PROJECTIONS, COORDINATE SYSTEMS, AND DATUMS - EXPLAINED Ohio Geospatial Technology Conference for Agriculture and Natural Resource

Applications March 26, 2003

David Conner National Geodetic Survey Geodetic Advisor to the State of Ohio Dave.Conner@noaa.gov (614) 292-1619 www.ngs.noaa.gov

The geodetic layer is the key to a GIS

Strong GIS/LIS and engineering systems require well determined coordinate systems and accurate spatial references

The Shape of the Earth

Earth is not flat Earth is not a sphere An ellipsoid is a simplified model of Earths shape A datum is a set of reference locations, including elevations, describing more precisely the surface of the Earth

Earth Models & Datums Ellipsoid Geoid relationship

H = Orthometric Height (NAVD 88) h = Ellipsoidal Height (NAD 83) H N = Geoid Height (GEOID 99) H h
Sea Level

=h-N
TOPOGRAPHIC SURFACE

N
Geoid
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Ellipsoid GRS80

Common Ellipsoids and Datums

NAD27 (North American Datum of 1927): A system derived from land-based surveys, using the Clarke (1886) ellipsoid. NAD83: A satellite-based system using the center of the earth as a reference point using measurements taken in 1980, and adopted internationally as GRS80 (geodetic reference system 1980). WGS84 (World Geodetic System 1984): A refinement of GRS80 used by the US military (and therefore by GPS). For most geographic purposes, NAD83, GRS80, and WGS84 are equivalent.
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Projection types
Projections convert spherical coordinates (latitudelongitude) to planar coordinates. Three fundamental types of projections:
Azimuthal: projection onto a planar surface Cylindrical: projection onto a cylinder, which is then unrolled to a plane. Conic: projection onto a cone, which can be unrolled to a plane.

All projections create distortions of either shape, area, distance, or more than one of these.

Three common coordinate systems used in GIS

Geographic (Lat-Long) UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) State Plane Coordinate System (SPCS)
SPCS Projection is either Transverse Mercator (cylindrical) or Lambert (conic)

UTM
Worldwide system with units in meters In northern hemisphere, Y-coordinate (northing) is distance in meters from the Equator. X-coordinate (easting) is distance in meters east from a central meridian for a zone (negative values west of the central meridian). Consists of 60 zones, each 6 degrees wide.

State Plane Coordinates (SPCS)

Specific system for each state Some states divided into multiple zones with different grid systems for each zone. Ohio has two zones: north and south Most property maps (plat maps; tax maps), zoning maps, etc. are in State Plane Coordinates.

State Plane Coordinates - Units

NAD 27 - Coordinates in U.S. Survey Feet NAD 83 - Coordinates Metric w/State Defined Foot Conversion 1 Meter = 3.280833333 U.S. Survey Feet 1 Meter = 3.280839895 International Feet Difference is ~ 1:500,000 U.S. Survey foot in Ohio

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STATE OF OHIO Bob Taft, Governor

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Samuel W. Speck, Director

DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas M. Berg, Chief

LATITUDE-LONGITUDE GRID, UTM ZONE BOUNDARY, AND STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM ZONE BOUNDARY
85 42 84 83 82 81
ASHTABULA

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WILLIAMS

FULTON

LUCAS OTTAWA WOOD LAKE GEAUGA

HENRY DEFIANCE SANDUSKY ERIE LORAIN

CUYAHOGA PORTAGE

TRUMBULL

PAULDING PUTNAM HANCOCK

SENECA

HURON

MEDINA

SUMMIT

MAHONING

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VAN WERT ALLEN HARDIN MERCER AUGLAIZE

WYANDOT

CRAWFORD

RICHLAND

ASHLAND

WAYNE STARK COLUMBIANA

CARROLL MARION MORROW LOGAN SHELBY KNOX UNION COSHOCTON DELAWARE HARRISON HOLMES TUSCARAWAS JEFFERSON

DARKE CHAMPAIGN MIAMI MADISON FRANKLIN LICKING GUERNSEY MUSKINGUM BELMONT

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PREBLE MONTGOMERY

CLARK FAIRFIELD GREENE FAYETTE HOCKING BUTLER WARREN CLINTON ROSS ATHENS VINTON HIGHLAND HAMILTON CLERMONT PIKE JACKSON MEIGS WASHINGTON PICKAWAY PERRY NOBLE MONROE MORGAN

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BROWN

ADAMS SCIOTO

GALLIA

LAWRENCE

N
0 10 20 30 miles

0 10 20 30 40 kilometers

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UTM ZONE 16 STATE PLANE NORTH STATE PLANE SOUTH

UTM ZONE 17

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GEOGRAPHIC POSITION (Lat-Long) Variation Between Datums: NAD27 vs NAD83

1927 North American Datum To place on the predicted North American Datum 1983 move the projection lines 4 meters south and 6 meters west as shown by dashed corner ticks.
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NAD 27 and NAD 83

Two Horizontal Datums

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NAD 27 to NAD 83 (1986) Position and Coordinate Shifts

Geodetic vs State Plane
CLARK 1928

Geodetic Position
Latitude NAD 27 NAD 83 (1986) Difference 40 03 09.89400 40 03 10.12158 -0.22758 North 23.06 ft Overall position shift of 34.14 ft NE Longitude 82 58 35.2650 82 58 34.92303 -0.34197 East 25.17 ft

