Engineering Mechanics (Statics)

10-1

Space Forces

TYPE I : EXAMPLES BASED ON COMPONENTS IN SPACE

Ex. 10.7 : A wire is connected by a bolt at A. If tension in wire is 3 kN, determine (a) Components of force acting at A Refer Fig. Ex. 10.7, (b) The angles x, y and z.

Fig. Ex. 10.7

Fig. Ex. 10.7(a)

Soln. : The tension in wire is 3 kN and direction for tension at A is from A to B. TAB = TAB eAB

[To find position vector r from A to B follow the path starting from A, ends at B by going along each axis. (Here A P O B)] eAB = 3 TAB = TAB 28 k 37.5 i + 75 j (28) + ( 37.5)
2 2

3 = 88.403 + (75)
2

[ 37.5 i + 75 j + 28 k]

TAB

= 1.272 i + 2.545 j + 0.95 k Ans. Ans. Ans. x = 115.087 Ans. Ans. Ans.

x component Fx = 1.272 kN y component Fy = 2.545 kN z component Fz = 0.95 kN The angles, Fx 1.272 cos x = F = 3 Fy 2.545 cos y = F = 3 Fz 0.95 cos z = F = 3

y = 31.97 z = 71. 54

Engineering Mechanics (Statics)

10-2

Space Forces

Ex. 10. 9 : The cord exerts a force of 30 N on the hook. If the length of cord is 8m find co-ordinates x and y of point B. The x-component of force is 25 N at A. Refer Fig. Ex. 10.9.

Fig. Ex. 10.9 Soln. : The position vector from A to B is, = 2 i 4k + y j + x i = (x 2) i + (y) j (4) (k) r
AB

(Follow the path A C D E B) to reach from A to B, A C = 2 i, C D = 4 k, D E = y j, E B = x i

Fig. Ex. 10.9(a) The magnitude of position vector represents length of cord r = (x 2) + (y) + (4) = 8
2 2 2

(1)

Engineering Mechanics (Statics)

10-3

Space Forces

(x 2)2 + (y)2 + 16 = (8)2 (x 2)2 = 48 y2 The force vector FAB (x 2) i + y ( j ) 4 (k) = FAB eAB = 30 2 2 2 (x 2) + (y) + (4) (2)

Here from Equation (1) denominator represents length. 30 FAB = 8 [(x 2) i + (y) j (4) k] 30 x component of force Fx = 8 (x 2) 30 25 = 8 (x 2) 200 30 = x 2 x = 8.67 m Substituting in Equation (1) [(8.67) 2]2 = 48 y2 y2 = 48 (6.67)2 y = 1.873 m Ans. Ans.

TYPE II : EXAMPLES BASED ON RESULTANT OF CONCURRENT AND PARALLEL FORCES IN SPACE

Ex. 10.11 : Determine the resultant of the two forces as shown in Fig. Ex. 10.11. Soln. : Force vectors : 1. Finding components of 250 N along co-ordinate axis. Resolving 250 N into two components along directions oa and y-axis using parallelogram OABC (Ref. Fig. 10.11(a)) Fa = 250 cos 60 = 125 N and Fy = 250 sin 60 = 216.51 N Now resolving Fa = 125 N into two directions along x and z axis using parallelogram ODCE (Ref. Fig. Ex. 10.11(b)). Fig. Ex. 10.11

Fx = 125 cos 25 = 113.29 N Fz = 125 sin 25 = 52.83 N Force vector F = Fx i + Fy j + Fz k Fig. Ex. 10.11(a) Fig. Ex. 10.11(b)

Engineering Mechanics (Statics) F 2.

10-4

Space Forces

= (113.29) i + (216.51) j + ( 52.83) k

Finding components of 300N force along co-ordinate axis. Resolving 300N into directions y and ob, using parallelogram OAFG (Ref. Fig. Ex. 10.11(c)) Fy = 300 cos 40 = 229.81 N Fb = 300 sin 40 = 192.84 N Resolving Fb into two components Fx and Fz using parallelogram OHIJ (Ref. Fig. Ex. 10.11(d)) Fz = 192.84 cos 20 = 181.21 N Fx = 192.84 sin 20 = 65.955 N

Fig. Ex. 10.11(c) Force vector of 300N force will be F = Fx i + Fy j + Fz k F = (65.955) i + (229.81) j + (181.21) k Resultant of two forces by adding , co-efficients of i, j and k Rx = (113.29 + 65.955) i = 179.245 i Ry = (216.51 + 229.81) j = 446.32 j Rz = ( 52.83 + 181.21) k = 128.38 k R = 179.245 i + 446.32 j + 128.39 k Rx + Ry + Rz y = cos
1 2 2 2

Fig. Ex. 10.11(d)

Magnitude R = Directions, x = cos

1

R = 497.81 N
1

Ans.

