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Title
Publication No.
BSS09011999-1
Abstract This design example illustrates the Empirical Design Method for composite concrete bridge decks specified in Article 9.7.2 of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification.
Notes
Author
Sponsor
Specification
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification, 2nd Edition 1998 9/1/99 Date of Latest Revision 9/1/99 Version 1.0
Copyright 1999 BridgeSight Software, All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopied, recorded, or otherwise), without prior written permission from BridgeSight Software. i
Disclaimer
This BridgeSight Solution is provided complements of BridgeSight Software. BridgeSight Software asserts a copyright in this work. BridgeSight Software retains the exclusive ownership of this copy of the BridgeSight Solution. This document is provided AS IS without any warranty, express or implied by anyone using, distributing, copying or otherwise possessing this document. The entire risk as to the use, results and performance of this document is assumed by you. BridgeSight Software does not warrant, guarantee, or make any representations regarding the use of, merchantability or fitness for a particular use of the product. Should this document prove defective, you assume the entire cost of all necessary servicing, repair or correction. Further, BridgeSight Software does not warrant, guarantee, or make any representations regarding the use of, or the results of the use of this document in terms of correctness, accuracy, reliability, currentness, or otherwise and has no obligation to correct errors, make changes, support or distribute updates; and you rely on this document solely at your own risk. BridgeSight Software will not be liable for any damages, service, repair, correction, loss of profit, lost savings, or any other incidental, consequential, or special damages of any nature whatsoever resulting from the use or inability to use this product including any claims, suits or causes of action involving claims of infringement of copyrights, patents, trademarks, trade secrets, or unfair competition. The Licensee indemnifies and holds harmless BridgeSight Software, its officials, employees, and contributors for any injury to the person or property of third parties arising out of the use of or any defect in this document. BridgeSight Software retains all rights not expressly granted. Nothing in this agreement constitutes a waiver of BridgeSight Softwares rights under United States copyright laws or any other Federal or State law.
ii
Introduction
One of the first components of a bridge that you will design is the deck. The AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification suggests three different methods for the analysis of bridge decks for slab-on-beam systems. This installment of the BridgeSight Solutions series will give a brief overview of the different analysis methods and will focus on the Empirical Method of design. The Empirical Method is by far the easiest method provided the bridge configuration, materials, and construction techniques satisfy some minimum criteria. This design example is part of the BridgeSight Solutions series. The BridgeSight Solutions series is comprised of design aids and design examples to assist practicing engineers and engineering students learn and implement the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification. Visit the BridgeSight Solutions section of our web site at www.BridgeSite.com for more information.
Given
The cross section and span configuration show below Alignment of bridge is N 90 E Bearing of piers is N 27 E (27 skew angle) Slab concrete has a 28-day strength of 28MPa. The slab is cast-in-place and water cured. Assume a 15mm sacrificial wearing surface. Full depth diaphragms are used at lines of supports Slab and girders are made composite Traffic barriers are composite and structurally continuous with the overhang
910mm 240mm
1175mm
1175mm
28 000 mm
Span Configuration
9.7.2.3
L1/3
C
2 6 12 10 L2/3 8 4
2C
Girder A
11
C9
1 5 7
Girder B
L2
Centerline of Bridge
Pie r1 Pie r2
The Framing Plan/COGO Model is shown above. The coordinates of the various points shown in the model are: Point 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 X (mm) 0 28000 3142 31928 0 28000 2075 30595 30462 29127 22333 21088 Y (mm) 6000 7500 6168 7710 4000 5000 4074 5093 7631 5040 7196 4753
Reinforced Concrete Slab Design Using The Empirical Method Item L2 2C Seffective between points 9 and 10 Seffective between points 11 and 12 Effective Length Distance (mm) 28537 2938 2742 2915 2915
Core Depth
Core slab depth is shown in the figure below. It can be computed as Core Depth = Gross Slab Depth - Top Cover - Bottom Cover
Core Depth
Reinforcement
Slab Depth
Top Cover = 65mm (Deck surfaces subject to tire stud or chain wear) Bottom Cover = 25mm (Bottom of cast-in-place slabs, Up to No. 36 bar) Core Depth = 240mm - 65mm - 25mm = 150mm
Table 5.12.3-1
The deck is of uniform depth, except for haunches at girder flanges and other local thickening; The ratio of effective length to design depth does not exceed 18.0 and is not less than 6.0; Core depth of the slab is not less than 100 mm; The effective length, as specified in Article 9.7.2.3, does not exceed 4100mm; The minimum depth of slab is not less than 175mm, excluding a sacrificial wearing surface where applicable; There is an overhang beyond the centerline of the outside girder at least 5.0 times the depth of the slab; this condition is satisfied if the overhang is at least 3.0 times the depth of the slab and a structurally continuous concrete barrier is made composite with the overhang; The specified 28-day strength of the deck concrete is not less than 28MPa The deck is made composite with the supporting structural components
Yes Yes 6 13 18 Yes 150mm > 100mm Yes 2915mm < 4100mm Yes 175mm < 225mm Yes 1175mm/225mm = 5.22 5.22 > 3.0 Yes Yes
Select Reinforcement
The slab configuration satisfies the necessary design conditions. The slab must be reinforced with four layers of isotropic reinforcement. Reinforcement shall be located as close to the outside surfaces as permitted by cover requirements. Reinforcement shall be provided in each face of the slab with the outermost layers placed in the direction of the effective length. The minimum amount of reinforcement shall be 0.570mm2/mm of steel for each bottom layer and 0.380mm2/mm of steel for each top layer. Spacing of steel shall not exceed 450mm. Reinforcing steel shall be Grade 420 or better. Because the skew angle for this structure exceeds 25, the specified reinforcement in both direction shall be doubled in the end zones of the deck. Each end zone shall be taken as a longitudinal distance equal to the effective length of the slab specified in Article 9.7.2.3. 9.7.2.5
Use No. 16 bars at 175mm in the end zones and No. 16 bars at 350mm elsewhere.
Use No. 13 bars at 170mm in the end zones and No. 13 bars at 340mm elsewhere
Appendix
Conversion Factors
Multiply in ft in2 ft2 in3 ft3 in4 ft4 lbf kip ton lbf/in lbf/ft kip/in kip/ft lbf lbm slug ft/sec2 psi ksi psf ksf F By 25.40 0.3048 645.2 0.0929 16387 0.0283 416231 0.00863 4.448 4.448 8.896 0.175 0.015 175.2 14.6 0.453 0.453 14.594 0.3048 6894.757 6.895 47.88 0.04788 (t-32)/1.8 To Produce mm m mm2 m2 mm3 m3 mm4 m4 N kN kN N/mm N/mm kN/m kN/m kg kg kg m/sec2 Pa MPa Pa MPa C
A-1