PSAS Lab Manual

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Department of Electrical Engineering Power System Analysis and Simulation SUB CODE: 150902
PRACTICAL NO. 1 Aim: Introduction to FEMM
1. Introduction Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM) is a finite element package for solving 2D planar and axisymmetric problems in low frequency magnetics and electrostatics. The program runs under runs under Windows 95, 98, ME, NT, 2000 and XP. The program can be obtained via the FEMM home page at http://femm.foster-miller.com. The package is composed of an interactive shell encompassing graphical pre-and postprocessing; a mesh generator; and various solvers. A powerful scripting language, Lua 4.0, is integrated with the program. Lua allows users to create batch runs, describe geometries parametrically, perform optimizations, etc. Lua is also integrated into every edit box in the program so that formulas can be entered in lieu of numerical values, if desired. (Detailed information on Lua is available from http://www.lua.org.) There is no hard limit on problem sizemaximum problem size is limited by the amount of available memory. Users commonly perform simulations with as many as a million elements. The purpose of this document is to present a step-by-step tutorial to help new users get "up and running" with FEMM. In this document, the solution for the field of an air-cored coil is considered. 2. Model Construction and Analysis This will take you through a step-by-step process to analyze the magnetic field of an aircored solenoid sitting in open space. The coil to be analyzed is pictured in Figure 1. The coil has an inner diameter of 1 inch; an outer diameter of 3 inches; and an axial length of 2 inches. The coil is built out of 1000 turns of 18 AWG copper wire. For the purposes of this example, we will consider the case in which a steady current of 1 Amp is flowing through the wire.

In FEMM, one models a slice of the axisymmetric tric problem. By convention, the r = 0 axis is understood to run vertically, and the problem domain is restricted to the region where r 0. In this convention, positive-valued currents flow in the into-the-page direction.
Figure 1: Air-cored coil to be analyzed in first example. 2.1 Create a New Model Run the FEMM application by selecting femm 4.0 from the femm 4.0 section of the Start Menu. The default preferences will bring up a blank window with a minimal menu bar. Select New from the main menu. A dialog will pop up with a drop list allowing you to select the type of new document to be created. Select the Magnetics Problem entry and hit the OK button. A new blank magnetics problem will be created, and a number of new toolbar buttons will appear. 2.2 Set Problem Definition The first task is to tell the program what sort of problem is to be solved. To do this, select Problem from the main menu. The Problem Definition dialog will appear. Set Problem Type to Axisymmetric. Make sure that Length Units is set to Inches and that the Frequency is set to 0. When the proper values have been entered, hit the OK button.
2

2.3 Draw Boundaries The first task is to draw boundaries for the solution region. Fundamentally, finite element solvers mesh and find a solution over a finite region of space that contains the objects of interest. In this case, we will choose our solution region to be a sphere with a radius of 4 inches. First, we can adjust the view so that it will contain the entire solution region. Select View|Keyboard off of the main menu to bring up a dialog that allows you to specify the extents of the visible screen. In this dialog, specify Bottom to be -4, Left to be 0, Right to be 4, and Top to be 4 and hit the OK button. The screen will then be rescaled to the smallest rectangle that contains the specified region. Next, node points need to be defined that bound the sphere. To draw these node points, select the Operate on nodes button from the from the tool bar (this is the farthest button on the left with a small black box :). Place nodes at the top and bottom of the sphere, at (0, 4) and (0-4), and at the origin (0,0). One can place nodes either by moving the mouse pointer to the desired location and pressing the left mouse button, or by pressing the <TAB> key and manually entering the point coordinates via a popup dialog. Select the Operate on segments toolbar button (second button from the left with a blue line: ). To select a node to be the endpoint of a line, click near the desired endpoint with the left mouse button. Draw a line down the axis of symmetry by selecting the point at (0,-4) and then the point at (0, 4). A line will appear linking the nodes as soon as the second point is selected. Select the Operate on arc segments toolbar button (third button from the left with a blue arc :). Draw an arc down the axis of symmetry by selecting the point at (0,-4) and then the point at (0, 4). A dialog will appear asking you for some attributes of the arc. In FEMM, arc are approximated by a series of small, straight lines. The Max. Segment specifies the coarseness with which the arc is divided into sections. Enter 2.5 into this edit box to get a fairly fine representation of the arc. Put 180 in the Arc Angle edit box to denote that a half circle is being drawn.

2.4 Draw Coil Now, the coil itself can be drawn. Switch back to Nodes mode by pressing the Operate on nodes toolbar button. Place nodes at (0.5,-1), (1.5,-1), (1.5,1) and (0.5,1) defining the extents of the coil. Select the Operate on segments toolbar button so that lines can be drawn connecting the points. By selecting the nodes defining the coil in sequence, one obtains lines between each of the nodes and result in a large connected box. 2.5 Place Block Labels Now click on the Operate on Block Labels toolbar button denoted by concentric green circles . Place a block label in the coil region, and place one in the air outside the coil region. Like node points, block labels can be placed either by a click on the left mouse button, or via the <TAB> dialog. The program uses block labels to associate materials and other properties with various regions in the problem geometry. Next, we will defined some material properties, and then we will go back and associate them with particular block labels. NOTE: If snap-to-grid is enabled then it may be sometimes be difficult to place the block label in the empty space. If this is the case, disable snap-to-grid by de-selecting the tool bar button with the point and arrow. 2.6 Add materials to the model Select Properties|Materials Library off of the main menu. The drag-and-drop Air from Library Materials to Model Materials to add it to the current model. Go into the Copper AWG Sizes folder and drag 18 AWG into Model Materials. Click on OK. 2.7 Add a "Circuit Property" for the coil Select Properties|Circuits off of the main menu. On the dialog that appears, push the Add Property button to create a new circuit property. Name circuit by replacing the new circuit name with Coil. Specify that the circuit property is to be applied to a wound region by selecting the Series radio button. Enter 1 as the Circuit Current. The j edit box denotes the imaginary
4