Rx R

Ry R

z = cos

Rz R

x = 68.89 Ans.

y = 26.29 Ans.

z = 75.05 Ans.

Engineering Mechanics (Statics)

10-5

Space Forces

Ex. 10.14 : Three parallel forces act on a circular plate. If FA = 200 N determine FB and FC so that resultant of three forces has a line of action along y-axis. Refer Fig. Ex. 10.14. Soln. : The force vectors FA = 200 j FB = FC = FB j (All forces are parallel to y-axis) FC j

Co-ordinates of points of application of forces. A ( r cos 45, 0, r sin 45) A ( 1.06, 0, 1.06) B (+ 1.5 cos 30, 0, 1.5 sin 30) B (+ 1.3, 0, 0.75) and C (0, 0, 1.5) Since, R is acting along y-axis, it is passing through point O. MO = 0 Fig. Ex. 10.14

Fig. Ex. 10.14(a) i 1.06 0 j k 0 1.06 + 200 0 MF

A

i + 1.3 0

j j k k i 0 0 0.75 1.5 + 0 =0 FB FC 0 0 M 0 M F F
B C

i ( 212) + k (+ 212) + i ( 0.75 FB) + k ( 1.3 FB) + i (1. 5 FC) + k (0) = 0 212 0.75 FB + 1.5 FC = 0 FB and FC and 212 1.3 FB = 0 Ans. FC = 222.87 N Ans. 212 = 1.3 = 163.07 N 212 + 0.75 (163.07) = 1.5

Engineering Mechanics (Statics)

10-6

Space Forces

TYPE III : EXAMPLES BASED ON EQUILIBRIUM OF CONCURRENT FORCES AND PARALLEL FORCES
Ex. 10.18 : Three cables are connected at point A. Find the value of force P = Pi for which tension in cable AD is 300N. Refer Fig. Ex. 10.18. Soln. : The concurrent forces acting at A are, P, TAB , TAC and TAD . Force vectors : 1. 2. P = Pi TAB = TAB eAB = TAB

240 j 950 i + 375 k ( 240) + ( 950) + (375)

2 2

Follow the path A E O B to reach from A to B A E = 240 j E O = 950 i O B = 375 k TAB = 3. TAB [ 0.905 i 0.229 j + 0.357 k ] Fig. Ex. 10.18 240 j 950 i 310 k ( 240) + ( 950) + ( 310)
2 2 2

eAC TAC = TAC = TAC

Follow the path A E O C to reach from A to C A E = 240 j, E O = 950 i. O C = 310 k

4.

TAC = TAC [ 0.924 i 0.233 j 0.302 k ] 240 j 950 i + 950 j 200 k eAD = 300 TAD = TAD 2 2 2 (710) + ( 950) + ( 200) 300 = 1202.75 [ 950 i + 710 j 200 k ] TAD = 236.96 i + 177.094 j 49.88 k Now apply conditions of equilibrium for concurrent forces, P 0.905 TAB 0.924 TAC 236.96 0.229 TAB 0.233 TAC + 177.094 0.357 TAB 0.302 TAC 49.88 = 0 = 0 = 0 (1) (2) (3)

Fx = 0 Fy = 0 Fz = 0

Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Solve above equations, We get , P = 937.91 N TAB = 427.36 N TAC = 340.03 N

10-7

Space Forces

Ans.

TYPE IV : EXAMPLES BASED ON EQUILIBRIUM OF PARALLEL FORCES IN SPACE

Ex. 10.23 : A homogeneous semi circular plate of weight 10 kN and radius 1m is supported in horizontal plane by three vertical wires as shown in Fig. Ex. 10.23. Determine the tensions in the wires.

Fig. Ex. 10.23 Soln. : Force vectors and co-ordinates of points of application.

