CHAPTER- 6

DUAL TONE MULTIFREQUENCY SYSTEM (DTMF)

6.1 DTMF is a system of signalling originally evolved for the transmission of dialling information to automatic telephone exchanges from subscriber's telephones. Its versatility has lent itself suitable for the transmission of impulses in the selective calling system used in Railway Control Circuits as well. In this system two tones of frequency within the voice band are sent out on line corresponding to a given digit. Among the two frequencies one is a low frequency and the other a high frequency both within the V.F.band. The transmission of the tones is so fast (typically in milli second) that the signalling does not interfere with the speech at all. Why two tones? Since the signalling tone is in band, any voice simulation should not be recognised as a tone pulse, and that is why two tones which are harmonically unrelated are used. Another reason is O/H line noise or line whistles should not be recognised as signal.

6.2

The tones are so chosen and recommended by CCITT that minimum inter modulation occurs between each of the 16 possible tone pairs. One tone from the low frequency group and one from the high frequency group are paired to mark the keyboard output. The key pad is either 4 x 4 or 5 x 5 matrix type form as shown in the fig. 14C.6.2. Since the tones are in VF range, the signalling can be transmitted on the same transmission medium such as the O/H lines and U/G cables. The frequency pairs are: 697/1209 Hz 697/1336 Hz 697/1477 Hz 697/1633 Hz 770/1209 770/1336 7701/477 770/1663 852/1209 852/1336 852/1477 852/1633 941/1209 941/1336 941/1477 941/1633

6.3.

The system is adopted for Rly. control communication for Selective calling because of the following specific advantages:

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)

For Selective calling on O/H lines system (2W) or U/G cables (4W) system, the DTMF is adaptable. (Direct interface to line). No need for high voltage DC or 50v / 50Hz A.C. (No need for SRR panels in the RE area) Low level signalling, 500mV typically. A max. of 99 Way Station can be connected as against the 78 stations of the 17 impulse system. No moving parts as the equipment is entirely solid state. A significant improvement in system reliability. Also reduction in hardware. No adjustments of voltage/current are involved at any of the Way station irrespective of location and hence absolutely maintenance-free. The system is immune to line noises and line distortion and hence poor line conditions does not degrade the performance. Ideal for establishing local control from the accident spots. The DTMF tones are generated by a tone generator IC. The system is readily adaptable for microwave patch on railways without any special arrangements for patching. It contains a highly stable crystal oscillator, frequency dividers, a frequency synthesiser and an output stage. Depending upon the keyboard entry, the Dual frequency tones are generated and outputted by this IC. In practical systems, the frequency stability of upto + or -1% is achieved.

6.4 1) 2)

The selective calling on a Rly. control circuit involves the following requirements as per RDSO's specifications 303/1988. A HQtrs. Equipment which can originate DTMF codes for Selective calling over an Omnibus circuit either on Off line wires or underground cables. It shall be possible to call a Max. of 99 wayside stations either one at a dine, or a nominated group at a time or all at the same time. The station code being transmitted must be displayed. A ring back tone to indicate that a selected station has been rung. Long ring facility and a provision to cancel a code already originated. While signalling, the receive speech should not be interrupted. Further, during signalling, there shall be no appreciable interference to speech in the same circuit or in the adjacent circuits. Facility to send Time Code shall be provided. The control office equipment to include two-way voice communication equipment, signal generation equipment, line transmission equipment and associated power supply. The way station equipment shall, consist of voice communication equipment, signal reception and recognition equipment, ringing and ring back equipment.

3) 4) 5)

6) 7)

8)

9) 10) 11) 12) 13)

The HQtrs. equipment should be operable from 230V Mains as well as through 12V DC obtained from Ni-Cd batteries - should be selectable. The HQtrs. communication equipment should be a head set and a switch selectable hand set. Mike/loudspeaker arrangement is also desirable. Equipment should be provided with solid state quick acting surge arrestors to prevent damage from lightning and line transients. Signalling level must be -6 db (nominal) and 0 db (max.) Ringing period 2 Secs. Current consumption : 500 mA. approx. (Code generation) Head Set Characteristics: O/P -- 4 db nominal ; 0 db max. Gain variation: -10db of max. value. Freq. Response: Within 3 db from 300 Hz - 3.4KHz relative to 1KHz level.

