Identification of fibers (Awad I.

Said)

Identification of fibers

Fibers

Natural

Synthetic Nylon, acetate , acrylic

Vegetable (Cellulesic) Cotton, linen and jute Mineral Asbestos and glass

Animal (Protenic) wool and silk

* Vegetable fibers: All vegetable fibers of cellulesic structure that is polymer of -glucose The difference between them in the degree of crystallinity, the length, luster and strength Note: starch is polymer of -glucose *Animal fibers: They are polypeptide from amino acids and the difference come from the type of amino acids and its order in the formation of the fibers. * Synthetic fibers: They are made from polymer (used as beads) by melting or dissolving it in suitable solvent then passing this solution threw spinneret ((vessel (made from metal resists the high temperature and high pressure) within it holes)).
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Identification of fibers (Awad I. Said)

Manufacture of fabric

Fibers
Week

yarn
strong Resists the high strain Caused by knitting

textile (fabric)

Identification methods 1-visual test 2-burning test 3-microscopic test 4-solubility test 5-colour test

Identification of fibers (Awad I. Said)

Visual test

1- fiber length

staple

filament

Fiber of shorten length In cm or inch units All natural fiber except silk

Fibers of longer length in cm or inch units All synthetic fibers, silk

Synthetic fibers can be cut to be staple fibers Any filament fiber is synthetic and not all staple fiber is nature fiber

2- luster

bright All synthetic yarn are bright because the yarn is composed of small no. of fibers and there is nothing break the light so; it appears in bright appearance

dull All nature fiber except silk because the large no. of fibers and its spinning in the yarn that make the no. of ends threw the yarn is larger Where these fiber ends breaks the light causing The dull appearance

The luster of the fibers can be decrease by some of treatments as the addition of titanium dioxide (TiO2) that breaks the light The luster of the fibers can be increase by some treatments as the mercerization of cotton. Mercerization is the treatment of the fiber in alkaline soln. for short time under tension.

Identification of fibers (Awad I. Said)

3-Touch test: Smooth & cool rough & warm

Cotton fibers give cold feeling because the thermal conductivity of cotton that transfers the heat threw it. Wool give warm feeling because the lower thermal conductivity of wool.

Burning test

Types of fibers

Flammable

Self-extinguished

Flame retardant (aramide fibers)

Identification of fibers (Awad I. Said)

Flammable fibers fiber Cotton Viscose Linen Wool (high sulpher content) silk Weighted silk ( silk soaked in SnCl4 & Na3PO3) nylon In flame yellow Out flame continuous odour Burn paper ash Gray-black Easley crashes Gray-black Easley crashes Have skeleton of as original sample Black difficult to crush

burns

Ceases of burning Ceases of burning Ceases of burning and melt

Burnt feather

burns

Burnt feather

melts

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Microscopic test

Microscopic Section

Cross section

Longitudinal Section
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Identification of fibers (Awad I. Said)

Longitudinal-section

shape convolution Cross marking

fiber Cotton Mercerized cotton linen

Striationsviscose Longitudinal marking Scales wool Tube line nylon

Textile Pure fiber One shape blend fiber more than one shape

Solubility test

*Solubility test carry on small part from the fibers *Benefits of solubility test: A-identification the type of fibers and distinguishing between them
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Identification of fibers (Awad I. Said)

B-calculate the percentage of each type of pure fibers that make the end fiber *solubility test depend on choosing the correct solvent which dissolve one type of the fibers Fiber Cellulose acetate Vinyon HH Vinyon N Nylon Viscose Carp ammonium Cotton Wool Vicara Orlon Acrilan Dacron Solvent Glacial acetic acid Chloroform Dimethyle formamide 90% phenol Cuprammonium hydroxide Cuprammonium hydroxide Cuprammonium hydroxide 20% bleach (NaClO) 20% bleach (NaClO) Dimethyle formamide 55 C Conc. HNO3 Conc. HNO3

Distinguishing between fibers using solubility test: 1- Animal & vegetable fibers (a)- By boiled 5% lye soln. (caustic soda) (sodium hydroxide) animal dissolve vegetable fibers Don' t effect