Fig. Ex. 10.23(a) Now, Force vectors, TA = TA j TB = TB j TD = TD j W = 10 j

Fig. Ex. 10.23(b) Co-ordinates B (0, 0, 1) D (1 cos 30, 0, 1 sin 30) D (0.87, 0, 0.5) A (0, 0, + 1) 4r , 0, 0) G( 3 G (0.424 r, 0, 0) G (0.424, 0, 0) (r = 1m)

Now, apply conditions of equilibrium, TA + TB + TD 10 = 0 Fy = 0 TA + TB + TD = 10 M = 0 (Taking moment about origin) (1)

Engineering Mechanics (Statics)

10-8

Space Forces i 0.424 0 k j 0 0 =0 10 0 MW

i 0 0

j k 0 1 TB 0 M expanding,

TB

j k i + 0.87 0 0.5 0 TD 0 M

TD

i + 0 0

j k 0 1 + TA 0 MT
A

i (TB) + i (0.5TD) + k (0.87 TD) + i ( TA) + k ( 4.24) = 0 TB + 0.5 TD TA = 0 and We get, 0.87 TD 4.24 = 0 TA = 3.782 kN TB = 1.345 kN TD = 4.873 kN Solving above Equations (1), (2) and (3) Ans. Ans. Ans. (2) (3)

TYPE V : EXAMPLES BASED ON MOMENTS

Ex. 10.28 : A force of 500N passes through points whose position vectors are r 1 = 10 i 3j + 12 k and r 2 = 3 i 2j + 5 k What is the moment of this force about a line in x y plane, passing through the origin and inclined at 30 with x-axis ? Soln. : The magnitude of force F = 500 N unit vector in the direction of force e (3 10) + ( 2 + 3) + (5 12) 7 i + j 7k = = 0.703 i + 0.1 j 0.703 k 9.95 = (3 10) i + ( 2 + 3) j + (5 12) k
2 2 2

Force vector F F

= F e = 500 [ 0.703 i + 0.1 j 0.703 k] = 351.5 i + 50 j 351.5 k

Now line OL is in x y plane making 30 with x-axis as shown in Fig. Ex. 10.28. The direction cosines of line OL x = l = cos x = cos 30 = 0.866 y = m = cos y = cos 60 = 0.5 z = n = cos z = 0 (Line in x-y plane) Fig. Ex. 10.28

Now, Moment of a force F about line OL is given by, x y z D.C.S. of line OL MOL = x y z Co-ordinates of point of application of force F Fx Fy Fz Components of force F 0 0.866 0.5 12 3 MOL = 10 351.5 50 351.5 = 0.866 (1054.5 600) 0.5 ( 3515 + 4218) + 0 = 42.097 N.m Ans.

Engineering Mechanics (Statics)

10-9

Space Forces

Ex. 10.30 : A box of size 3 4 2m is subjected to three forces as shown in Fig. Ex. 10.30. Find in vector form the sum of moments of the three forces about diagonal OB.

Fig. Ex. 10.30 Soln. : Co-ordinates of different points are, O (0, 0, 0) C (4, 2, 0) (path O G C) G (4, 0, 0) (path O G) F (4, 0, 3) (path O G F) B (4, 2, 3) (path O G C B) Force Vectors : P1 = 60 j P2 = 20 i P3 = 20 i Moment of forces about diagonal OB. Important Observation : (a) Line of action of P2 is passing through O so moment of P2 about line OB (b) must be zero. Line of action of P1 is passing through point B so moment of P1 about line OB must be zero. Now taking moment of P3 about line OB. Finding first D.C.S. of line OB : (OB) OB = x = Now, Force vector (4 0) i + (2 0) j + (3 0) k (4) + (2) + (3) 4 2 3 , y = , z = 29 29 29
2 2 2

Fig. Ex. 10.30(a) = 4i + 2j + 3k 29

F = F e

Engineering Mechanics (Statics) P3 = 20 i

10-10

Space Forces

MOB = = =

x x Fx

y z D.C.S. of line OB y z Co-ordinates of point of application of force Fy Fz Components of force. 4 2 3 1 4 2 0 co-ordinates of point of application C 29 20 0 0 1 3 (0 40) = 22.28 kN.m. 29

eOB (Product of magnitude and unit vector in direction of OB) In vector form M OB = MOB 1 (4i + 2j+ 3k) M OB = 22.28 29 MOB = 16.548 i + 8.274 j + 12.411 k Ex. 10.33 : To lift a heavy block a man uses block and tackle system as shown in Fig. Ex. 10.33. If moments about y and z axis of the force acting at B by portion AB of the rope are respectively, 120 N.m and 460 N.m. Determine distance b.