14)

Receiver Characteristics: Min. Signal level: - 20 db. Max. input level: - 0 db. Gain Variation: - 10 db of max. value. Freq. Variation: Within 3 db from 30Hz to 3.4KHz. Way Station Equipment: The decoder should be able to work with min. signal input level of -20 db at the line terminals even when the line S/N ratio is down to 30 dB. The input impedance of the decoder shall be greater than 20 k.ohms. To detect special codes, separate thumb wheel switches may be provided. The Equipment should operate off 12V + or -- 10% DC, with standby current consumption of not more than 10 mA and operating current not more than 50 mA. LED indication to annunciate a call. Level of RBT 10dB in 800 -1200Hz range. Standby current 10 mA; while ringing 16 mA. Detection within 50 ms. Decoding DTMF Signals:

15) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 6.5

Requirements: 1) 2) A DTMF decoder has to decode a valid pair of signalling tones and provide o/p Data Corresponding to the DTMF signal received. It should decode DTMF signals within + / -1.5% of their nominal frequency and should not decode signals with either frequency deviating more than + or -3.5 % from the standard. The decoder should decode DTMF tone bursts as short as 40 ms and recognise inter digital intervals as short as 40 ms. It should not recognise tone bursts or inter digital intervals shorter than 20 ms.

3)

There are several ways to decode a DTMF signal: 1) Filter Method: Use of several high "Q" BPFs to separate frequencies: Drawbacks: Critical design of the filter snake it complex, expensive, bulky. Even if active filters are used, much advantage is not drawn. 2) PLL Method: Using several phase-locked loop ICs each tuned to one of the DTMF signals can be used. One way of implementing this is as shown in the fig 14C.6.5. Though this method is inexpensive, it is susceptible to false signals because of PLL's sensitivity. IC Method: Monolithic Ws such as MK 5087 are available as DTMF Decoders. MK 5087 needs an external BPF for separating High and Low frequency groups of DTMF signals. This separation need not be very critical. The method of detection involves zero crossing detection and digital period counting over a set of input tone cycles. If the input tone is a valid one, the IC outputs a "Tone Valid" Strobe signal (High) and the data in four bit binary format. 6.6 DTMF System: Headquarters Control Equipment (Tummala Make) A typical Headquarters Equipment using DTMF principle is described. The block diagram of it is shown in fig 14C-6-6. The keyboard entries are detected by the micro-computer and interfaced to the display and tone generator. The tone generator produces the appropriate row and column frequencies corresponding to the digit pressed. The display indicates the code being transmitted. A real time clock is provided to indicate the code being transmitted. A real time clock is provided to indicate the time, with facilities for time setting and alarm setting. All standard facilities such as General Call, Group Call, Time Call and long ring are available, along with Delete and Repeat functions.

3)

6.7

The headquarters equipment includes the facilities for communication between the controller and the way stations. The mode of communication can be through microphone and loudspeaker or the handset / headset. A 4 wire / 2 wire Hybrid attachment is supplied if the control circuit works on 2 wire basis. The equipment is adaptable for microwave patch without any additional interfacing. DTMF WAY STATIONS EQUIPMENT (TUMMALA-MAKE) This circuit consists of the following ICs

6.8

6170012 4514 4538 4027 4093 4069 6170012 4514 This is a DTMF Signal Decoder IC. It accepts DTMF signals and converts these analogue signals into 4 bit digital word. This is a 4 bit latch decoder. It acts as 4 to 16 demultiplexer. This is connected to a Code setting tag block. Two flying leads are used to set first digit and second digit. It is a 16 pin IC.

4538

This is a monostable multivibrator. The output of this multivibrator is fed to J -input of J-K Flip-Flop. It maintains the First Digit at logic 1 for a period of 0.5sec. It is a 16 pin IC. It is dual J-K Flip-Flop. This is fed with Ist digit at J ' input and 2nd digit at the clock input. The output of J-K FF is connected to another mono stable multivibrator. It is a NAND gate and its two inputs are Q of J-K FF and output of decoder IC. It is a hex inverter. It's output is inverse of it's input.

