Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiananmen_Square_protests...

Tiananmen Square protests of 1989

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, also known as the

Tiananmen Square Massacre, June 4th Incident, or the Political
Turmoil between Spring and Summer of 1989 by the government of
the People's Republic of China, were a series of demonstrations led by
students, intellectuals and labour activists in the People's Republic of
China between April 15, 1989 and June 4, 1989. The demonstrations
centred on Tiananmen Square in Beijing, but large scale protests also
occurred in cities throughout China, such as in Shanghai.

In Beijing, the resulting crackdown on the protestors by the PRC
government left many civilians dead, the figure ranging from 200–300
(PRC government figures), to 2,000–3,000 (Chinese student
associations and Chinese Red Cross), although the PRC government
asserts and most independent observers agree that these deaths were
not in the square itself but rather in the streets leading to the square.
[1]
The Unknown Rebel - This famous photo,
taken by photographer Jeff Widener, depicts a
lone protester, whose actions halted the
progress of a column of advancing tanks until
he was pulled into the crowd.

The protestors came from disparate groups, ranging from intellectuals who believed the Communist Party of
China-led government was too corrupt and repressive, to urban workers who believed Chinese economic reform had
gone too far and that the resulting rampant inflation and widespread unemployment was threatening their livelihoods.

After the protestors defied government calls to disperse, a split emerged within the Communist Party of China on how
to respond to the protestors. Out of the party turmoil, a hardline faction emerged and the decision was made to quell
the protests, rather than to heed their demands. [2]

On May 20, the government declared martial law and, on the night of June 3 and the early morning of June 4, army
tanks and infantry were sent into Tiananmen Square to crush the protest and disperse the protestors. Estimates of
civilian deaths vary: 23 (Communist Party of China), 400–800 (Central Intelligence Agency), 2600 (Chinese Red
Cross), 186 confirmed death by professor Ding ZiLin in Chinese (http://www.89-64.org/html/victims155.htm) .
Injuries are generally held to have numbered from 7,000 to 10,000. Following the violence, the government
conducted widespread arrests to suppress the remaining supporters of the movement, banned the foreign press and
strictly controlled coverage of the events in the PRC press. The violent suppression of the Tiananmen Square protest
caused widespread international condemnation of the PRC government.[3]

Contents
1 Naming of incident
2 Background
3 Protests begin
4 Protests escalate
4.1 Nationwide protests
4.1.1 Shanghai
4.2 worldwide protests
4.3 Media coverage
5 The crackdown
6 Number of deaths
7 Aftermath
7.1 Arrests and purges
7.2 Media coverage
7.3 Impact on domestic political trends
7.4 Economic impact

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7.5 A generation gap

8 The present
8.1 Events after 1989
8.2 Taboo in China
8.3 US-EU arms embargo
8.4 Compensation
9 The Future
10 See also
11 Footnotes
12 References
13 External links

Naming of incident
The incident is named after the location of the movement in Tiananmen Square, History of the People's Republic of
Beijing. Some historians also call it "the Beijing massacre". China



In the Chinese language, the incident is most commonly known as the June
 


Fourth Movement (Simplified Chinese:
) or June Fourth Event (Chinese:

  ; Traditional Chinese:
). The former is in conformity
with the other two great protest actions that occurred on Tiananmen Square: the
May Fourth Movement of 1919, and the April Fifth Movement of 1976. In
some contexts, "June Fourth Movement" refers more generally to all the student
and civil unrest which occurred throughout China, in addition to the events in
Beijing and specifically Tiananmen Square. 1949-1976 - The Mao Era
Revolution
Korean War
Background Hundred Flowers Campaign
Anti-Rightist Movement
Since 1978, Deng Xiaoping had led a series of economic and political reforms Great Leap Forward
which had led to the gradual implementation of a market economy and some Cultural Revolution
political liberalization that relaxed the system set up by Mao Zedong. By early Lin Biao
1989, these economic and political reforms had led two groups of people to Gang of Four
become dissatisfied with the government. Tiananmen Incident
1976-1989 - Era of Reconstruction
The first group included students and intellectuals, who believed that the
Economic reform
reforms had not gone far enough and that China needed to reform its political
Tiananmen protests
systems, since the economic reforms had only affected farmers and factory
1989-2002 - A Rising Superpower
workers; the incomes of intellectuals lagged far behind those who had benefited
One Country, Two Systems
from reform policies. They were concerned about the social and political
Hong Kong
controls that the Communist Party of China still had. In addition, this group
Macau
saw the political liberalization that had been undertaken in the name of glasnost
Chinese reunification
by Mikhail Gorbachev. The second group were those, including urban
2002-present - China Today
industrial workers, who believed that the social and political reforms had gone
too far. The loosening of economic control had begun to cause inflation and
unemployment, which threatened their livelihood. See also:
History of China
History of Beijing
History of Shanghai

Prominent Leaders
Mao - Deng - Jiang - Hu
Other China topics
Culture - Economy
Geography - Politics - Education
China Portal

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In 1989, the primary supporters of the government were rural

peasants who had seen their incomes increase considerably during
the 1980s as a result of the Party's reforms. However, this support
was limited in usefulness because rural peasants were distributed
across the countryside. In contrast to urban dwellers who were
organized into schools and work units, peasant supporters of the
government remained largely unorganized and difficult to mobilize.

The Tiananmen Square protests in 1989 were in large measure

sparked by the death of former Secretary General Hu Yaobang. Hu
An anonymous drawing posted in a pedestrian Yaobang's "resignation" from the position of Secretary General of
walkway underneath Chang An Avenue the CPC had been announced on January 16, 1987. His forthright
caricatures Deng Xiaoping (seated behind the calls for "rapid reform and his almost open contempt of Maoist
lectern) as an old Chinese emperor. excesses" had made him a suitable scapegoat in the eyes of Deng
Xiaoping and others, after the pro-democracy student protests of
1986–1987 (Spence 1999, 685). Included in his resignation was also
a "humiliating self-criticism", which he was forced to issue by the Central Committee of the Communist Party. Hu
Yaobang's sudden death, due to heart attack, on April 15, 1989 provided a perfect opportunity for the students to
gather once again, not only to mourn the deceased Secretary General, but also to have their voices heard in
"demanding a reversal of the verdict against him" and bringing renewed attention to the important issues of the
1986–1987 pro-democracy protests and possibly also to those of the Democracy Wall protests in 1978–1979 (Spence
1999, 697).