component of the current, which is used in time harmonic problems to denote the phase of the current. In this case, the problem is magnetostatic, so the imaginary component is ignoredjust put zero in the j edit box. Click on OK for both the Circuit Property and Property Definition dialogs. 2.8 Associate properties with block labels. Right click on the block label node in the air region outside the coil. The block label will turn red, denoting that it is selected. Press space to open the selected block label (Instead of pressing the space bar, one can use the Open up Properties Dialog toolbar button). A dialog will pop up containing the properties assigned to the selected label. Set the Block type to Air. Uncheck the Let Triangle choose Mesh Size checkbox and enter 0.1 for the Mesh size. The mesh size parameter defines a constraint on the largest possible elements size allowed in the associated section. The mesher attempts to fill the region with nearly equilateral triangles in which the sides are approximately the same length as the specified Mesh size parameter. When the Let Triangle choose Mesh Size box is checked, the mesher is free to pick its own element size, usually resulting in a somewhatcoarse mesh. Click on OK. The block label will then be labeled as Air, and a circle will appear about the block label indicating the approximate mesh size in the associated region. Repeat the same for the block label node inside the coil region, changing the mesh size to 0.1. However, set this Block type to Copper. We want to assign currents to flow in this region, so select the Coil circuit from the In Circuit drop list. The Number of turns edit box will become activated if a series-type circuit is selected for the region (e.g. the Coil property that was previously defined). Enter 1000 as the number of turns for this region, denoting that the region if filled with 1000 turns wrapped in a counter-clockwise direction (i.e. positive turns in the righthand-screw rule sense). Click on OK. NOTE: If we wanted to denote that the turns are wrapped in a counter-clockwise direction instead, we could have specified the number of turns to be 1000.

2.9 Create Boundary Conditions Select Properties|Boundary from the menu bar, then click on the Add Property button. Replace the name New Boundary with ABC and change the BC Type to Mixed. The ABC name is meant to denote that we are creating an "asymptotic boundary condition" that approximates the impedance of an unbounded, open space. In this way, we can model the field produced by the coil in an unbounded space while still only modeling a finite region of that space. When the Mixed boundary condition type is selected the c0 coefficient and c1 coefficient boxes will become enabled. These entries are meant to represent coefficients in a boundary condition of the form:
where A is magnetic vector potential, r is the relative magnetic permeability of the region adjacent to the boundary, o is the permeability of free space, and n represents the direction normal to the boundary. For our asymptotic boundary condition, we need to specify:
where R is the outer radius of a spherical problem domain. To enter these values into the dialog box, enter 0 as the c1 coefficient and 1/(uo*4*inch) as the c0 coefficient. The Lua scripting language processes the contents of each edit box automatically when the dialog is closed, substituting the numerical value of the permeability of free space for uo and 0.0254 for inch and evaluating the result.

To assign this boundary condition, switch to operate on arc segments mode. Select the arc defining the outer boundary by clicking on the arc with the left mouse button and push the space bar to open the arc's properties for editing. Select ABC from the Boundary cond. drop list and click on OK. You have now defined enough boundary conditions to solve the problem, since a zero potential is automatically applied along the r = 0 line for axisymmetric problems. You have now completed modeling the coil. The finished pre-processor geometry should look as pictured in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Completed coil model, ready to be analyzed.

2.10 Generate Mesh and Run FEA Now save the file and click on the toolbar button with yellow mesh. This action generates a triangular mesh for your problem. If the mesh spacing seems to fine or too coarse you can select block labels or line segments and adjust the mesh size defined in the properties of each object. Once the mesh has been generated, click on the turn the crank button to analyze your model. Processing status information will be displayed. If the progress bars do not seem to be moving then you should probably cancel the calculation. This can occur if insufficient boundary conditions have been specified. For this particular problem, the calculations should be completed within a second. There is no confirmation for when the calculations are complete, the status window just disappears when the processing is finished.
3. Analysis Results Click on the glasses icon to view the analysis results. A post-processor window will appear. The post-processor window will allow you to extract many different sorts of information from the solution. 3.1 Point values Just like the pre-processor, the post-processor window has a set of different editing modes: Point, Contour, and Area. The choice of mode is specified by the mode toolbar buttons, i.e. where the first button corresponds to Point mode, the second to Contour mode, and the third to Area mode. By default, when the program is first installed, the post-processor starts out in Point mode. By clicking on any point with the left mouse button, the various field properties associated with that point are displayed in the floating FEMM Output window. Similar to drawing points in the preprocessor, the location of a point can be precisely specified by pressing the <TAB> button and entering the coordinates of the desired point in the dialog that pops up. For example, if the point (0, 0) is specified in the pop-up dialog, the resulting properties displayed in the output window are as pictured in Figure 3.
8

Figure 3: Display of field values at the point (0,0). 3.2 Coil terminal properties With FEMM, it is straightforward to determine the inductance and resistance of the coil as seen from the coil's terminals. Press the button to display the resulting attributes of each Circuit Property that has been defined. For the Coil property defined in this example, the resulting dialog is pictured in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Circuit Property results dialog.

9

Since the problem is linear and there is only one current, the Flux/Current result can be unambiguously interpreted as the coil's inductance (i.e. 22.9 mH). The resistance of the coil is the Voltage/Current result (i.e. 3.34 ). 3.3 Plotting field values along a contour FEMM can also plot values of the field along a user-defined contour. Here, we will plot the flux density along the centerline of the coil. Switch to Contour mode by pressing the Contour Mode toolbar button. You can now define a contour along which flux will be plotted. There are three ways to add points to a contour: 1. Left Mouse Button Click adds the nearest input node to the contour; 2. Right Mouse Button Click adds the current mouse pointer position to the contour; 3. <TAB> Key displays a point entry dialog that allows you to enter in the coordinates of a point to be added to the contour. Here, method 1 can be used. Click near the node points at (0, 4), (0, 0), and (0,-4) with the left mouse button, adding the points in the above order. Then, press the Plot toolbar button . Hit OK in the X-Y Plot of Field Values pop-up dialogthe default selection is magnitude of flux density. If desired, different types of plot can be selected from the drop list on this dialog. NOTE: It is often the case in the solution to magnetic problems that the field values are discontinuous across a boundary. In this case, FEMM determines which side of the boundary will be plotted based on the order in which points are added. For example, if points are added around a closed contour in a counterclockwise order, the plotted points will lie just to the inside of the contour. If the points are added in a clockwise order, the plotted points will lie just to the outside of the contour. The implication to our example problem is that the contour along the r=0 should be defined in order of decreasing z (i.e. counterclockwise so that the plotted points will lie inside the solution domain instead of outside it, where the field values are not defined).
10

