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1. Shape/Geometry: This is arrived at based on Mechanical Strength Considerations. Mixing Considerations. Provision for Housing Internals and Externals.
Cylindrical geometry is the most preferred one for making process vessels. 2. Size: To find the size of a cylinder, we need to estimate three linear dimensions. Diameter (based on hydrodynamic considerations). Length (based on rate considerations). Shell wall thickness (as per codes and standards).
3. Operating Conditions: like Pressure, Temperature, Concentration, Flow rate, etc. These are arrived at based on thermodynamic and rate considerations. 4. Mode of Operation: Batch Operation. Continuous Operation. Semi batch Operation.
This is dictated by scales of production, flexibility to make multiple products based on market demand and economics. 5. A complete design of a process vessel involves two parts: Process Design. Mechanical Design.
In most of the cases, these two steps are interrelated and cannot be done independently. 6. Energy and Environmental Related Issues. 7. Safety Related Issues. 8. Economics.
This is required to arrive at the maximum possible extent of conversion for a given reaction based on equilibrium/thermodynamic considerations. 2. Mode of Operation: This is to be arrived at from two different perspectives. a) From the economic perspective: Batch Operation. Continuous Operation. Semi batch Operation.
So, as a result the actual mode of operation can be a combination of these two. For example: isothermal batch operation. 3. Heat Transfer Considerations: a) Mode of heat transfer: Whether by Conduction, Convection, radiation, or a combination.
b) Nature of heat transfer arrangement: Whether to provide a jacket or cooling coil. Whether to construct the vessel like a double pipe heat exchanger or a shell and tube heat exchanger. Should the reactor be housed in a furnace.
c) Heat transfer medium to be chosen. Whether to use cooling water, chilled brine, hot water, hot oil, saturated steam, hot gases/flames, electrical heating, etc.
This choice depends on the heat transfer rate/flux needed to perform a given duty. 4. Thermal Stability/Runaway. 5. Safety and Economics.
This brings or enables us to define the two ideals of Perfect Mixed Flow and Ideal Plug Flow. These ideals form the basis for developing the subject of Non Ideal Flow Behaviour in Real Vessels.