Protests begin
Protests started out on a small scale, in the form of mourning for Hu Yaobang and
demands that the party revise their official view of him. The protests gained
momentum after news of confrontation between students and police spread; the
belief by students that the Chinese media was distorting the nature of their
activities also led to increased support. At Hu's funeral, a large group of students
gathered at Tiananmen Square and requested, but failed, to meet premier Li Peng,
widely regarded to be Hu's political rival. Thus students called for a strike in
universities in Beijing. On April 26, an editorial in People's Daily, following an
internal speech made by Deng Xiaoping, accused the students of plotting civil
unrest. The statement enraged the students, and on April 29 about 50,000 students Sing Democracy to China in
assembled on the streets of Beijing, disregarding the warning of a crackdown Hong Kong
made by authorities and demanded that the government revoke the statement.

In Beijing, a majority of students from the city's numerous colleges and universities participated with support of their
instructors and other intellectuals. The students rejected official Communist Party-controlled student associations and
set up their own autonomous associations. The students viewed themselves as Chinese patriots, as the heirs of the
May Fourth Movement for "science and democracy" of 1919. The protests also evoked memories of the Tiananmen
Square protests of 1976 which had eventually led to the ousting of the Gang of Four. From its origins as a memorial
to Hu Yaobang, who was seen by the students as an advocate of democracy, the students' activity gradually developed
over the course of their demonstration from protests against corruption into demands for freedom of the press and an
end to, or the reform of the rule of the PRC by the Communist Party of China and Deng Xiaoping, the de facto
paramount Chinese leader. Partially successful attempts were made to reach out and network with students in other
cities and with workers.

Although the initial protests were made by students and intellectuals who believed that the Deng Xiaoping reforms
had not gone far enough and China needed to reform its political systems, they soon attracted the support of urban
workers who believed that the reforms had gone too far. This occurred because the leaders of the protests focused on
the issue of corruption, which united both groups, and because the students were able to invoke Chinese archetypes of
the selfless intellectual who spoke truth to power.

Unlike the Tiananmen protests of 1987, which consisted mainly of students and intellectuals, the protests in 1989
commanded widespread support from the urban workers who were alarmed by growing inflation and corruption. In
Beijing, they were supported by a large number of people. Similar numbers were found in major cities throughout
mainland China such as Urumqi, Shanghai and Chongqing; and later in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Chinese

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communities in North America and Europe.

Protests escalate
On May 4, approximately 100,000 students and workers marched in
Beijing making demands for free media reform and a formal
dialogue between the authorities and student-elected
representatives. The government rejected the proposed dialogue,
only agreeing to talk to members of appointed student
organizations. On May 13, two days prior to the highly-publicized
state visit by the reform-minded Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev,
huge groups of students occupied Tiananmen Square and started a
hunger strike, insisting the government withdraw the accusation
made in the People's Daily editorial and begin talks with the
designated student representatives. Hundreds of students went on
hunger strikes and were supported by hundreds of thousands of
protesting students and part of the population of Beijing, for one
week.

Protests and strikes began at many colleges in other cities, with

many students traveling to Beijing to join the demonstration.
Generally, the demonstration at Tiananmen Square was
well-ordered, with daily marches of students from various Beijing
area colleges displaying their solidarity with the boycott of college
classes and with the developing demands of the protest. The
students sang "The Internationale," the world socialist anthem, on
their way to and within the square.[4] The students even showed a
surprising gesture of respect to the government by helping police
"The Goddess of Democracy" carved by students
arrest three men from Hunan Province who had thrown ink on the from the Central Academy of Fine Arts and
large portrait of Mao that hangs from Tiananmen, just north of the erected in the Square during the protest.
square.[5] One of these men, Yu Dongyue, remained in prison until
February 2006. Years of torture and bouts of solitary confinement
left Yu mentally ill and barely recognisable to his friends and family.[6] Lu Decheng, another of the three who
defaced Mao's portrait with paint, was sentenced to life in prison. Despite being paroled in 1998, Lu remained a
pariah in his own country, constantly hounded by China's secret police. In November 2004 Lu slipped out of China
across the Burmese border, and made his way to Thailand. Months later Chinese agents nabbed Lu and turned him
over to the Thai immigration police, intending to have him extradited back to China for more jail time. In April 2006
Lu legally escaped to Canada with a permanent resident visa granted for political asylum.[7]

The students ultimately decided that in order to sustain their movement and impede any loss of momentum a hunger
strike would need to be enacted. The students' decision to undertake the hunger strike was a defining moment in their
movement. The hunger strike began in May 1989 and grew to include "more than one thousand persons" (Liu 1994,
315). The hunger strike brought widespread support for the students and "the ordinary people of Beijing rallied to
protect the hunger strikers...because the act of refusing sustenance and courting government reprisals convinced
onlookers that the students were not just seeking personal gains but (were) sacrificing themselves for the Chinese
people as a whole" (Calhoun 1994, 113).

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On May 19th 4:50 am, Zhao Ziyang went to the Square, had the
following speech with the students 
"Students, we came too late. We are sorry. You talk about us,
criticize us, it is all necessary. The reason that I came here is not to
ask you to forgive us. I want to say is that students' bodies are
getting very weak, it is the 7th days since you went on hunger strike,
you can't continue like that. As the time gets longer, it will damage
your body in an unrepairable way, it could be very danderous to
your life. Now the most important thing is to end this strike. I know,
your hunger strike is to hope that the party and the government will
give you a satisfying answer. I feel that our communication is open.
"!$#&%('")*+,-.#&%0/123+54 
Some of the problem can only be solved by certain procedures.
6 '/12375+0890;:<=>?'"@ABCD'EF Zhao speaks on May 19th, 1989. Behind him (2nd

?G0HI0'"J0KL8MNO=PQ5R0S5TVUWXYZ[ from right in black) is current State Council

5EF \';]^_08`K5+abc0HdefS5T=

Premier Wen Jiabao.