3.4 Plotting Flux Density By default, when the program is first installed, only a black-and-white graph of flux lines is displayed. Flux density can be plotted as a color density plot, if you so desire. To make a color density plot of flux, click on the purple shaded toolbar button to generate a color flux density plot. When the dialog box comes up, select the Flux density plot radio button and accept the other default values. Click on OK. The resulting solution view will look similar to that pictured in Figure 5.
Figure 5: Color flux density plot of solution.
11

Figure 6: Flux density (Tesla) versus length (Inches)
4. Conclusions You have now completed your first model of a magnetic problem with FEMM. From this basic introduction, you have been exposed to the following concepts: How to draw a model using nodes, segments, arc, and block labels; How to add material to your model and how to assign them to regions; How to specify the finite element mesh size; How to define boundary for your model; How to define and apply boundary conditions; How to analyze a problem; How to inspect local field values; How to plot field values along a line;
12

How to compute inductance and resistance; How to display color flux density plots. Hopefully, this tutorial has presented you with enough of the basics of FEMM so that you can explore more complicated problems without getting sidetracked by the mechanics of how a problem is drawn and analyzed.
13

PRACTICAL NO. 2
Aim: Calculation of Leakage reactance of transformer winding. Problem Statement: 31.5 MVA, 132 KV/33KV, Y/, Transformer, Ampere-turns: 137780, the dimensions of the transformer are given in Figure 1.
All dimensions are in mm. Figure 1: Transformer dimensions Dimensions: Core Diameter Core-LV gap LV radial depth : 560 mm : 23 mm : 70 mm
14

LV-HV gap HV radial depth r of core = 3000 N1 turns =1000 N2 turns =433
: 50 mm : 100 mm
Calculate % reactance of transformer using FEM software (attach flux plot) and comment on result. Also reduce HV winding height by 2% at one end and do the same. Simulation:
Calculation: Current density = mmf/area A/mm2 Find on LV as well as HV side. Here we have taken Short circuit on HV side.
15

Using FEM plot, Magnetic field energy W=..Joules Find current I=AT/(N) Ampere-turn/turns on both side of transformer. W=(1/2) LI2 From above equation find L and on both side. XL=2fL Zb =V2/MVA % Leakage Reactance %X = XL/ Zb * 100 % Do same calculation for reduce HV height.
CONCLUSION:
16

PRACTICAL NO.- 3 Aim: Find the Force on Plunger of an actuator. Problem Statement: Obtain the magnetic flux density plot in a solenoid and force applied to the plunger for d= 0.02. Find the force on the plunger for various values of d and plot same.
All dimensions are in meter. Figure 1: Problem sketch Relative Permeability of air and coil Current Density in coil 1 1e6 Amp/m2
17

The B-H curve for the core and plunger H (A/m) B(T) 460 0.8 640 0.95 720 1 890 1.10 1280 1.25 1900 1.40 3400 1.55 6000 1.65
SIMULATION:
Figure: Axysymmetric simulation of Plunger of an actuator
18

Figure: B-H curve of core and plunger Find force on plunger using FEMM. Plot the graph for force on the plunger V/S gap length d
CONCLUSION:
19

PRACTICAL NO.- 4 Aim: Simulation on Basic Electrical Engineering Application. Problem Statement: (1) Construct a simulink model in order to obtain Sine, Square and Sawtooth waves. (2) Construct a simulink model for average and RMS values (3) Construct a simulink model for (i) CCCS (ii) CCVS (iii) VCCS (iv) VCVS (4) Construct a simulink model for (i) Series Resonance (ii) Parallel Resonance
Simulation and Result: (1) Construct a simulink model in order to obtain Sine, Square and Sawtooth waves.
Figure 4.1 Model for Sine, Square and Sawtooth waves
20

Figure 4.2 Plot for sine, square and sawtooth waves (2) Construct a simulink model for average and RMS values
Figure 4.3 Circuit model for average and RMS values
21

Figure 4.4 Plot showing the peak values of the current and voltage (3) Construct a simulink model for (i) CCCS (ii) CCVS (iii) VCCS (iv) VCVS
(i)
CCCS (Current Controlled current source)
Figure 4.5 Model of current controlled current source
22

Figure 4.6 Input and Output currents of CCCS
(ii)
CCVS (Current Controlled voltage source)
Figure 4.7 Model of current controlled voltage source

23

Figure 4.8 Input voltage and Output current of CCVS (iii) VCCS (Voltage Controlled Current source)
Figure 4.9 Model for voltage controlled current source
24

Figure 4.10 Input voltage and output current of VCCS (iv) VCVS (Voltage controlled voltage source)
Figure 4.11 Model of voltage controlled voltage source

25

Figure 4.12 Input and Output voltages of VCVS (4) Construct a simulink model for (i) Series Resonance (ii) Parallel Resonance
(i)
Series Resonance
Figure 4.13 Series Resonance Circuit

26

Figure 4.14 Supply voltage and current waveforms for series resonance (ii) Parallel Resonance
Figure 4.15 Parallel Resonance
27

Figure 4.16 Supply voltage and current for parallel resonance
CONCLUSION:
28

PRACTICAL NO.- 5 Aim: Simulation on (I) Measurement of Apparent, Active and Reactive Powers (II) Three Phase source and load simulation. Problem Statement: Construct Matlab Simulink Model for Measurement of Apparent, Active and Reactive Powers: An AC voltage source of 500 V, 50 Hz in series with a resistance of 10 and an inductance of 10mH in one branch. This branch is in series with two parallel branches; one branch with a resistance of 35 an capacitance of 40 F, and another having a resistance of 20 and an inductance of 10 mH and a load resistance of 35 . Three Phase source and load simulation: The peak voltage amplitude of each phase is 315 V and frequency 50 Hz. The resistance and inductance of the transmission lines are assumed to be zero. All the three voltage sources are star connected, i.e., line currents and phase currents are equal. The phase voltages of this three-phase voltage source are shown in figure. The transmission line feeds a three-phase star connected balanced load resistance 50 and inductance 40 mH.
29

