HI 462

27

28

1. .[mmanueI
pp.

C.Y. Hsu,

The Rise of Modern China, (London, 1970)

183-2.12.

HI462

29

30

HI 462

;1 Mataya Century,

Ingkanart, Opium Trade in China in the Nineteenth M.A. Thesis, Seton Hall University, 1974),

(Unpublished

pp. 57-60.

Hi462

31

1 Michael Greenberg, British Trade and the Opening of China 1840-1842, (New York, 1951) pp. 196-206. 'Compilation Group for the History of Wodern China, The Opium

K,(Peking, 1976) pp. 90-97. 3 &U

&%i i$JFt? CR u&tu~u~ ua$u. reril66~>iu6enuflIn~ 2518) * 91U-1 161-163 . L&I 2 . uJah

(?lqU LmUWlURS,

YNJ~~~&IRB Hsu, op.cit., pp. 243-268.

32

Hi462

-_.

w.fl.

1858

HI 462

34

HI 462

HI 462

35

36

HI 462

HI 462

37

Ibid ;, p. 271.
2 Conrad Schirokauer, A Brief History of Chinese and

Japanese Civilizations, (New York, 1978) p. 391. 'Jean Chesneaux and others, China From the Opium Wars to the 1911 Revolution, Trans by Anne Destenay (New York, 1972) pp. 38-39.

38

HI462

la Bator
M O N G O L I A ,.. .,,,.. CHlNESE TURKESTAN .i / -a ^- l.l

AND NIEN Area dom,alad

REBELLIONS by TalplnQs - Northward rote 01 Tmptng army 1850-IS53

40

HI 462

Chung-Li Chang, The Chinese Gentry : Studies on their

Role in Nineteenth-Century Chinese Society, (Seattle, 1970) pp.51-70,

41

HI 462

300MI. ( ..

.L-. 1

---&r(M. 0

s/&y

THE BOXER MOVEMENT

42

HI 462

HSU, op.cit., pp. 287-290. a&

In:-rlw

2$na%nka~a~~bbn

( A . FI .

1811 - 1 8 7 2 )

Ibid ., pp. 290Op.Cit.,

294. &lul~Lbi

1%

~~\s-Qir

(R.N.

1812-1885)

Schirokauer,

p.

385.

HI 462

43

44

HI 462

Mary

Cl abaugh Wright,

The Last Stand of Chinese Conserva-

tism : The Tung-Chih Restoration 1862-1874, (California, 1957) pp. 43-46. 'Michael Loewe , Imperial China : The Historical Background

to the Modern Age, (New York, 1969) p. 100.

HI462

45

ReAschauer

and Fairbank, op. cit., pp. 71-72.

46

HI 462

HI 462

47

WM. Theodore De Bary and others, Sources of _-.1-*Chinese -.,._-

Tradition, Vol. II, (New York, 1964) pp. 45-97. 2 John Gunther, Inside Asia, (London, 1939) p. 196.

48

HI462

HI 462

49

HI 462 51

Schirokauer, op.cit., pp. 446-447. pp. 448-455 LEG Chesneaux, op.cit., pp.202~234.

21bid.,

52

HI 462

53

1
mu1
II

Schirokauer,

op.cit.,

pp. 466-468 LLaz w%

asAan,

6lgda.

201-212.

54

HI462

HI 462

55

56

HI 462

'iucien Bianco, Origins of the Chinese Revolution, 1915E,trans.by Muriel Bell (California, 1967) p. 7.~:: The Compilation Group for the "History of Modern China" Series, The Opium War, cp.ci*t. _ 1 pp, 110-124.ua~ John A.Harrison,, China Since

1800, (New York, 1967) pp. 74-76. 'Edmund Clubb, 20th Century China,(New York, 1978) pp.29-32.

HI 462

57

S S k---l 4 \

h.P JAPAN

Sites of major Sell-streengthening Treaty ports

HI 462

59

'Schirokauer, " I D1JLLP-d.

WMI 2.. manl

op.cit., p. 470 LLBZ au~si

.

~~~UAS~U~IA~

"

106-l

08

a=3,Wan.

I kuaa

AM1

223-228.

60

HI 462

HI 462

61

James E. Sheridan, China in Disintegration, The RepublicanYork, 1975) p. 19.

Era in Chinese History, 191.L1949,(New

62

HI 462

:1

V&I as%fl,

a?\)ttsa.

WWI

225. wir Clubb *Cit.,

p. 33.

HI462

63

64

HI 462

HI 462

65

'The Compilation Group for The "History of Modern China" Series, The Revolution of 1911,(Peking, 1976) pp. 92-103.

66

HI 462

HI462

67

68

HI 462

1 2

Hsu.,~p. ?wi::

558-559.
aleuaa -9 ~911

&zTn~dsk4~.

"

109-11

I.

hbaz

Hsi-Sheng Ch?, 1976) p. 13.

Warlord and Politics in China, 1916-1928,(Stanford, Hsu., op.cit., p. 558. .Y 4 .

d~~-xu n?el 545~n5a~~1mu, 5 asnan, al\9bba3 -3 HMI

m\pua-d

w.ti i 21-i 2 9 .

"

248.

HI 462

69

wuau

%.I-In

KuyflT&4Fln

(fl.rl.

1916-1928)

1 HSU,
2%5z

op.cit.,

p,

559.
p. &ebb& -9 565. " nu7 118.

3 4

ZazTnbdmj. op.cit.,

H SU , %i--az

Q-d~5nbPmq.

;l,bb&, MU1 "

118.

70

HI 462

72

HI 462

--

HI 462

73

74

HI 462

w Fengtien faction [IIIIIIII Chihli faction @ Anhwei faction

75

1
i

m Fengtien

faction

i.fi./\. I

m Chihli faction @ Anhwei faction

76

HI 462

r-T--%1 ........... ....

Fengtien faction

m Chihli faction m Kuomin tang m Kucminchiin

77

78

HI 462

HI 462

79

60

HI 462

HI 462

81

Chl,

1.

op.&t., p

15-18.

8 2

HI462

 I b i d ., p p . 1 3 7 - 1 4 1 . *Ibid., p. 141.

HI 462

83

84

HI462

2 HSU,

op.cit.,

pp. 582-591.

HI462

85

86

HI 462