Ans.

Fig. Ex. 10.33 Soln. : Since tension is acting from B to A at B the tension vector bk 4.8j + 2.1 i + 1.5j T = T eBA = T (2.1)2 + ( 3.3)2 + ( b)2 [Follow the path B C O D A] B C = bk, C O = 4.8 j, O D = 2.1 i , D A = 1.5 j ]

Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Arranging T = T (2.1)i + ( 3.3)j + ( b) k 15.3 + b

2

10-11

Space Forces

Now, Moment of T about axis oy (y axis) is 120 N.m Mo y = 120 = 2.1 T.b 15.3 + b
2

T 15.3 + b T 15.3 + b
2

0 0 2.1

0 1 4.8 b 3.3 b

[2.1 b]

= 120 120 2.1 15.3 + b 15.3 + b

2

T.b =

T. b = 57.14

(1)

Fig. Ex. 10.33(a)

Moment of T about z-axis (oz) is 460 N.m 0 1 0 T 0 4.8 b = 460 Moz = 2 15.3 + b 2.1 3.3 b 10.08 T = 460 2 (15.3 + b ) T 2 = 45.63 15.3 + b Substituting in Equation (2) 45.63 15.3 + b b = 57.14 57.14 b = 45.63
2

(2)

15.3 + b

b = 1.252 m

Ans.

Ex. 10.34 : To lift the table without tilting, the combined moment of four parallel forces must be zero about x and y axis passing through centre of table. Determine the magnitude of force and distance a. Refer Fig. Ex. 10.34. Soln. : Since forces are parallel to z-z axis The moments of forces about x-x and y-y axis can be found directly. Mxx = 0 (given) (20 0.6) + (18 0.6) (30 0.6) F (0.6 d) = 0 F (0.6 d) = 4.8 (1) Myy = 0 (given) (18 0.5) + (F 0.5) = (20 0.5) + (30 0.5) 18 + F = 20 + 30 F = 32 N Substituting this value in Equation (1) 32 (0.6 d) = 4.8 d = 0.45 m Fig. Ex. 10.34 Ans. Ans.

Engineering Mechanics (Statics)

10-12

Space Forces

TYPE VI : GENERAL FORCE SYSTEM AND SOME MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES

Ex. 10.40 : A circular plate of radius 150 mm is supported by three wires each of length 600 mm each. Determine tension in each wire. Weight of plate is 10kg. Refer Fig. Ex. 10.40. Soln. : Consider F.B.D. of plate we see that the forces acting on plate are, TBA, TDA, TCA, weight of plate. The co-ordinates of different points are, D (150, 0, 0) C [ 129.9, 0, 75] B [ 129.9, 0, 75] A [0, 580.95, 0] Fig. Ex. 10.40

Fig. Ex. 10.40(a) Force Vectors : TBA TBA TCA

Fig. Ex. 10.40(b)

(0 + 129.9) i + (580.95 0) j + (0 + 75)k = TBA eBA = TBA 2 2 2 (129.9) + (580.95) + (75) TBA = 600 [129. 9 i + 580.95 j + 75 k] = TCA eCA = TCA (0 + 129.9) i + (580.95 0) j + (0 75)k (129.9) + (580.95) + (75)
2 2 2

TCA

TCA = 600 [129. 9 i + 580.95 j 75 k]

Engineering Mechanics (Statics) TDA TDA W W

10-13

Space Forces

(0 150) i + (580.95 0) j = TDA eDA = TDA ( 150)2 + (580.95)2 TDA = 600 [ ( 150) i + (580.95 j) ] = mg ( j ) = 98.1 ( j )

Apply conditions of equilibrium, Fx = 0 Fy = 0 Fz = 0 Solving Equations (1), (2) and (3) We get, TBA = 27.15 N TCA = 27.15 N TDA = 47.02 N Ans. Ans. Ans. 129.9 129.9 150 600 TBA + 600 TCA 600 TDA 580.95 580.95 580.95 600 TBA + 600 TCA + 600 TDA 98.1 75 75 600 TBA 600 TCA = 0 = 0 = 0 (1) (2) (3)

Space Forces Ends.