SIMULATION AND RESULT: (I) Measurement of Apparent, Active and Reactive Powers
Figure 5.1 Measurement of active and reactive powers
Figure 5.2 Waveforms of active and reactive powers
30

(II) Three Phase source and load simulation.
Figure 5.3 Star Connected three phase source
Figure 5.4 Three phase active and reactive powers
31

Figure 5.5 Three phase symmetrical supply CONCLUSION:
32

PRACTICAL NO.- 6 Aim: Simulation of Transformers- (I) Single Phase (II) Three Phase. Problem Statement: Construct Matlab Simulink Model for Single phase transformer: The primary winding parameters of the transformer are V1(rms) =110 KV, R1(pu) = 0.02 , and L1(pu) =0.08 H and secondary winding parameters are V2(rms) = 220 KV, R2(pu) = 0.02 , and L2(pu) =0.08 H. The primary winding is supplied with a voltage source of 200 V, 50 Hz. A resistance of 10 is connected in series with primary winding ad of 120 in series with the secondary winding.
Three Phase transformer: A circuit containing a three phase transformer having two star connected winding is shown in figure. The primary winding is fed by a three phase supply of 300 V, 50 Hz. The primary winding parameters are V1(rms) =300 V, R1(pu) = 0.002 , and L1(pu) =0.08 H and secondary winding parameters are V2(rms) = 600 KV, R2(pu) = 0.02 , and L2(pu) =0.08 H. The nominal power and frequency of transformer are 250 KW, 50 Hz. The resistances connected to the primary windings are of 5 each and connected to the secondary windings are of 10 each.
33

SIMULATION AND RESULT: Simulation of Single phase transformer:
Figure 6.1 Single phase transformer
Figure 6.2 Primary (V1) and Secondary (V2) winding voltages
34

Figure 6.3 Primary (I1) and Secondary (I2) winding currents Simulation of Three phase transformer
Figure 6.4 Three Phase Transformer
35

Figure 6.5 Three phase primary and secondary winding voltages
Figure 6.6 Three phase primary and secondary winding currents CONCLUSION:
36

PRACTICAL NO.- 7 Aim: Simulation of Transmission line model. Problem Statement: Medium Transmission Line: A 345 KV, three phase transmission line is 130 km long. The resistance per phase is 0.036 per km and the inductance per phase is 0.8 mH per km. The shunt capacitance is 0.0112 F per km. The receiving end load is 270 MVA with 0.8 power factor lagging at 325 kV. Use the medium transmission line model to find the voltage and power at the sending end and the voltage regulation. Medium Transmission Line: A 345 KV, three phase transmission line is 130 km long. The series impedance is z = 0.036 + j0.3 per phase per km, and the shunt admittance is y = j4.22*10e-6 siemens per phase per km. The sending end voltage is 345 kV, and the sending end current is 400 A at 0.95 power factor lagging. Use the medium line model to find the voltage, current and power at the receiving end and the voltage regulation. Long Transmission Line: A 500 kV, three phase transmission line is 250 km long. The series impedance is z = 0.045 + j0.4 per phase per km and the shunt admittance is y = j4*10e -6 siemens per phase per km. Evaluate the equivalent model and the transmission matrix. SIMULATION AND RESULT: Medium transmission line: m-file: r = .036; g = 0; f = 60; L = 0.8; C = 0.0112; % milli-Henry % micro-Farad
Length = 130; VR3ph = 325;
37

VR = VR3ph/sqrt(3) + j*0; % kV (receiving end phase voltage) [Z, Y, ABCD] = rlc2abcd(r, L, C, g, f, Length); AR = acos (0.8); SR = 270*(cos (AR) + j*sin (AR)); IR = conj (SR)/ (3*conj (VR)); VsIs = ABCD* [VR; IR]; Vs = VsIs (1); Vs3ph = sqrt (3)*abs (Vs); Is = VsIs (2); Ism = 1000*abs (Is); pfs= cos (angle (Vs) - angle (Is)); Ss = 3*Vs*conj (Is); % % kV (sending end L-L voltage) % A (sending end current) % MVA (receiving end power) % kA (receiving end current) % column vector [Vs; Is]
% (sending end power factor) MVA (sending end power)
REG = (Vs3ph/abs (ABCD (1, 1)) - VR3ph)/VR3ph *100; fprintf (' Is = %g A', Ism), fprintf(' pf = %g\n', pfs) fprintf(' Vs = %g L-L kV\n', Vs3ph) fprintf(' Ps = %g MW', real(Ss)), fprintf(' Qs = %g Mvar\n', imag(Ss)) fprintf(' Percent voltage Reg. = %g\n', REG)
38

Result: Enter 1 for Medium line or 2 for long line --> 1 Nominal pi model ---------------Z = 4.68 + j 39.2071 ohms Y = 0 + j 0.000548899 Siemens
0.98924
+ j 0.0012844
4.68 0.98924
+ j 39.207 + j 0.0012844
ABCD =
-3.5251e-007 + j 0.00054595
Is = 421.132 A pf = 0.869657 Vs = 345.002 L-L kV Ps = 218.851 MW Qs = 124.23 Mvar Percent voltage Reg. = 7.30913 Medium transmission line: m-file: z = .036 + j* 0.3; y = j*4.22/1000000; Length = 130; Vs3ph = 345; Ism = 0.4; %KA; As = -acos (0.95); Vs = Vs3ph/sqrt (3) + j*0; % kV (sending end phase voltage)
39

Is = Ism*(cos (As) + j*sin (As)); [Z,Y, ABCD] = zy2abcd (z, y, Length); VrIr = inv (ABCD)* [Vs; Is]; Vr = VrIr (1); Vr3ph = sqrt (3)*abs (Vr); % kV (receiving end L-L voltage) A (receiving end current) % column vector [Vr; Ir]
Ir = VrIr (2); Irm = 1000*abs (Ir); %
pfr= cos (angle (Vr) - angle (Ir)); % (receiving end power factor) Sr = 3*Vr*conj (Ir); % MVA (receiving end power)
REG = (Vs3ph/abs (ABCD (1, 1)) - Vr3ph)/Vr3ph *100; fprintf(' Ir = %g A', Irm), fprintf(' pf = %g\n', pfr) fprintf(' Vr = %g L-L kV\n', Vr3ph) fprintf(' Pr = %g MW', real (Sr)) fprintf(' Qr = %g Mvar\n', imag(Sr)) fprintf(' Percent voltage Reg. = %g\n', REG)
40

