated
limit. When this occurs, the DC-DC converter can exhibit
erratic behavior.
23 Application Note 15
Application Note 15 Micrel

Figure 1. Figure 2.
MIC4574-5.0BWM MIC4574-5.0BN
14-lead SOIC 8-pin DIP
(Layout for Figure 18a) (Layout for Figure 4a)

Solder Side Solder Side

Silk Screen Silk Screen

Component Side Component Side

Application Note 15 24 March 2001

Application Note 15 Micrel

Figure 3. Figure 4.
MIC4575-5.0BT/MIC4576-5.0BT MIC4575-5.0BU/MIC4576-5.0BU
5-lead TO-220 5-lead TO-263
(Layout for Figure 9a) (Layout for Figure 22a)

Solder Side Solder Side

Silk Screen Silk Screen

Component Side Component Side

March 2001 25 Application Note 15

Application Note 15 Micrel
Appendix F (California Area)
Manufacturer’s Distributors List 1028 Opal Street
San Diego, CA 92109
Micrel provides this list of distributors to make it easier for you
Tel: (800) 372-1580
to acquire components. An attempt has been made to
Tel: (619) 272-1580
ensure that the information is accurate; however, this list is
Fax: (619) 272-2362
subject to change without notice.
Bravo Electronics (West Coast Area)
610 Palomar Ave.
Sunnyvale, CA 94086-2913
Coiltronics Distributors Tel: (800) 392-6318
Tel: (408) 733-9090
Armor Electronics (North-East Area)
Fax: (408) 733-8555
1055 East Street
Tweksbury, MA 01876 Alcom Electronics (Belgium)
Tel: (508) 640-1499 Singel 3
Fax: (506) 640-1570 2550 Kontich
Tel: + 32 (34) 58.30.33
Component Distributors Inc. (Alabama Area)
Fax: + 32 (34) 58.31.26
908 B Merchant Walk
Huntsville, AL 35801 E V Johanssen Electronik (Denmark)
Tel: (800) 888-0331 Titangade 15
Tel: (205) 536-8850 2200 Copenhagen N
Fax: (800) 808-2067 Tel: + 45 35 86 90 22
Fax: (205) 533-3919 Fax: + 45 35 86 90 00
(Georgia Area) Hy-Line Power Components (Germany)
5950 Crooked Creek Road Inseklammerstr. 10
Suite 150 82008 Unterhaching
Norcross, GA 30092 Tel: + 49 (89) 6 14 90 10
Tel: (800) 874-7029 Fax: + 49 (89) 6 14 09 60
Tel: (770) 441-3320 Metl (United Kingdom)
Fax: (770) 449-1712 Countax House
(Texas Area) Haseley Trading Estate
710 East Park Blvd. Stadhampton Road
Suite 108 Great Haseley
Plano, TX 75074 Oxford OX44 7PF
Tel: (800) 848-4234 Tel: + 44 (1844) 278781
Tel: (214) 578-2644 Fax: + 44 (1844) 278746
Fax: (214) 578-2208 Westech Electronics (Pte.), Ltd. (Singapore)
(Colorado Area) 12 Lorong Bakar BATU #05-07
3979 East Arapahoe Road Kolam Ayer Industrial Park
Suite 102, Bidg. 1 Singapore 1334
Littleton, CO 80122 Tel: + 65 743 63 55
Tel: (800) 551-7357 Fax: + 65 746 13 96
Tel: (303) 770-6214 TCE Sel (Italy)
Fax: (303) 770-6057 Nia Trento 59
(Florida Area) 20021 Ospiate Di Bollate
2510 Kirby Ave. N.E. Milano
Suite 109 Tel: + 39 (2) 3501203
Palm Bay, FL 32905 Tel: + 39 (2) 3501205
Tel: (800) 558-2351 Fax: + 39 (2) 3501924
Tel: (407) 724-9910 Tritech Ltd. (Israel)
Fax: (800) 292-6579 4, Ha’Yetzira St.
Fax: (407) 729-6579 P.O. Box 2436
(Virginia Area) 43100 Ra’Anana
1111 Knoll Mist Lane Tel: +972 (9) 917277
Gaitherburg, MD 20879 Fax: +972 (9) 982616
Tel: (800) 293-2080
Tel: (301) 527-0113
Fax: (301) 527-0115

Application Note 15 26 March 2001