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Partially successful attempts were made to negotiate with the PRC government, who were located nearby in
Zhongnanhai, the Communist Party headquarters and leadership compound. Because of the visit of Mikhail
Gorbachev, foreign media were present in mainland China in large numbers. Their coverage of the protests was
extensive and generally favorable towards the protesters, but pessimistic that they would attain their goals. Toward
the end of the demonstration, on May 30, a statue of the Goddess of Democracy was erected in the Square and came
to symbolize the protest to television viewers worldwide.

The Standing Committee of the Politburo, along with the party elders (retired but still-influential former officials of
the government and Party), were, at first, hopeful that the demonstrations would be short-lived or that cosmetic
reforms and investigations would satisfy the protesters. They wished to avoid violence if possible, and relied at first
on their far-reaching Party apparatus in attempts to persuade the students to abandon the protest and return to their
studies. One barrier to effective action was that the leadership itself supported many of the demands of the students,
especially the concern with corruption. However, one large problem was that the protests contained many people with
varying agendas, and hence it was unclear with whom the government could negotiate, and what the demands of the
protesters were. The confusion and indecision among the protesters was also mirrored by confusion and indecision
within the government. The official media mirrored this indecision as headlines in the People's Daily alternated
between sympathy with the demonstrators and denouncing them.

Among the top leadership, General Secretary Zhao Ziyang was strongly in favour of a soft approach to the
demonstrations while Li Peng was seen to argue in favour of a crackdown. Ultimately, the decision to crack down on
the demonstrations was made by a group of Party elders who saw abandonment of single-party rule as a return of the
chaos of the Cultural Revolution. Although most of these people had no official position, they were able to control
the military. Deng Xiaoping was chairman of the Central Military Commission and was able to declare martial law;
Yang Shangkun was President of the People's Republic of China, which, although a symbolic position under the 1982
Constitution, was legally the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The Party elders believed that lengthy
demonstrations were a threat to the stability of the country. The demonstrators were seen as tools of advocates of
"bourgeois liberalism" who were pulling the strings behind the scenes, as well as tools of elements within the party
who wished to further their personal ambitions.

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Nationwide protests

At the beginning of the movement, the Chinese news media had a rare opportunity to broadcast the news freely. At
that time, most of the news media were free to write and report however they wanted to. The news were spread
quickly across the land. Students and many workers from many other major cities also organized and started to
protest in over 400 cities even including cities in inner mogolia. People also travelled to the capital to join the protest.

Shanghai

Shanghai's "World Economy newspaper" held a meeting on April 19th to discuss about Hu YaoBang's death, and
decided to publish a special section about him. April 20th, Shanghai's city government heard about the news. They
immediatly reported to Jiang Zeming. He forced the editor to cut parts of the content in the special section. Then he
found out that the newspaper was already printed and being distributed. April 26th, the "People's Daily" published its
editorial about anti the student protest. Jiang zeming immediatly called on another meeting. And then he decided to
suspend the job of the editor of "World Economy newspaper." Many people say what he did in shanghai was the
reason why he got promoted to Beijing afterwards.

worldwide protests

From Hongkong, taiwan, and many other places where Chinese live, they gathered around and protested. On May of
27th of 1989, about 300,000 people gathered in the HongKong's victoria park for a candlelight protest event. Many
famous Hongkong and taiwan singers attended.

In Taiwan, the government passed a law in which any Chinese who give up their original PRC passport, will be able

 
to get the ROC passport, and the government will also give them money to study and living. Around the same time,
many Taiwan pop singers gathered to sing a special song called "The wound of the history"
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJz6dPEZOxQ) .

Media coverage

At first, even foreign news media were allowed to station at the square, and use satellites to send back the video
coverage data. Reporters from all over the world gathered there, such as abc's Peter gennings, cbs' Dan rather, etc.
The chinese news media also had a rare chance to report for first time truly and freely due to lack of control of the
Chinese government. Some of the workers from those Chinese news media even went to the streets, and protested
with the students.

The crackdown
Although the government declared martial law on May 20, the military's entry into Beijing was blocked by throngs of
protesters, and the army was eventually ordered to withdraw. Meanwhile, the demonstrations continued. The hunger
strike was approaching the end of the third week, and the government resolved to end the matter before deaths
occurred. After deliberation among Communist party leaders, the use of military force to resolve the crisis was
ordered, and Zhao Ziyang was ousted from political leadership as a result of his support for the student
demonstrators. The Communist Party then decided to stop the situation before it escalated further.

Soldiers and tanks from the 27th and 28th

Armies of the People's Liberation Army
were sent to take control of the city. The
27th Army was led by a commander related
to Yang Shangkun. In a press conference,
President Bush announced sanctions on
Communist China (following calls to action
from members of congress such as US
Senator Jesse Helms). The President
Tiananmen Square as seen from the Tian'an gate in 2004.
suggested that intelligence he had received
indicated some disunity in China's military
ranks, and even the possibility of clashes within the military during those days. Intelligence reports also indicated that
27th and 28th units were brought in from outside provinces because the local PLA were considered to be sympathetic

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to the protest and the people of the city. Reporters described elements of the 27th as having been most responsible for
civilian deaths. After the attack on the square, the 27th reportedly established defensive positions in Beijing - not of
the sort designed to counter a civilian uprising, but as if to defend against attacks by other military units. The
locally-stationed 38th Army, on the other hand, was reportedly sympathetic to the uprising. They were supplied no
ammunition, and were said to be torching their own vehicles as they abandoned them to join the protests.

Entry of the troops into the city was actively opposed by many citizens of Beijing. Protesters burned public buses and
used them as roadblocks to stop the military's progress. The battle continued on the streets surrounding the Square,
with protesters repeatedly advancing toward the People's Liberation Army (PLA) and constructing barricades with
vehicles, while the PLA attempted to clear the streets using tear gas. Many injured citizens were saved by rickshaw
drivers who ventured into the no-man's-land between the soldiers and crowds and carried the wounded off to
hospitals. After the attack on the square, live television coverage showed many people wearing black armbands in
protest of the government's action, crowding various boulevards or congregating by burnt out and smoking barricades.
Meanwhile, the PLA systematically established checkpoints around the city, chasing after protesters and blocking off
the university district.