4027

4093 4069

6.9. The incoming DTMF signal is coupled to the transformer T1, after phasing, through protective devices such as back to back Zeners and surge suppressor (RC network). The secondary of T1 is connected to the DTMF decoder chip (IC 6170012). The decoder provides a 4 - bit digital word for every combination of DTMF code. Under normal condition the digital word is 0000. For digit '1' the DTMF frequencies are 607 and 1209. This is converted into a digital word of 0001 by the decoder chip. Similarly, if the second digit pressed is ' 1 ' again, then the same combination of tones are transmitted and again this is converted into digital word 0001. Thus for a code of 11 the digital word becomes 0001 - 0001. This 4 bit digital word is fed to 4 to 16 demultiplexer. The 4 to 16 demultiplexer provides logic '1' on its pins corresponding to the input digital word, i.e., if the digital word is 0001, it provides logic '1' at the pin wired to the terminal [1] of code setting tag block. The fly leads FD and SD are connected to the code setting tag block as per the station code. The fly lead FD activates a mono-stable whose output is given to the 'J ' input of a JK Flip-Flop. The JK Flip-flop latches. The output of the mono-stable remains at logic '1' for 0.5 seconds and returns to zero. The second digit feed must arrive before this period. It is fed as clock pulse to the Flip-Flop, which is responsible for the Flip-Flop output. It is NANDed after getting inverted and triggers a transistor which drives a buzzer. Another section of the NAND Schmitt trigger is wired as an oscillator of 1000-1200 Hz. This is fed to a transistor to send the RBT back to Head-Quarters when the buzzer rings. To extend the ringing period the button # is pressed at Headquarters. This results in the Schmitt trigger output (pin 10) going low. This is inverted and fed to a transistor which turns to keep the buzzer going.

6.10

To receive a special group code from the controller, a DIP switch provided inside the equipment will have to be set. When a group call code is received, the demultiplexer output controls the Mono and the Flip-Flops through the DIP switches and the buzzer is sounded. A General call is also processed the same way. For Time Call, pin 18 of the decoder goes low along with the digital word output 0000. This results in the buzzer getting energised. Whenever the buzzer rings, a ring back tone is sent to controller. The equipment works on 12v DC power supply. ***

CHAPTER- 6

DUAL TONE MULTIFREQUENCY SYSTEM (DTMF)

6.1 DTMF is a system of signalling originally evolved for the transmission of dialling information to automatic telephone exchanges from subscriber's telephones. Its versatility has lent itself suitable for the transmission of impulses in the selective calling system used in Railway Control Circuits as well. In this system two tones of frequency within the voice band are sent out on line corresponding to a given digit. Among the two frequencies one is a low frequency and the other a high frequency both within the V.F.band. The transmission of the tones is so fast (typically in milli second) that the signalling does not interfere with the speech at all. Why two tones? Since the signalling tone is in band, any voice simulation should not be recognised as a tone pulse, and that is why two tones which are harmonically unrelated are used. Another reason is O/H line noise or line whistles should not be recognised as signal.

6.2

The tones are so chosen and recommended by CCITT that minimum inter modulation occurs between each of the 16 possible tone pairs. One tone from the low frequency group and one from the high frequency group are paired to mark the keyboard output. The key pad is either 4 x 4 or 5 x 5 matrix type form as shown in the fig. 14C.6.2. Since the tones are in VF range, the signalling can be transmitted on the same transmission medium such as the O/H lines and U/G cables. The frequency pairs are: 697/1209 Hz 697/1336 Hz 770/1209 770/1336 852/1209 852/1336 941/1209 941/1336

697/1477 Hz 697/1633 Hz

7701/477 770/1663

852/1477 852/1633

941/1477 941/1633

6.3.

The system is adopted for Rly. control communication for Selective calling because of the following specific advantages: For Selective calling on O/H lines system (2W) or U/G cables (4W) system, the DTMF is adaptable. (Direct interface to line). No need for high voltage DC or 50v / 50Hz A.C. (No need for SRR panels in the RE area) Low level signalling, 500mV typically. A max. of 99 Way Station can be connected as against the 78 stations of the 17 impulse system. No moving parts as the equipment is entirely solid state. A significant improvement in system reliability. Also reduction in hardware. No adjustments of voltage/current are involved at any of the Way station irrespective of location and hence absolutely maintenance-free. The system is immune to line noises and line distortion and hence poor line conditions does not degrade the performance. Ideal for establishing local control from the accident spots. The DTMF tones are generated by a tone generator IC. The system is readily adaptable for microwave patch on railways without any special arrangements for patching. It contains a highly stable crystal oscillator, frequency dividers, a frequency synthesiser and an output stage. Depending upon the keyboard entry, the Dual frequency tones are generated and outputted by this IC. In practical systems, the frequency stability of upto + or -1% is achieved.