(b)- By acid (2% H2SO4 ) A Drop of 2% H2SO4 is placed on the fabric that is placed between two bottoms and pressed with hot iron

Identification of fibers (Awad I. Said)

animal Don' t effect

vegetable fibers Show charring

2- cotton & linen a- By 1% fachsin (magenta) soln. By immersing the fabric (fiber) in this soln. And then washing it then immersing in ammonia soln. Cotton Is dyed by with arose-red colour and disappear by ammonia solu. linen Is dyed by with arose-red that remain after immersing in ammonia solu.

b- By immersing the sample in conc.H2SO4 for two minutes Cotton linen dissolve dont dissolve c- by Herzbergs stain Herzbergs solu. Is prepared by addition to a solu. Of ZnCl2 (20 gm) in water (10 ml) asolu. Of kI (2.1 gm) and iodine (.1gm) in water (5ml) is added where the sample is immersed in this solu. Cotton linen Is colored with reddish purple Is colored with purple colour d- by caustic soda By immersing the sample in (10%) caustic soda Cotton Remain white linen Yellowish

Identification of fibers (Awad I. Said)

3- silk & wool a- by conc. cold HCl wool swell

silk dissolve

4- Rayons & acetate a- by 50% soln. of acetic acid By immersing the sample in this solu. Rayon (viscose) does not dissolve Acetate dissolves

*all rayon dissolve in 60% H2SO4 or conc. HCl b- By a soln. of equal amounts of H2SO4 conc. And iodine soln In immersing the sample in the soln. Rayon (viscose) Acetate Colored in dark-blue color Yellow colour 5- acetate, triacetate & other fibers a- by immersing the sample in a soln. of 90% methylene chloride 10% ethanol or methanol at R.T for one hour Acetate and triacetate Other fibers dissolve Dont effect c- By immersing the sample in benzyl alcohol at (95 C) (200 F) for one hour Acetate triacetate dissolve Dont effect

Identification of fibers (Awad I. Said)

6- nylons acetate & wool a- By boiled sod. hydroxide Nylons and acetate wool Dont dissolve dissolve b- by acetone nylons Dont dissolve acetate dissolve

* Nylon soluble in conc. Formic acid or phenol and cresol (Meta) 7- Polyester & nylon * Acetate, nylon and polyester dissolve in hot Meta cresol a- by acetone Nylon and polyester insoluble acetate soluble

b- By conc. formic acid Nylon soluble polyester insoluble

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Identification of fibers (Awad I. Said)

Colour test

* By Rosaniline dye: By immersing sample of cotton and linen in the dye for 5second the sample colored with red-pink colour and then immersed in conc. NH4OH soln. In case of cotton: decolonization of the pink colour is faster than in linen

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Identification of fibers (Awad I. Said)

Textiles
A) Cellulosic fibers: a) Natural : ex. Cotton, flax, jute, hemp b) Manufactural : ex. Rayon(viscose)
H OH H O O H OH OH H H ONa

NaOH
H H

O O OH H

OH

Cellulose

Sod. cellulosate

S H OH H O O H OH OH H SNa H O H O O H OH H

OH

Viscose(rayon)

Cellulose xanthate

There is a type of cotton is called merecerized cotton that is prepared by immersing the cotton fibers under tension in alkalin solution (NaOH 5%) for short time. Mercerized cotton is characterized with the higher luster and strength. If the cotton fabric are not held under tension, the process is called slack mercerization and the obtained fabric is characterized with high degree of elasticity. B) Protenic fibers : ex. Wool, silk, mohair, cashmer
CH3 H N C H2 O C N H CH C O H N C H2 O C N H CH2OH CH C O H N C H2 O C

Febroin Structure in Silk

R CH C O N H O C C HR H N C O H C N CH2 H COO NH3 H2C CH2 H N C HR O C N H HR C C O H N CH2 C H O CH2 C N H HR C C O H N O C C HR H N C O H C CH2 S

H-Bond

Salt linkage

Cystine linkage

S CH2 C H2

Keratin Structure in Wool

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