Within the Square itself, there was apparently a debate between those who wished to withdraw peacefully (including
Han Dongfang), and those who wished to stand within the square (such as Chai Ling). The assault on the square
began at 5:40AM on June 4, as armored personnel carriers (APCs) and armed troops with fixed bayonets approached
from various positions. These APCs rolled on up the roads, firing ahead and off to the sides, perhaps killing or
wounding their own soldiers in the process. An unnamed BBC reporter spoke of "indiscriminate fire" within the
square. Students who sought refuge in buses were pulled out by groups of soldiers and beaten with heavy sticks. Even
students attempting to leave the square were beset by soldiers and beaten. Leaders of the protest inside the square,
where some had attempted to erect flimsy barricades ahead of the APCs, were said to have "implored" the students
not to use weapons (such as Molotov cocktails) against the oncoming soldiers. Meanwhile, many students apparently
were shouting, "Why are you killing us?"

The suppression of the protest was immortalized in Western media by the famous video footage and photographs of a
lone man in a white shirt standing in front of a column of tanks which were attempting to drive out of Tiananmen
Square. Taken on June 5 as the column approached an intersection on the Avenue of Eternal Peace, the footage
depicted the unarmed man standing in the center of the street, halting the tanks' progress. He reportedly said, "Why
are you here? You have caused nothing but misery." As the tank driver attempted to go around him, the "tank man"
moved into the tank's path. He continued to stand defiantly in front of the tanks for some time, then climbed up onto
the turret of the lead tank to speak to the soldiers inside. After returning to his position blocking the tanks, the man
was pulled aside by onlookers who perhaps feared he would be shot or run over. Time Magazine dubbed him The
Unknown Rebel and later named him one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. British tabloid the
Sunday Express reported that the man was 19-year-old student Wang Weilin, however the veracity of this claim is
dubious. What happened to the 'tank man' following the demonstration is not known. In a speech to the President's
Club in 1999, Bruce Herschensohn — former deputy special assistant to President Richard Nixon — reported that he
was executed 14 days later. In Red China Blues: My Long March from Mao to Now, Jan Wong writes that the man is
still alive and hiding in mainland China. In Forbidden City, Canadian children's author William Bell, claims the man
was named Wang Ai-min and was killed on June 9 after being taken into custody. The last official statement from the
PRC government about tank man came from Jiang Ziamin in an interview with Barbara Walters, when asked about
the where abouts of tank man Ziamin responded that he "wasn't executed".

After the crackdown in Beijing on June 4, protests continued in much of mainland China for several days. There were
large protests in Hong Kong, where people again wore black in protest. There were protests in Guangzhou, and
large-scale protests in Shanghai with a general strike. There were also protests in other countries, many adopting the
use of black arm bands as well. However, the government soon regained control. Although no large-scale loss of life
was reported in ending the protests in other cities, a political purge followed in which officials responsible for
organising or condoning the protests were removed, and protest leaders jailed.

Number of deaths
The number of dead and wounded remains unclear because the Chinese government never released its data. An
unnamed Chinese Red Cross official at the time reported that 2,600 people were killed and 30,000 were injured. Two
days later, Yuan Mu, the speaker of the State Council, estimated that 300 soldiers and citizens died, 5,000 soldiers
and 2,000 citizens injured, 400 soldiers lost contact, and that many of the soldiers were burned alive by the protesters.
Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and State Council later claimed that tens of PLA soldiers died

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and more were injured. The Preparatory Committee of Autonomous Associations of Tsinghua University claimed that
4,000 died and 30,000 were injured. Chen Xitong, Beijing mayor, reported after the event that 36 students and tens of
soldiers died, amounting to a total of 200 dead, with 3,000 civilians and 6,000 soldiers injured.[8] Foreign reporters
that witnessed the incident have claimed that at least 3,000 people died. Some lists of casualties were created from
underground sources with numbers as high as 5,000.[9] In contrast, before the government in Beijing had completely
re-established control over the news media in China, a monitored English language broadcast from Beijing stated that
at least 3,000 students died in the massacre. At the same time, the Chinese Red Cross reported that they had counted
2,600 people dead - and they still were counting. As both sources are impossible to verify given that access to
objective information was impossible under martial law, the discrepancy between the numbers of individuals killed is
unresolved. Despite the discrepancy, observers outside China (as well as some inside China) generally agree that at
least 400 and perhaps over 1,000 were killed, as quoted by western media such as Los Angeles Times - but cannot
agree on the number of people who were injured.

The Chinese government has maintained that there were no death within the square itself. However, from videos that
were recorded, people can see tanks and hear gunshots. Professor Ding ZiLin (   ) whose son was shot dead on
the night of June 3rd, 1989 started to collect the names of those who were killed during that time, so far, there are 188
confirmed death which can be found on here in Chinese (http://www.89-64.org/html/victims155.htm) .

Aftermath
Arrests and purges

During and after the demonstration, authorities attempted to arrest and prosecute the student leaders of the Chinese
democracy movement, notably Wang Dan, Chai Ling, Zhao Changqing and Wuer Kaixi. Wang Dan was arrested,
convicted, and sent to prison, then allowed to emigrate to the United States on the grounds of medical parole. As a
lesser figure in the demonstrations, Zhao was released after six months in prison. However, he was once again
incarcerated for continuing to petition for political reform in China. Wuer Kaixi escaped to the R.O.C. in Taiwan. He
is now married and he holds a job as a political commentator on national Taiwan television . Chai Ling escaped to
France, and then to the United States.

Chinese authorities summarily tried and executed many of the workers they arrested in Beijing. In contrast, the
students - many of whom came from relatively affluent backgrounds and were well-connected - received much lighter
sentences. Even Wang Dan, the student leader who topped the most wanted list, spent only seven years in prison.