Result: Enter 1 for Medium line or 2 for long line --> 1 Nominal pi model ---------------Z = 4.68 + j 39 ohms Y = 0 + j 0.0005486 Siemens
0.9893
+ j 0.0012837 + j 0.00054567
4.68 0.9893
+ j 39 + j 0.0012837
ABCD =
-3.5213e-007
Ir = 441.832 A pf = 0.887501 Vr = 330.68 L-L kV Pr = 224.592 MW Qr = 116.612 Mvar Percent voltage Reg. = 5.45863
41

Long transmission line: m-file: z = 0.045 + j*.4; y = j*4.0/1000000; Length = 250;
gamma = sqrt (z*y); Zc = sqrt (z/y); A = cosh (gamma*Length); B = Zc*sinh (gamma*Length); C = 1/Zc * sinh (gamma*Length); D = A; ABCD = [A B; C D] Z = Zc * sinh (gamma*Length) Y = 2/Zc * tanh (gamma*Length/2) Result: ABCD =
0.9504 + 0.0055i -0.0000 + 0.0010i 10.8778 +98.3624i 0.9504 + 0.0055i
Z= 10.8778 +98.3624i Y= 0.0000 + 0.0010i
CONCLUSION:
42

PRACTICAL NO.- 8 Aim: Simulation of power system for different fault condition. Problem Statement: Construct a simulink model of power system for different fault condition. SIMULATION AND RESULT:
Figure 8.1 Power system model for different fault conditions Following program is used to set the values of various parameters of the power system model. % This program sets the parameters for three phase power system model under different fault % conditions.
43

clear all; clc; % Three phase power system parameters f= 50; % frequency of the power system in Hz T =1/f; % Time period in seconds R1 = 1; % Resistance of the transmission line in ohms L1 = 10e-6; % Inductance of the transmission line in H R2 =50; % Load resistance in ohms Ton = 0.02; % On time of the power supply in seconds
% Three voltage source Pia = 0; % Phase angle of the voltage source Va in degrees Pib = 120; % Phase angle of the voltage source Vb in degrees Pic = 240; % Phase angle of the voltage source Vc in degrees V =230; % Peak voltage per phase
% Under voltage, continuous Reduction parameters k1 = 20.0; % Under voltage, continuous reduction of voltage in V1 = (k1/100) * V; % Voltage to be reduced Va = V V1; % Actual reduced peak voltage
44

% Voltage Unbalance Parameters UF = 0.5; % Voltage Unbalance factor Vneg = Va * UF; % Negative sequence voltage
% Voltage Sag/Swell parameters N = 3.0; % Duration of sag/swell for number of fundamental cycles T1 = 0.05; % Time in sec at which sag will be initiated k = 50; % Reduction in magnitude in % for + values sag % will be there & for ive values will be there Vu = Va * (k/100); % 50% reduction in phase voltage T3 = T * N; % end of sag after N cycles T = T1 + T3; % Parameters for Harmonics Distortion h5 = 0.05; % Harmonic Factor of 5th harmonic h7 = 0.03; % Harmonic Factor of 7th harmonic f5 = f * 5; % 5th harmonic frequency f7 = f * 7; % 7th harmonic frequency Vh5 = V * h5; % 5th harmonic, 5% of fundamental component Vh7 = V * h7; % 7th harmonic, 3% of fundamental component % End of the program
45

Figure 8.2 Source, Negative sequence and fifth harmonic voltage
Figure 8.3 The 7th harmonic, sag voltages, and line (Ra, La) current
46

Figure 8.4 Power line (Rb, Lb, Rc, Lc) currents, load voltage, and rectifier output voltage
CONCLUSION:
47

PRACTICAL NO.- 9 Aim: Simulation of Separately excited DC motor. Problem Statement: Construct a simulink model of Separately excited DC motor. SIMULATION AND RESULT: In case of separately excited DC motors, V = Ea + I*Ra. The speed of a DC motor can be given by = (V-I*Ra)/K, where K is the machine constant and is the flux per pole. So, the speed of the DC motor can be varied by varying the armature resistance (which varies Ia) or by varying the field resistance (which varies the flux per pole). The armature resistance control method consists of a variable resistance connected in series with the armature as shown in figure 9.1. The speed of the motor can be reduced to any desired value depending on the armature resistance. The field current remains unaffected as it is connected to a separately excited DC motor is shown in figure 9.2. As the circuit breakers connected in parallel are turned ON, the resistances connected in parallel to them gets short circuited. Initially, all the CBs are OFF and are turned ON one by one as can be seen from figure 9.2. The supply given to the armature of the DC motor is 180 V and to the field winding is100 V. The initial speed of the motor is taken as 1 rad/s and is fed back to the motor torque (input terminal TL) by multiplying it by a gain of 0.405. When the ideal switch is turned ON at 0.01 s, the 180 V DC supply gets connected with the armature of the motor through the series resistance. Initially, all the CBs are OFF so the voltage supplied to the armature is low (20 V) as can be seen in figure 9.3. After 6 s when all the CBs are turned ON, the voltage at the armature terminal become 180 V. The speed of the motor in rad/s, armature current in A and electromagnetic torque developed in N.m are shown in figure 9.4. The graphs of armature current (Ia) versus speed (), and speed () versus electromagnetic torque (Te) are shown in figure 9.5 and 9.6 respectively. If the mechanical torque input, i.e., TL, to the motor is negative it acts as a generator.
48