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)

6.4 1) 2)

The selective calling on a Rly. control circuit involves the following requirements as per RDSO's specifications 303/1988. A HQtrs. Equipment which can originate DTMF codes for Selective calling over an Omnibus circuit either on Off line wires or underground cables. It shall be possible to call a Max. of 99 wayside stations either one at a dine, or a nominated group at a time or all at the same time. The station code being transmitted must be displayed. A ring back tone to indicate that a selected station has been rung. Long ring facility and a provision to cancel a code already originated. While signalling, the receive speech should not be interrupted. Further, during signalling, there shall be no appreciable interference to speech in the same circuit or in the adjacent circuits.

3) 4) 5)

6) 7)

Facility to send Time Code shall be provided. The control office equipment to include two-way voice communication equipment, signal generation equipment, line transmission equipment and associated power supply. The way station equipment shall, consist of voice communication equipment, signal reception and recognition equipment, ringing and ring back equipment. The HQtrs. equipment should be operable from 230V Mains as well as through 12V DC obtained from Ni-Cd batteries - should be selectable. The HQtrs. communication equipment should be a head set and a switch selectable hand set. Mike/loudspeaker arrangement is also desirable. Equipment should be provided with solid state quick acting surge arrestors to prevent damage from lightning and line transients. Signalling level must be -6 db (nominal) and 0 db (max.) Ringing period 2 Secs. Current consumption : 500 mA. approx. (Code generation) Head Set Characteristics: O/P -- 4 db nominal ; 0 db max. Gain variation: -10db of max. value. Freq. Response: Within 3 db from 300 Hz - 3.4KHz relative to 1KHz level.

8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 14)

14)

Receiver Characteristics: Min. Signal level: - 20 db. Max. input level: - 0 db. Gain Variation: - 10 db of max. value. Freq. Variation: Within 3 db from 30Hz to 3.4KHz. Way Station Equipment: The decoder should be able to work with min. signal input level of -20 db at the line terminals even when the line S/N ratio is down to 30 dB. The input impedance of the decoder shall be greater than 20 k.ohms. To detect special codes, separate thumb wheel switches may be provided. The Equipment should operate off 12V + or -- 10% DC, with standby current consumption of not more than 10 mA and operating current not more than 50 mA. LED indication to annunciate a call. Level of RBT 10dB in 800 -1200Hz range. Standby current 10 mA; while ringing 16 mA. Detection within 50 ms. Decoding DTMF Signals:

15) 2. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 6.5

Requirements:

1) 2)

A DTMF decoder has to decode a valid pair of signalling tones and provide o/p Data Corresponding to the DTMF signal received. It should decode DTMF signals within + / -1.5% of their nominal frequency and should not decode signals with either frequency deviating more than + or -3.5 % from the standard. The decoder should decode DTMF tone bursts as short as 40 ms and recognise inter digital intervals as short as 40 ms. It should not recognise tone bursts or inter digital intervals shorter than 20 ms.

3)

There are several ways to decode a DTMF signal: 1) Filter Method: Use of several high "Q" BPFs to separate frequencies: Drawbacks: Critical design of the filter snake it complex, expensive, bulky. Even if active filters are used, much advantage is not drawn. 2) PLL Method: Using several phase-locked loop ICs each tuned to one of the DTMF signals can be used. One way of implementing this is as shown in the fig 14C.6.5. Though this method is inexpensive, it is susceptible to false signals because of PLL's sensitivity. IC Method: Monolithic Ws such as MK 5087 are available as DTMF Decoders. MK 5087 needs an external BPF for separating High and Low frequency groups of DTMF signals. This separation need not be very critical. The method of detection involves zero crossing detection and digital period counting over a set of input tone cycles. If the input tone is a valid one, the IC outputs a "Tone Valid" Strobe signal (High) and the data in four bit binary format. 6.6 DTMF System: Headquarters Control Equipment (Tummala Make) A typical Headquarters Equipment using DTMF principle is described. The block diagram of it is shown in fig 14C-6-6. The keyboard entries are detected by the