The Party leadership expelled Zhao Ziyang from the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China
and the Communist Party of China, because he opposed martial law, and Zhao remained under house arrest until his
death. Hu Qili, the other member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China who
opposed the martial law but chose not to vote instead of vetoing was also removed from the Politburo Standing
Committee of the Communist Party of China, but he was able to retain his party membership, and after "Changing his
opinion", he was reassigned as vice-minister of Machine-Building and Electronics Industry. The other member who
opposed the martial law by not voting instead vetoing it like Zhao Ziyang did was Qiao Shi, who was saved by his
distant biological relationships with Chiang Kai-shek and Chiang Ching-kuo because the need for Taiwan issue:
although Qiao Shi was also removed from the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China, he
was transferred to a different job with equal rank, though the post was mostly ceremonial. Other reform minded
Chinese leaders such as Wan Li was also put under house arrest immediately after he stepped out of the airplane at
Beijing Capital International Airport upon returning from his shortened trip abroad, with the official excuse of "health
reasons". When Wan Li was released from his house arrest after he finally "changed his opinion" he, like Qiao Shi,
was transferred to a different position with equal rank but mostly ceremonial role.

The event elevated Jiang Zemin - then Mayor of Shanghai who was not involved in this event - to become PRC's
President. Members of the government prepared a white paper explaining the government's viewpoint on the protests.
An anonymous source within the PRC government smuggled the document out of China, and Public Affairs
published it in January 2001 as the Tiananmen Papers. The papers include a quote by Communist Party elder Wang
Zhen which alludes to the government's response to the demonstrations.

Two CCTV presenters who reported the events of June 4 in the "News Network" program were fired soon after the
event. Wu Xiaoyong, the son of a Communist Party of China Central Committee member, and former PRC foreign
minister and vice premier Wu Xueqian were removed from the English Program Department of Chinese Radio
International. Qian Liren, director of the People's Daily (the newspaper of the Communist Party of China), was also

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removed from his post because of reports in the paper which were sympathetic towards the students.

Media coverage

The Tiananmen Square protests damaged the reputation of the PRC in the West. Western media had been invited to
cover the visit of Mikhail Gorbachev in May, and were thus in an excellent position to cover some of the government
crackdown live through networks such as the BBC and CNN. Protestors seized this opportunity, creating signs and
banners designed for international television audiences. Coverage was further facilitated by the sharp conflicts within
the Chinese government about how to handle the protests. Thus broadcasting was not immediately stopped.

CNN was eventually ordered to terminate broadcasts from the city during the crackdown, and although the networks
attempted to defy these orders and were able to cover the protests via telephone, the government was able to shut
down the satellite links. Nonetheless, the image of "the unknown rebel", in particular, was quickly broadcast on
international news programs.

Images of the protests - along with the collapse of Communism that was occurring at the same time in the Soviet
Union and Eastern Europe - would strongly shape Western views and policy toward the PRC throughout the 1990s
and into the 21st century. There was considerable sympathy for the student protests among Chinese students in the
West. Almost immediately, both the United States and the European Union announced an arms embargo, and China's
image as reforming country and valuable ally against the Soviet Union was replaced by that of a repressive
authoritarian regime. The Tiananmen protests were frequently invoked to argue against trade liberalization with
mainland China and by the United States' Blue Team as evidence that the PRC government was an aggressive threat
to world peace and US interests.

Among overseas Chinese students, the Tiananmen Square protests triggered the formation of Internet news services
such as the China News Digest and the NGO China Support Network. In the aftermath of Tiananmen, organizations
such as the China Alliance for Democracy and the Independent Federation of Chinese Students and Scholars were
formed, although these organizations would have limited political impact beyond the mid-1990s.

The incident also made its way into a number of pop songs. It was mentioned in Billy Joel's history-themed song "We
Didn't Start the Fire" ("China's under martial law"); it was also the subject of Joan Baez' 1989 song "China" and "The
Tiananmen Man" by Nevermore. The song "Watching TV" from Roger Waters' 1992 solo album Amused to Death
explores the influence of mass media on the protests. More recently, it was the subject of the 2005 song "Hypnotize"
by System of a Down. The Cure also performed a version of their own song "Faith" on the same day as the disaster,
dedicated to the people who died.

Impact on domestic political trends

The Tiananmen square protests dampened the growing concept of political liberalization that was popular in the late
1980s; as a result, many democratic reforms that were proposed during the 1980s were swept under the carpet.
Although there has been some increase in personal freedom since then, discussions on structural changes to the PRC
government and the role of the Communist Party of China remain largely taboo.

Despite early expectations in the West that PRC government would soon collapse and be replaced by the Chinese
democracy movement, by the early 21st century the Communist Party of China remained in firm control of the
People's Republic of China, and the student movement which started at Tiananmen was in complete disarray.

In Hong Kong, the Tiananmen square protests led to fears that the PRC would not honour its commitments under one
country, two systems in the impending handover in 1997. One consequence of this was that the new governor Chris
Patten attempted to expand the franchise for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong which led to friction with the
PRC. There have been large candlelight vigils attended by tens of thousands in Hong Kong every year since 1989 and
these vigils have continued following the transfer of power to the PRC in 1997.

The protests also marked a shift in the political conventions which governed politics in the People's Republic. Prior to
the protests, under the 1982 Constitution, the President was a largely symbolic role. By convention, power was
distributed between the positions of President, Premier, and General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, all
of whom were intended to be different people, in order to prevent the excesses of Mao-style dictatorship. However,
after Yang Shangkun used his reserve powers as head of state to mobilise the military, the Presidency again became a
position imbued with real power. Subsequently, the President became the same person as the General Secretary of the
CPC, and wielded paramount power.

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Economic impact

One reason for this was that the Tiananmen protests did not mark
the end of economic reform. Granted, in the immediate aftermath of
the protests, conservatives within the Communist Party attempted to
curtail some of the free market reforms that had been undertaken as
part of Chinese economic reform, and reinstitute administrative
controls over the economy. However, these efforts met with stiff
resistance from provincial governors and broke down completely in
the early 1990s as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union and A memorial depicting a destroyed bicycle and a
tank-track - symbol of the Tiananmen Square
Deng Xiaoping's trip to the south. The continuance of economic
protests - in the Polish city of Wrocław
reform led to economic growth in the 1990s, which allowed the
government to regain much of the support that it had lost in 1989. In
addition, none of the current PRC leadership played any active role in the decision to move against the demonstrators,
and one major leadership figure Premier Wen Jiabao was an aide to Zhao Ziyang and accompanied him to meet the
demonstrators. Today there are economic "sectors" in which business can thrive and this has improved the lives of
many Chinese and opened up economic freedom and access to goods.