In the field control method of speed control, a variable resistance is connected in series with the field winding of the motor as shown in 9.7. As the field resistance increases, the field current decreases with a consequent reduction in flux which is inversely proportional to the motor speed. Thus, as the field resistance increases, the speed of the motor also increases. This method of speed control does not depend on the motor load and therefore permits the remote control of the motor speed. The different parameters of the model in figure 9.7 are same as that of figure 9.1, except that the series resistances are now connected in series with the field winding. Also the subsystem1 of this model is same as shown in figure 9.2, expect that all the CBs are initially ON and are turned OFF one by one. Thus, initially the field winding resistance is low and is increased in steps of 1 s. The voltage at the field winding terminal is shown in figure 9.8. The motor speed in rad/s, armature current in A, field current in A, and electromagnetic torque in N*m are shown in figure 9.9. The graphs of armature current (Ia) versus speed (), and speed () versus electromagnetic torque are shown in figure 9.10 and 9.11 respectively.
Figure 9.1 Separately excited DC motor armature control
49

Figure 9.2 Subsystem for varying the armature resistance
Figure 9.3 Armature Voltage
50

Figure 9.4 Motor Speed (rad/s), armature current (A) and electromagnetic torque (N m ) of the motor
Figure 9.5 Graph of armature current versus speed
51

Figure 9.6 Graph of speed versus electromagnetic torque
Figure 9.7 Field control of Separately excited DC motor
52

Figure 9.8 Field winding voltage
Figure 9.9 Speed (rad/s), armature current (A), field current (A), and electromagnetic torque (N m)
53

Figure 9.10 Armature current versus speed
Figure 9.11 Speed versus electromagnetic torque CONCLUSION
54

PRACTICAL NO.- 10 Aim: Simulation of transmission line for load compensation. Problem Statement: Simulation of transmission line for load compensation. A three phase, 60 Hz, 550 kV transmission line is 300 km long. The line parameters per phase per unit length are found to be
r = 0.016 /km
L = 0.97mH/km
C =0.0115 F/km
SIMULATION AND RESULT: (A) Determine the line performance when load at the receiving end is 800 MW, 0.8 power factor lagging at 500 KV. (Note: Use lineperf and run in command window) lineperf TRANSMISSION LINE MODEL Type of parameters for input Parameters per unit length r(ohms), g(siemens) L(mH) & C (micro F) Complex z and y per unit length r+j*x (ohms/length), g+j*b (siemens/length) Nominal pi or Eq. pi model A, B, C, D constants 2 3 4
55
Select

Conductor configuration and dimension To quit Select number of menu --> 1 Enter Line length = 300 Enter Frequency in Hz = 60
5 0
Enter line resistance/phase in ohms per unit length r = 0.016 Enter line inductance/phase in millihenry per unit length L = 0.97 Enter line capacitance/phase in micro F per unit length C = 0.0115 Enter line conductance/phase in siemens per unit length g = 0 Enter 1 for Medium line or 2 for long line --> 2
Equivalent pi model ------------------Z' = 4.57414 + j 107.119 ohms Y' = 6.9638e-007 + j 0.00131631 siemens Zc = 290.496 + j -6.35214 ohms alpha l = 0.00826172 neper 0.9295 ABCD = -1.3341e-006 + j 0.0012699 0.9295 + j 0.0030478
56
beta l = 0.377825 radian = 21.6478 4.5741 + j 107.12
+ j 0.0030478

Hit return to continue
ENTER
TRANSMISSION LINE PERFORMANCE ----------Analysis---------To calculate sending end quantities for specified receiving end MW, Mvar To calculate receiving end quantities for specified sending end MW, Mvar To calculate sending end quantities when load impedance is specified Open-end line & inductive compensation Short-circuited line Capacitive compensation Receiving end circle diagram Loadability curve and voltage profile To quit Select number of menu -->1 Enter receiving end line-line voltage kV = 500 Enter receiving end voltage phase angle (for Ref. enter 0 ) = 0 Enter receiving end 3-phase real power MW = 800
57
Select
3 4 5 6 7 8 0

Enter receiving end 3-phase reactive power(+ for lagging & - for leading power factor) Mvar = 600
Line performance for specified receiving end quantities ------------------------------------------------------Vr = 500 kV (L-L) at 0 Pr = 800 MW Qr = 600 Mvar Ir = 1154.7 A at -36.8699 PFr = 0.8 lagging Vs = 623.511 kV (L-L) at 15.5762 Is = 903.113 A at -17.6996 PFs = 0.836039 lagging Ps = 815.404 PL = 15.404 MW Qs = 535.129 MW QL = -64.871 Mvar Mvar
Percent Voltage Regulation = 34.1597 Transmission line efficiency = 98.1108 Hit return to continue ENTER
58

(b) Determine the receiving end quantities and the line performance when 600 MW and 400 Mvar are being transmitted at 525 KV from the sending end.
TRANSMISSION LINE PERFORMANCE ----------Analysis---------To calculate sending end quantities for specified receiving end MW, Mvar To calculate receiving end quantities for specified sending end MW, Mvar To calculate sending end quantities when load impedance is specified Open-end line & inductive compensation Short-circuited line Capacitive compensation Receiving end circle diagram Loadability curve and voltage profile To quit Select number of menu --> 2 Enter sending end line-line voltage kV = 525 Enter sending end voltage phase angle (for Ref. enter 0 ) = 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 2 1 Select
59

Enter sending end 3-phase real power MW = 600 Enter sending end 3-phase reactive power(+ for lagging & - for leading power factor) Mvar = 400
Line performance for specified sending end quantities ----------------------------------------------------Vs = 525 kV (L-L) at 0 Ps = 600 MW Qs = 400 Mvar Is = 793.016 A at -33.6901 PFs = 0.83205 lagging Vr = 417.954 kV (L-L) at -16.3044 Ir = 1002.6 A at -52.16 PFr = 0.810496 lagging Pr = 588.261 PL = 11.739 MW Qr = 425.136 MW QL = -25.136 Mvar Mvar
60

(C) Determine the sending end quantities and the line performance when the receiving end load impedance is 290 at 500 kV.
TRANSMISSION LINE PERFORMANCE ----------Analysis---------To calculate sending end quantities for specified receiving end MW, Mvar To calculate receiving end quantities for specified sending end MW, Mvar To calculate sending end quantities when load impedance is specified Open-end line & inductive compensation Short-circuited line Capacitive compensation Receiving end circle diagram Loadability curve and voltage profile To quit Select number of menu -->3 Enter receiving end line-line voltage kV = 500 Enter receiving end voltage phase angle (for Ref. enter 0 ) = 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 2 1 Select
61