3)

micro-computer and interfaced to the display and tone generator. The tone generator produces the appropriate row and column frequencies corresponding to the digit pressed. The display indicates the code being transmitted. A real time clock is provided to indicate the code being transmitted. A real time clock is provided to indicate the time, with facilities for time setting and alarm setting. All standard facilities such as General Call, Group Call, Time Call and long ring are available, along with Delete and Repeat functions.

6.7

The headquarters equipment includes the facilities for communication between the controller and the way stations. The mode of communication can be through microphone and loudspeaker or the handset / headset. A 4 wire / 2 wire Hybrid attachment is supplied if the control circuit works on 2 wire basis. The equipment is adaptable for microwave patch without any additional interfacing. DTMF WAY STATIONS EQUIPMENT (TUMMALA-MAKE) This circuit consists of the following ICs

6.8

6170012 4514 4538 4027 4093 4069

6170012 4515

This is a DTMF Signal Decoder IC. It accepts DTMF signals and converts these analogue signals into 4 bit digital word. This is a 4 bit latch decoder. It acts as 4 to 16 demultiplexer. This is connected to a Code setting tag block. Two flying leads are used to set first digit and second digit. It is a 16 pin IC. This is a monostable multivibrator. The output of this multivibrator is fed to J -input of J-K Flip-Flop. It maintains the First Digit at logic 1 for a period of 0.5sec. It is a 16 pin IC. It is dual J-K Flip-Flop. This is fed with Ist digit at J ' input and 2nd digit at the clock input. The output of J-K FF is connected to another mono stable multivibrator. It is a NAND gate and its two inputs are Q of J-K FF and output of decoder IC. It is a hex inverter. It's output is inverse of it's input.

4538

4027

4093 4069

6.9. The incoming DTMF signal is coupled to the transformer T1, after phasing, through protective devices such as back to back Zeners and surge suppressor (RC network). The secondary of T1 is connected to the DTMF decoder chip (IC 6170012). The decoder provides a 4 - bit digital word for every combination of DTMF code. Under normal condition the digital word is 0000. For digit '1' the DTMF frequencies are 607 and 1209. This is converted into a digital word of 0001 by the decoder chip. Similarly, if the second digit pressed is ' 1 ' again, then the same combination of tones are transmitted and again this is converted into digital word 0001. Thus for a code of 11 the digital word becomes 0001 - 0001. This 4 bit digital word is fed to 4 to 16 demultiplexer. The 4 to 16 demultiplexer provides logic '1' on its pins corresponding to the input digital word, i.e., if the digital word is 0001, it provides logic '1' at the pin wired to the terminal [1] of code setting tag block. The fly leads FD and SD are connected to the code setting tag block as per the station code. The fly lead FD activates a mono-stable whose output is given to the 'J ' input of a JK Flip-Flop. The JK Flip-flop latches. The output of the mono-stable remains at logic '1' for 0.5 seconds and returns to zero. The second digit feed must arrive before this period. It is fed as clock pulse to the Flip-Flop, which is responsible for the Flip-Flop output. It is NANDed after getting inverted and triggers a transistor which drives a buzzer. Another section of the NAND Schmitt trigger is wired as an oscillator of 1000-1200 Hz. This is fed to a transistor to send the RBT back to Head-Quarters when the buzzer rings. To extend the ringing period the button # is pressed at Headquarters. This results in the Schmitt trigger output (pin 10) going low. This is inverted and fed to a transistor which turns to keep the buzzer going.

6.10

To receive a special group code from the controller, a DIP switch provided inside the equipment will have to be set. When a group call code is received, the demultiplexer output controls the Mono and the Flip-Flops through the DIP switches and the buzzer is sounded. A General call is also processed the same way. For Time Call, pin 18 of the decoder goes low along with the digital word output 0000. This results in the buzzer getting energised. Whenever the buzzer rings, a ring back tone is sent to controller. The equipment works on 12v DC power supply. ***