The students leaders at Tiananmen were unable to produce a coherent movement or ideology that would last past the
mid-1990s. Many of the student leaders came from relatively well off sectors of society and were seen as out of touch
with common people. A number of them were socialists and wanted to revert China back to the socialist road. Many
of the organizations which were started in the aftermath of Tiananmen soon fell apart due to personal infighting.
Several overseas democracy activists were supportive of limiting trade with mainland China which significantly
decreased their popularity both within China and among the overseas Chinese community. A number of NGOs based
in the U.S., which aim to bring democratic reform to China and relentlessly protest human rights violations that occur
in China, remain. One of the oldest and most prominent of them, the China Support Network (CSN), was founded in
1989 by a group of concerned Americans and Chinese activists in response to Tiananmen Square.

A generation gap

Growing up with little memory of Tiananmen and no memory of the Cultural Revolution, but with a full appreciation
of the rising prosperity and international influence of the PRC as well as the difficulties that Russia has had since the
end of the Cold War, many Chinese no longer consider immediate political liberalization to be wise, preferring to see
slow stepwise democratization instead. Many young Chinese, in view of PRC's rise, are now more concerned with
economic development, nationalism, the restoration of China's prestige in international affairs, and perceived
governmental weakness on issues like the political status of Taiwan or the Diaoyu Islands dispute with Japan.

Among intellectuals in mainland China, the impact of the Tiananmen protests appears to have created something of a
generation gap. Intellectuals who were in their 20s at the time of the protests tend to be far less supportive of the PRC
government than younger students who were born after the start of the Deng Xiaoping reforms.

Among urban industrial workers, the continuation of market reforms in the 1990s brought with it higher standards of
living as well as increased economic uncertainty. Protests by urban industrial workers over issues such as unpaid
wages and local corruption remain frequent with estimates of several thousand of these protests occurring each year.
The Communist Party of China appears unwilling to suffer the negative attention of suppressing these protests
provided that protests remain directed at a local issue and do not call for deeper reform and do not involve
coordination with other workers. In a reversal of the situation in 1989, the centre of discontent in mainland China
appears to be in rural areas, which have seen incomes stagnate in the 1990s and have not been involved in much of
the economic boom of that decade. However, just as the lack of organization and the distribution of peasants
prevented them from becoming mobilized in support of the government in 1989, these factors also inhibit
mobilization against the government in the early-21st century.

The present
Events after 1989

In mainland China, it is impossible to set up web sites about this event. And it is also impossible to study and collect
information about it. Many of the student leaders who participated in it have left China. There are still yearly events
being held by Chinese across the world.

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Since 1989, HongKong continues to have yearly candle light meetings on June 4th. In 2003, about 50,000 people
attended the 14th anniversary. In 2004, about 80,000 attended. over hundreds mainland Chinese attended this event. It
received about four thousands of RMB donation from those mainland Chinese. In 2005, all the people sat on four
soccer fields. During the event, a short film was played, silence for one minute. It was raining that day, many people
used the umbrella and lighted the candle. In 2006, about 44,000 attended. According the University of HongKong,
over 53% people still thought that what the students did was right. Over 56% students thought that the BeiJing
government should apologize.

Taboo in China

The topic is still a political taboo in mainland China, where any public discussion of it is regarded as inappropriate.
The only media coverage takes the Communist Party of China's view: that it was a necessary action to ensure
stability. It is common for Chinese, especially younger Chinese who live far from Beijing, to be entirely unaware of
the Tiananmen protests.[10] Every year there is a large rally in Hong Kong, where people remember the victims and
demand that the CPC's official view be changed.

However, petition letters over the incident have emerged from time to time, notably from Dr. Jiang Yanyong and
Tiananmen Mothers, an organization founded by a mother of one of the victims killed in 1989. Tiananmen Square is
tightly patrolled on the anniversary of June 4 to prevent any commemoration.

After the PRC Central Government reshuffle in 2004, several cabinet members mentioned Tiananmen. In October
2004, during President Hu Jintao's visit to France, he reiterated that "the government took determined action to calm
the political storm of 1989, and enabled China to enjoy a stable development". He insisted that the government's view
on the incident would not change.

In March 2004, Premier Wen Jiabao said in a press conference that during the 1990s there was a severe political
storm in the PRC, amid the breakdown of the Soviet Union and radical changes in Eastern Europe. He stated that the
Communist Central Committee successfully stabilized the open-door policy and protected the "Career of Socialism
with Chinese Characteristics".

In 2005, Li Ao, a Taiwanese political activist and TV celebrity, gave a guest lecture at Peking University. He hinted
at the 1989 protests by referring to the Bonus March Incident[11] in the United States nearly 50 years earlier. In the
speech, he asserted that any national government in the world would resort to using military force when their rule is
threatened.

In January 2006, Google agreed to censor their mainland China site, Google.cn, to remove information about the 1989
Tiananmen Square massacre [1] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4645596.stm) , as well as other topics such as
Tibetan independence, the banned spiritual movement Falun Gong and the political status of Taiwan as well as many
other sensitive words and people's names, confirming that Tiananmen is still an issue the government wants to avoid.
Whoever tries to search for those words and names on google.cn will get a notice at the bottom of the searching
page :"According to local laws and policies, part of the searching results were not displayed."

The uncensored Wikipedia articles on the 1989 protests, both in English and Chinese, have been attributed as a cause
of the blocking of Wikipedia by the government in mainland China. On November 16, 2006 the Chinese government
restored Wikipedia after blocking it for over a year.[2]
(http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/internet/11/16/china.internet.reut/index.html) However, subsequent reports
suggested that both the Chinese and English versions had been re-blocked as of 17 November [12].

