Transmission Line Theory

Lecture 02

Transmission lines

Electrical Model of Transmission Line Phase Velocity Impedance Characteristic Impedance Reflection Coefficient Sinusoidal Waves Standing waves Voltage Standing wave ratio (VWSR)

Lumped-Element Circuit Model for

Transmission Line

The key difference between circuit theory and transmission line theory is the ELECTRICAL size.
Transmission lines are DISTRIBUTED-PARAMETER NETWORK where voltages and currents vary in magnitude and phase over the length. Transmission line is often schematically represented by TWO-WIRE line because for the propagation of TEM (Transverse Electromagnetic) waves always have at least two conductors.

Cont

The piece of line with length z can be modeled as lumped-element circuit.

R = Series resistance/unit length for both conductors L = Series Inductance/unit length for both conductors G = Shunt conductance/unit length C = Shunt capacitance/unit length

Cont

Series Inductance represents the total self-inductance of two conductors Shunt Capacitance is due to the closeness of the two conductors Series resistance represents finite conductivity of the conductors Shunt conductance represents dielectric loss in the material used between conductors

Resistance and Conductance represents LOSSES

NOTE: A finite length transmission line can be viewed as CASECADE of sections of the forms shown in previous slide

Mathematical Formulation

Applying Kirchhofs voltage law to the section of TLS V (z, t) - R zi (z, t) - L z i (z, t) / t v (z + z, t ) = 0 Applying Kirchhofs Current law to TLS i (z, t) Gz v (z + z, t) Cz v (z + z, t )/ t I (z + z, t ) = 0

Dividing both equations by z and takes limits will leads to the following differential equations v (z , t )/ z = -R i (z, t) L i (z, t) / t Time-domain equations i (z , t )/ z = -G v (z, t) - C v (z , t )/ t for Transmission Line
With cosine-based phasors the above equations are given as dV(z)/dt = -(R + jL) I(z) Transmission line OR dI(z)/dt = -(G + jC)V(z) Telegrapher Equations

Phase velocity and Characteristic Impedance

The velocity at which a fixed phase point on wave travels. For TEM waves Phase velocity is just a property of material the wave travel through

1 vel L l Cl

lossless TL Vp

1 1 L l Cl

Characteristic Impedance:

Ll Zo Cl