Enter receiving end complex load impedance Rload + j*Xload in /phase Zload = 290 + j*0
Line performance for specified load impedance --------------------------------------------Vr = 500 kV (L-L) at 0 Ir = 995.431 A at 0 PFr = 1 Pr = 862.069 MW Qr = 0 Mvar Vs = 507.996 kV (L-L) at 21.5037 Is = 995.995 A at 21.7842 PFs = 0.999988 leading Ps = 876.341 PL = 14.272 MW Qs = -4.290 MW QL = -4.290 Mvar Mvar
62

(d) Find the receiving end voltage when the line is terminated in an open circuit and is energized with 500 kV at the sending end. Also, determine the reactance and the Mvar of a three-phase shunt reactor to be installed at the receiving end in order to limit the no-load receiving end voltage to 500 kV.
TRANSMISSION LINE PERFORMANCE ----------Analysis---------To calculate sending end quantities for specified receiving end MW, Mvar To calculate receiving end quantities for specified sending end MW, Mvar To calculate sending end quantities when load impedance is specified Open-end line & inductive compensation Short-circuited line Capacitive compensation Receiving end circle diagram Loadability curve and voltage profile To quit Select number of menu --> 4 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 2 1 Select
63

Enter sending end line-line voltage kV = 500 Enter receiving end voltage phase angle (for Ref. enter 0 ) = 0
Open line and shunt reactor compensation ---------------------------------------Vs = 500 kV (L-L) at 0 Vr = 537.92 kV (L-L) at -0.00327893 Is = 394.394 A at 89.8723 PFs = 0.0022284 leading
Desired no load receiving end voltage with shunt reactor compensation kV (L-L) =500
Desired no load receiving end voltage = 500 kV Shunt reactor reactance = 1519.4 ohm Shunt reactor rating = 164.538 Mvar
ENTER
The voltage profile for the uncompensated and the compensated line is also found as shown in figure 10.1.
64

Figure 10.1 Compensated and uncompensated voltage profile of open ended line. (e) Find the receiving end and the sending end currents when line is terminated in a short circuit.
TRANSMISSION LINE PERFORMANCE ----------Analysis---------To calculate sending end quantities for specified receiving end MW, Mvar To calculate receiving end quantities for specified sending end MW, Mvar To calculate sending end quantities when load impedance is specified 3 2 1 Select
65

Open-end line & inductive compensation Short-circuited line Capacitive compensation Receiving end circle diagram Loadability curve and voltage profile To quit Select number of menu --> 5 Enter sending end line-line voltage kV = 500
4 5 6 7 8 0
Enter sending end voltage phase angle (for Ref. enter 0 ) = 0
Line short-circuited at the receiving end ----------------------------------------Vs = 500 kV (L-L) at 0 Ir = 2692.45 A at -87.5549 Is = 2502.65 A at -87.367
ENTER
66

(f) The line loading in part (a) resulted in a voltage regulation of 34.16 percent, which is unacceptably high. To improve the line performance, the line is compensated with series and shunt capacitors. For the loading condition in (a): (1) Determine the Mvar and the capacitance of the shunt capacitors to be installed at the receiving end to keep the receiving end voltage at 500 kV when the line is energized with 500 kV at the sending end. TRANSMISSION LINE PERFORMANCE ----------Analysis---------To calculate sending end quantities for specified receiving end MW, Mvar To calculate receiving end quantities for specified sending end MW, Mvar To calculate sending end quantities when load impedance is specified Open-end line & inductive compensation Short-circuited line Capacitive compensation Receiving end circle diagram Loadability curve and voltage profile To quit Select number of menu --> 6 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 2 1 Select
67

CAPACITIVE COMPENSATION Analysis -------Shunt capacitive compensation Series capacitive compensation Series & Shunt capacitive compensation To quit Select -----1 2 3 0
Selectr number of menu--> 1 Enter sending end line-line voltage kV = 500 Enter desired receiving end line-line voltage kV = 500 Enter receiving end voltage phase angle (for Ref. enter 0 ) = 0 Enter receiving end 3-phase real power MW = 800 Enter receiving end 3-phase reactive power (+ for lagging & - for leading power factor) Mvar = 600
Shunt capacitive compensation ----------------------------Vs = 500 kV (L-L) at 20.2479
68

Vr = 500 kV (L-L) at 0 Pload = 800 MW Qload = 600 Mvar Load current = 1154.7 A at -36.8699 PFl = 0.8 lagging Required shunt capcitor: 407.267 ohm, 6.51314 micro F, 613.849 Mvar Shunt capacitor current = 708.811 A at 90 Pr = 800.000 MW Qr = -13.849 Mvar
Ir = 923.899 A at 0.991732 PFr = 0.99985 leading Is = 940.306 A at 24.121 PFs = 0.997716 leading Ps = 812.469 PL = 12.469 MW Qs = -55.006 MW QL = -41.158 Mvar Mvar
Percent Voltage Regulation = 7.58405 Transmission line efficiency = 98.4653
ENTER
69

(2) Determine the line performance when the line is compensated by series capacitors for 40 percent compensation with the load condition in (a) at 500 kV.
CAPACITIVE COMPENSATION Analysis -------Shunt capacitive compensation Series capacitive compensation Series & Shunt capacitive compensation To quit Select number of menu --> 2 Enter receiving end line-line voltage kV = 500 Enter receiving end voltage phase angle (for Ref. enter 0 ) = 0 Enter receiving end 3-phase real power MW = 800 Enter receiving end 3-phase reactive power(+ for lagging & - for leading power factor) Mvar = 600 Enter percent compensation for series capacitor(recommnded range 25 to 75% of the line reactance) = 40 Select -----1 2 3 0
70

Series capacitor compensation ----------------------------Vr = 500 kV (L-L) at 0 Pr = 800 MW Qr = 600 Mvar Required series capacitor: 42.8476 ohm, 61.9074 micro F, 47.4047 Mvar Subsynchronous resonant frequency = 37.9473 Hz Ir = 1154.7 A at -36.8699 PFr = 0.8 lagging Vs = 571.904 kV (L-L) at 9.95438 Is = 932.258 A at -18.044 PFs = 0.882961 lagging Ps = 815.383 PL = 15.383 MW Qs = 433.517 Mvar
MW QL = -166.483 Mvar
Percent Voltage Regulation = 19.4322 Transmission line efficiency = 98.1134
Hit return to continue (3)
ENTER
(3) The line has 40 percent series capacitor compensation and supplies the load in (a). Determine the Mvar and the capacitance of shunt capacitors to be installed at the receiving end to keep the receiving end voltage at 500 kV when line is energized with 500 kV at the sending end.
71