US-EU arms embargo

The United States and European Union embargo on weapons sales to the PRC, put in place as a result of the violent
suppression of the Tiananmen Square pro-democracy protests still remains in place 17 years later. The PRC has been
calling for a lifting of the ban for many years and has had a varying amount of support from members of the Council
of the European Union. In early 2004, France spearheaded the movement within the EU to lift the ban. Former
German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder publicly added his voice to that of French President Jacques Chirac to have the
embargo lifted.

The arms embargo was discussed at a PRC-EU summit in the Netherlands on December 7-9, 2004. In the runup to the
summit, the PRC had attempted to increase pressure on the EU Council to lift the ban by warning that the ban could

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hurt PRC-EU relations. PRC Vice Foreign Minister Zhang Yesui called the ban "outdated", and he told reporters, "If
the ban is maintained, bilateral relations will definitely be affected." In the end, the EU Council did not lift the ban.
EU spokeswoman Françoise le Bail said there were still concerns about the PRC's commitment to human rights. But
at the time, the EU did state its commitment to work towards lifting the ban. Bernard Bot, Foreign Minister of the
Netherlands, which held the EU's rotating presidency at that time, said, "We are working assiduously but...the time is
not right to lift the embargo." Following the summit, the EU Council confirmed that it had the political will to
continue to work towards lifting the embargo. PRC Premier Wen Jiabao said after the meeting that the embargo did
not reflect the partnership between the PRC and the EU.

The PRC continued to press for the embargo to be lifted, and some member states began to drop their opposition.
Jacques Chirac pledged to have the ban lifted by mid-2005. However, the Anti-Secession Law of the People's
Republic of China passed in March 2005 increased cross-strait tensions, damaging attempts to lift the ban, and
several EU Council members changed their minds. Members of the U.S. Congress had also proposed restrictions on
the transfer of military technology to the EU if they lifted the ban. Thus the EU Council failed to reach a consensus
and although France and Germany pushed to have the embargo lifted, no decision was agreed upon in subsequent
meetings.

Britain took charge of the EU Presidency in the summer of 2005, making the lifting of the embargo all but impossible
for the duration of the term. Britain had always had some reservations on lifting the ban and wished to put it to the
side, rather than sour EU-US relations further. Perhaps more importantly, the failure of the European Constitution and
the ensuing disagreement over the European Budget and Common Agricultural Policy has superseded the matter of
the embargo in importance. Britain wanted to use its presidency to push for wholesale reform of the EU, so the lifting
of the ban will become even more unlikely. The election of a new European Commission President José Manuel
Durão Barroso, has also made a lifting of the ban more difficult. At a meeting with Chinese leaders in mid-July 2005,
he said that China's poor record on human rights would slow any changes to the EU's ban on arms sales to China.[13]

Political will may be changing in countries that are more in favor of lifting the embargo. Schröder lost the 2005
German federal election to Angela Merkel, who became chancellor on November 22, 2005, and is strongly against
lifting the ban. Other opposition leaders are against lifting the ban. Jacques Chirac will find it difficult to remain
president in 2007—he may not even be a successful candidate, due to losing the French vote over the European
Constitution. Nicolas Sarkozy is a strong contender for the French presidency and is not as much in favor of lifting
the ban as Chirac is.

In addition, the European Parliament has consistently opposed the lifting of the arms embargo to the PRC. Though its
agreement is not necessary for lifting the ban, many argue it reflects the will of the European people better as it is the
only directly elected European body—the EU Council is appointed by member states. The European Parliament has
repeatedly opposed any lifting of the arms embargo on the PRC:

The resolution of April 28, 2005, on the Annual Report on Human Rights in the World 2004 and the EU's
policy on the matter,
The resolution of October 23, 2003, on the annual report from the Council to the European Parliament on the
main aspects and basic choices of CFSP, it insisted on a peaceful resolution of the Taiwan issue through
dialogue across the Taiwan Straits and called on China to withdraw missiles in the coastal provinces adjacent
to the Taiwan Straits and
The resolution on relations between the EU, China, and Taiwan and security in the Far East of July 7, 2005.
The EP has noted several times that the current human rights situation in China, with regards to fundamental
civil, cultural and political freedoms does not meet even the international standards recognized by China.

This arms embargo has limited China's options from where it may seek military hardware. Among the sources that
were sought included the former Soviet bloc that it had a strained relationship with as a result of the Sino-Soviet split.
Other willing suppliers have been Israel and South Africa.

Compensation

Although the Chinese government never acknowledged wrongdoing when it came to the incident, in April 2006 a
payment was made to the family of one of the victims, the first publicized case of the government offering redress to

a Tiananmen-related victim's family. The payment was termed a "hardship assistance", given to Tang Deying ( 
) whose son, Zhou Guocong (Simplified Chinese:  ; Traditional Chinese:  "!$#died at the age of 15
while in police custody in Chengdu on June 6, 1989, two days after the Chinese Army dispersed the Tiananmen
protestors. The woman was reportedly paid 70,000 yuan (approximately $8,700 USD). This has been welcomed by

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various Chinese activists, but was regarded by some as a measure to maintain social stability and not believed to
herald a changing of the Party's official position.[14]

The Future
Chinese people all over the world as well as others continue to held yearly gatherings to remember what happened on
that day, especially people of HongKong. Many people continue to hope that one day the government will apologize
for what happened during that summer of 1989. In 2005, the current Kuomintang party president Ma Ying-jeou stated
that there will be no discussion of unification if the chinese communist government refuse to apologize.