State Plane Coordinates

NAD 27 NAD 83 (1986) Difference Northing (Y) 748,005.80 ft 748,034.32 ft + 37.52 ft Easting (X) 1,866,612.19 ft 1,835,142.41 ft - 31,469.78 ft

Overall shift is 6 miles East

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NGVD 29 and NAVD 88

Two Vertical Datums

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Datum Transformation Software

Federally produced datum transformation software is available free of charge from NOAAs National Geodetic Survey. http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/TOOLS/
NADCON NAD 83 vs NAD 27 VERTCON NAVD 88 vs NGVD 29 HTDP between a wide variety of reference frames UTMS UTM vs lat/long SPCS83 State Plane 83 vs lat/long GPPCGP State Plane 27 vs lat/long

NATIONAL OCEAN SERVICE

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METADATA METADATA IS DATA ABOUT DATA

DATUMS Horizontal including adjustment tag
NAD 27, NAD 83(1986), NAD83 (199X), NGVD29, NAVD88

Geoid Model for GPS derived orthometric heights

GEOID96, GEOID99

UNITS
Meters, U.S. Survey Feet, International Feet

ACCURACY A, B, 1st, 2nd, 3rd or 10 m, 1 m, 0.1 m, 3cm, 1cm

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http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/datasheet.prl
National Geodetic Survey, Retrieval Date = MARCH 21, 2003 KZ1585 *********************************************************************** KZ1585 DESIGNATION - SHANNAHAN KZ1585 PID - KZ1585 KZ1585 STATE/COUNTY- OH/DELAWARE KZ1585 USGS QUAD - POWELL (1988) KZ1585 KZ1585 *CURRENT SURVEY CONTROL KZ1585 ___________________________________________________________________ KZ1585* NAD 83(1995)- 40 09 24.94135(N) 083 00 26.03461(W) ADJUSTED KZ1585* NAVD 88 296.307 (meters) 972.13 (feet) ADJUSTED KZ1585 ___________________________________________________________________ KZ1585 X 594,316.727 (meters) COMP KZ1585 Y - -4,845,377.251 (meters) COMP KZ1585 Z 4,091,487.584 (meters) COMP KZ1585 LAPLACE CORR-3.19 (seconds) DEFLEC99 KZ1585 ELLIP HEIGHT262.49 (meters) (04/01/98) GPS OBS KZ1585 GEOID HEIGHT-33.85 (meters) GEOID99 KZ1585 KZ1585 HORZ ORDER - FIRST KZ1585 VERT ORDER - FIRST CLASS I KZ1585 ELLP ORDER - FOURTH CLASS I . . . . . KZ1585 KZ1585; North East Units Scale Converg. KZ1585;SPC OH N 54,568.670 556,782.294 MT 1.00006442 -0 19 59.6 KZ1585;SPC OH S 239,579.155 556,783.904 MT 1.00002679 -0 19 18.7 KZ1585;UTM 17 - 4,447,106.432 329,050.199 MT 0.99995976 -1 17 41.1 KZ1585 KZ1585 SUPERSEDED SURVEY CONTROL KZ1585 KZ1585 NAD 83(1986)- 40 09 24.94900(N) 083 00 26.04100(W) AD( ) 1 KZ1585 NAD 27 - 40 09 24.72300(N) 083 00 26.37800(W) AD( ) 1 KZ1585 NGVD 29 296.464 (m) 972.65 (f) ADJ UNCH 1 1 KZ1585 KZ1585.See file *dsdata.txt to determine how the superseded data were derived. *dsdata.txt = Metadata for all datasheet information

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Good Geographical Information Systems begin with good coordinates

GEOGRAPHY WITHOUT GEODESY IS A FELONY

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Adjustment tags
NAD83 has been readjusted periodically with most states having 2 or 3 adjustments with a final national adjustment planned in 2005. Each time this happens a small number of points are held fixed at the best values available at the time In general each readjustment will result in new coordinates for all points in the effected area. 2005 Nationwide adjustment <5 cm change
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PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEMS

STATE PLANE AND UNIVERSIAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR GRID COORDINATES ARE A DIRECT MATHEMATICAL CONVERSION FROM LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE TO A CARTESIAN NORTHING AND EASTING (Y & X) COORDINATE SYSTEM, AND MUST MAINTAIN THE SAME DATUM TAG [e.g. NAD 83(1993)] AS THE LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE

NATIONAL OCEAN SERVICE

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STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEMS

NOAA Manual NOS NGS - 5 State Plane Coordinate System of 1983

Lambert Conformal Conic and Transverse Mercator Projections International, State and County Boundaries Zones Approximately 158 miles wide NAD 27 - Coordinates in U.S. Survey Feet NAD 83 - Coordinates Metric w/State Defined Foot Conversion 1 Meter = 3.280833333 U.S. Survey Feet 1 Meter = 3.280839895 International Feet U.S. Survey foot in Ohio
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Datums for GIS spatial references

All geodetic data has a datum and adjustment tag associated with it Ex: NAD83 (1995) NAD83 (1986) SPC OH N

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