CAPACITIVE COMPENSATION Analysis -------Shunt capacitive compensation Series capacitive compensation Series & Shunt capacitive compensation To quit Select number of menu --> 3 Enter sending end line-line voltage kV = 500 Enter desired receiving end line-line voltage kV = 500 Enter receiving end voltage phase angle (for Ref. enter 0 ) = 0 Enter receiving end 3-phase real power MW = 800 Enter receiving end 3-phase reactive power(+ for lagging & - for leading power factor) Mvar = 600 Enter percent compensation for series capacitor(recommended range 25 to 75% of the line reactance) = 40 Series and shunt capacitor compensation --------------------------------------Vs = 500 kV (L-L) at 12.0224 Vr = 500 kV (L-L) at 0 Select -----1 2 3 0
72

Pload = 800 MW Qload = 600 Mvar Load current = 1154.7 A at -36.8699 PFl = 0.8 lagging Required shunt capcitor: 432.736 ohm, 6.1298 micro F, 577.72 Mvar Shunt capacitor current = 667.093 A at 90 Required series capacitor: 42.8476 ohm, 61.9074 micro F, 37.7274 Mvar Subsynchronous resonant frequency = 37.9473 Hz Pr = 800 MW Qr = 22.2804 Mvar Ir = 924.119 A at -1.5953 PFr = 0.999612 lagging Is = 951.165 A at 21.5977 PFs = 0.986068 leading Ps = 812.257 PL = 12.257 MW Qs = -137.023 Mvar MW QL = -159.304 Mvar
(g) Construct the receiving end circle diagram. CAPACITIVE COMPENSATION Analysis -------Shunt capacitive compensation Series capacitive compensation Select -----1 2
73

Series & Shunt capacitive compensation To quit Select number of menu --> 0 TRANSMISSION LINE PERFORMANCE ----------Analysis---------To calculate sending end quantities for specified receiving end MW, Mvar To calculate receiving end quantities for specified sending end MW, Mvar To calculate sending end quantities when load impedance is specified Open-end line & inductive compensation Short-circuited line Capacitive compensation Receiving end circle diagram Loadability curve and voltage profile To quit Select number of menu --> 7
3 0
Select
3 4 5 6 7 8 0
74

Receiving end power circle diagram ---------------------------------Enter receiving end line-line voltage kV = 500
Figure 10.2 Receiving End circle diagram A plot of the receiving end circle diagram is obtained as shown in figure 10.2.
75

(h) Determine the line voltage profile for the following cases: no-load, rated load, line terminated in the SLL, and short-circuited line.
TRANSMISSION LINE PERFORMANCE ----------Analysis---------To calculate sending end quantities for specified receiving end MW, Mvar To calculate receiving end quantities for specified sending end MW, Mvar To calculate sending end quantities when load impedance is specified Open-end line & inductive compensation Short-circuited line Capacitive compensation Receiving end circle diagram Loadability curve and voltage profile To quit Select number of menu --> 8 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 2 1 Select
76

Voltage profile and line loadability Analysis --------Voltage profile curves Line loadability curves To quit Select number of menu -->1 Voltage profile for line length up to 1/8 wavelength ---------------------------------------------------Enter sending end line-line voltage kV = 500 Enter rated sending end power, MVA = 1000 Enter power factor = 0.8 Select ---------1 2 0
77

A plot for the voltage profile is shown in figure 10.3.
Figure 10.3 Voltage profile for length up to 1/8 wavelength Obtain the line loadability curves. Voltage profile and line loadability Analysis --------Voltage profile curves Line loadability curves To quit Select number of menu --> 2 Select ---------1 2 0
78

Loadability curve of a lossless line (up to 1/4 wavelength ---------------------------------------------------------Enter sending end line-line voltage kV = 500 Enter receiving end line-line voltage kV = 500 Enter rated line-line voltage kV = 500 Enter line current-carrying capacity, Amp/phase = 3500 The line loadability curve is shown in figure 10.4.
Figure 10.4 Line loadability curve for length up to wavelength.
CONCLUSION:
79

PSAS Lab Manual

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

PSAS Lab Manual

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

PRACTICAL NO. 1 Aim: Introduction to FEMM

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Figure 2: Completed coil model, ready to be analyzed.

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Figure 4: Circuit Property results dialog.

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Figure 5: Color flux density plot of solution.

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Figure 6: Flux density (Tesla) versus length (Inches)

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Figure: Axysymmetric simulation of Plunger of an actuator

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Figure 4.1 Model for Sine, Square and Sawtooth waves

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Figure 4.3 Circuit model for average and RMS values

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

CCCS (Current Controlled current source)

Figure 4.5 Model of current controlled current source

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Figure 4.6 Input and Output currents of CCCS

CCVS (Current Controlled voltage source)

Figure 4.7 Model of current controlled voltage source

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Figure 4.9 Model for voltage controlled current source

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Figure 4.11 Model of voltage controlled voltage source

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Figure 4.13 Series Resonance Circuit

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Figure 4.15 Parallel Resonance

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Figure 4.16 Supply voltage and current for parallel resonance

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Figure 5.1 Measurement of active and reactive powers

Figure 5.2 Waveforms of active and reactive powers

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(II) Three Phase source and load simulation.

Figure 5.3 Star Connected three phase source

Figure 5.4 Three phase active and reactive powers

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Figure 5.5 Three phase symmetrical supply CONCLUSION:

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

SIMULATION AND RESULT: Simulation of Single phase transformer:

Figure 6.1 Single phase transformer

Figure 6.2 Primary (V1) and Secondary (V2) winding voltages

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Figure 6.4 Three Phase Transformer

Long transmission line: m-file: z = 0.045 + j.4; y = j4.0/1000000; Length = 250;