See also
Tiananmen Square
History of the People's Republic of China
May Fourth Movement
April Fifth Movement
The Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China
Pillar of Shame
Executive Order 12711

Footnotes
1. ^ The Myth of Tiananmen And the Price of a Passive Press, by Jay Mathews, Columbia Journalism Review
(http://www.cjr.org/archives.asp?url=/98/5/tiananmen.asp)
2. ^ Escape from China, by Zhang Boli, Simon & Schuster Trade (http://www.simonsays.com)
3. ^ Andrew J. Nathan, The Tiananmen Papers
(http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010101faessay4257-p0/andrew-j-nathan/the-tiananmen-papers.html) , Foreign Affairs,
January/February, 2001
4. ^ Amnesty International, 30 August 1989. Preliminary Findings on Killings of Unarmed Civilians, Arbitrary Arrests and
Summary Executions Since 3 June 1989, p.19
5. ^ The Gate of Heavenly Peace (http://tsquare.tv/film/transcript.html) , movie script, 1995
6. ^ Tiananmen activist 'mentally ill' (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4742478.stm) , BBC News, February 23,
2006
7. ^ Mao Portrait Protester Freed, Travels to Canada (http://www.rfa.org/english/news/2006/04/11/china_release/) . Radio Free
Asia (2006-04-11).
8. ^ %'&)(+* (June4th 1989 Archive) (http://www.sokamonline.com/indexPage/64-Kill.cfm) (Chinese).
9. ^ CSN warns Americans about the AP's "climb down" on Tiananmen numbers (http://www.chinasupport.net/news142.htm) ,
CSN, May 18, 2004
10. ^ The Tank Man (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tankman/view/) , Part 6:The Struggle to Control Information,
Frontline, April 11, 2006
11. ^ Jordy, Daniel (2000-05-21). Bonus March Episode (http://wappingersschools.org/JohnJayHS/students/ap/ap33/) .
12. ^ The Nanny changes her mind: Wikipedia blocked again
(http://www.danwei.org/internet/the_nanny_changes_her_mind_wik.php)
13. ^ Daniel Griffiths, EC leader urges China to reform (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4686299.stm) , BBC
News, July 15, 2005
14. ^ China makes 1989 Tiananmen payout (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4960762.stm) . BBC News
(2006-04-30).

References
The New Emperors: China in the Era of Mao and Deng, Harrison E. Salisbury, New York, 1992, Avon Books,
ISBN 0-380-72025-6.
The Tiananmen Papers, The Chinese Leadership's Decision to Use Force Against their Own People—In their
Own Words, Compiled by Zhang Liang, Edited by Andrew J. Nathan and Perry Link, with an afterword by
Orville Schell, PublicAffairs, New York, 2001, hardback, 514 pages, ISBN 1-58648-012-X An extensive
review and synopis of The Tiananmen papers in the journal Foreign Affairs may be found at Review and
synopsis in the journal Foreign Affairs
(http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010101faessay4257-p0/andrew-j-nathan/the-tiananmen-papers.html) .
June Fourth: The True Story, Tian'anmen Papers/Zhongguo Liusi Zhenxiang Volumes 1–2 (Chinese edition),
Zhang Liang, ISBN 962-8744-36-4

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Red China Blues: My Long March from Mao to Now, Jan Wong, Doubleday, 1997, trade paperback, 416
pages, ISBN 0-385-48232-9 (Contains, besides extensive autobiographical material, an eyewitness account of
the Tiananmen crackdown and the basis for an estimate of the number of casualties.)
Spence, Jonathan D. The Search for Modern China. New York: Norton, 1999.
Craig C. Calhoun. "Science, Democracy, and the Politics of Identity." In Popular Protest and Political Culture
in Modern China. Edited by Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom and Elizabeth J. Perry, 140-7. Boulder, Col.: Westview
Press, 1994.
Liu Xiaobo. "That Holy Word, "Revolution." In Popular Protest and Political Culture in Modern China. Edited
by Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom and Elizabeth J. Perry, 140-7. Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1994.
Spence, Jonathan D. "Testing the Limits." In "The Search for Modern China". 701. New York, NY: W.W.
Norton & Company, 1999

External links
"The Tank Man" Wikimedia Commons has media
(http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tankman/) , 2006 related to:
PBS documentary Tiananmen Square protests of
Youtube news reports and songs 1989
(http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B)
in Chinese
other youtube news reports and songs
(http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6)
in Chinese
"Gate of Heavenly Peace" (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7ou2-Kv4UA) , documentary film in original
Chinese dialog
Human Rights in China's Section on 1989 Democracy movement
(http://www.hrichina.org/public/contents/article?revision%5fid=1942&item%5fid=1941)
BBC Creative archive footage Clip 1 (http://www.bbc.co.uk/calc/news/aip.shtml?id=00000201) , Clip 2
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/calc/news/aip.shtml?id=00000200) (accessible from the UK only)
BBC's "On This Day" report about Tiananmen Protests
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/4/newsid_2496000/2496277.stm)
BBC's "Witnessing Tiananmen: Clearing the square" with eyewitness accounts of Tiananmen
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3775907.stm)
The U.S. "Tiananmen Papers" - US Perceptions of the crisis
(http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB47/)
Graham Earnshaw's eye witness account of events on the night of June 4
(http://www.earnshaw.com/memoirs/content.cfm?ID=16)
Eyewitness account of the massacre from a Marxist's Perspective
(http://www.socialistalternative.org/literature/china/ch1.html)
The Myth of Tiananmen And the Price of a Passive Press, by Jay Mathews, Columbia Journalism Review
(http://www.cjr.org/archives.asp?url=/98/5/tiananmen.asp)
The Tiananmen Square Confrontation, Alternative Insight
(http://www.alternativeinsight.com/Tiananmen.html)
The Virtual Museum of China '89 (http://museums.cnd.org/China89)
Eyeballing Tiananmen Square Massacre - Photo Gallery (http://cryptome.cn/tk/tiananmen-kill.htm)
Tienanmen Square, 1989 The Declassified History
(http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB16/documents/index.html)
The US Tiananmen Papers (http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB47/)
Victims of June 4th Massacre (http://cnd.org/HYPLAN/yawei/june4th/index.html)
The Gate of Heavenly Peace - Feature-length Documentary (http://www.tsquare.tv)
Tiananmen Square Massacre Music Video (http://jeremyemberling.com/2006/05/12/tiananmen-square/)
June 4, 2006 China Arrests on Tiananmen Square Anniversary
(http://www.gopvideo.com/2006june/china_tiananmen_square_june_4_2006.html)
Tiananmen massacre memorial museum (http://www.89-64.org/) in Chinese

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Categories: Articles with unsourced statements | 1989 | Mainland China | History of Beijing | History of the People's
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