Design of Bridge Structures For Final

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Higher Education Ministry

Herat University
Civil Engineering Faculty
Subject
Submitted to
Submitted by
Date
:
:
:
:
Concrete Building Project

Eng.Sarajodin
Obaidullah ID#995
10.12.2008
(TABLE OF CONTENTS)
(BRIDGE ANALYSIS AND LOADING) ................................................................................... 5
TYPE OF LOADING:.............................................................................................................. 5
Calculation of dead load:................................................................................................ 5
Calculation of Live Load:................................................................................................ 7
Impact value of vehicle: .................................................................................................. 8
Loading of corridor or walk way: ................................................................................... 8
Force for pick up the deck of bridge: .............................................................................. 9
Force for floating:........................................................................................................... 9
Influence of Break load: .................................................................................................. 9
Influence of Wind load: ................................................................................................... 9
1.
Force of wind act on the deck of bridge................................................................ 9
Exerted load on bridge Piers: ....................................................................................... 10
Forces of wind pressure under passage:....................................................................... 10
Loads according the water flow and ice pressure: ....................................................... 10
Lateral Soil Pressure: ................................................................................................... 11
Earthquake force:.......................................................................................................... 11
Hydrodynamic Pressure in Earthquake Time: .............................................................. 11
Hydrodynamic force in edge pier:................................................................................. 11
1.
Hydrodynamic force in middle pier .................................................................... 11
(HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS) ......................................................................................................... 13

(DECK DESIGN)............................................................................................................................. 15
CALCULATION DEAD LOAD OF SLAB: .............................................................................. 15
DESIGN OF MAIN REINFORCEMENT USE LIMIT STATE DESIGN METHOD:...................... 15
DESIGN OF DISTRIBUTED REINFORCEMENT:................................................................... 17
DESIGN OF CANTILEVER SIDE WALK:.............................................................................. 17
(BEAM DESIGN) ............................................................................................................................ 20

INTERIOR BEAM DESIGN:................................................................................................. 20
DISTRIBUTION OF LIVE LOADS USE CORBAN METHOD: ................................................. 21
SKETCHING OF SHEAR AND MOMENT INFLUENCE LINE FOR 2M OF SPAN:.................. 23
MAXIMUM FLEXURE MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE:........................................................ 27
Effect of shear force and Maximum Moment at the support: ....................................... 27
Effect of shear force and Maximum Moment at the1/4Ln:............................................ 28
Effect of shear force and Maximum Moment at the1/2Ln:............................................ 29
DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS ON BEAMS: .......................................................................... 32
INTERNAL FORCE OF EDGE BEAM: ................................................................................ 33
Dead Load:.................................................................................................................... 33
Live load:....................................................................................................................... 33
DESIGN FOR FLEXURE: ..................................................................................................... 34
Determination of permanent deflection: ............................................................................... 39
DESIGN FOR FLEXURE:................................................................................................... 40
CAMBER OF THE FORM:.................................................................................................. 44
Determination of permanent deflection: ............................................................................... 45
(DESIGN OF ABUTMENT) ....................................................................................................... 46

CALCULATING OF LOADS ON ABUTMENT: .................................................................... 46
Reaction due to Dead load of deck: .............................................................................. 46
Reaction due to live load:.............................................................................................. 46
Reaction due to Impact value:....................................................................................... 47

Lateral pressure of soil: ................................................................................................ 47
Break load:.................................................................................................................... 48
Effective of variable temperature:................................................................................. 48
Force due to wind load: ................................................................................................ 48
Earthquake Load:.......................................................................................................... 49
CALCULATING OF MOMENTS ON ABUTMENT: ................................................................ 50
COMBINATION OF LOADS: ................................................................................................ 52
REINFORCEMENT CALCULATION: ................................................................................... 55
Design of Stem: ............................................................................................................. 55
Design of Toe: ............................................................................................................... 56
Design of Heel:.............................................................................................................. 57
Design of fore wall reinforcement: ............................................................................. 57
(DESIGN OF PIERS) .................................................................................................................... 59

DESIGN OF PIER CAP: ....................................................................................................... 59
DESIGN OF SHEAR AND FLEXURE MOMENT REINFORCEMENT: ................................... 62
DESIGN OF PIER: ............................................................................................................... 64
Design of a pier for the Second group of loading:........................................................ 68
Spiral Design: ............................................................................................................... 69
(DESIGN OF ELASTOMERIC BEARING PAD) ............................................................... 72

CALCULATION THICKNESS OF ELASTOMER BEARING PAD: ......................................... 72
CALCULATION AREA OF ELASTOMER BEARING PAD: ................................................... 72
CALCULATION OF SHAPE FACTOR: ................................................................................. 73
CALCULATION OF COMPRESSION TRANSFORMATION:.................................................. 73
CHECKING OF RELATION BETWEEN DL AND TEMPERATURE DEFORMATION: ........... 73
CHECKING OF SLIDING:.................................................................................................... 73
CALCULATION OF FORCE ON PIER DUE TO TEMPERATURE: ......................................... 73
CHECKING THE SUFFICIENCY OF ELASTOMERIC BEARING PAD FOR TURNING OF
SUPPORT: ........................................................................................................................... 74
(DESIGN OF CAISSON FOUNDATION) ............................................................................. 75

CALCULATION DIMENSION OF CAISSON FOUNDATION: ................................................ 75
Calculation diameter of Caisson:.................................................................................. 75
Calculation diameter bottom of Caisson: ..................................................................... 76
Calculation thickness bottom of Caisson: ..................................................................... 76
Checking for shear: ...................................................................................................... 76
Checking for Floating: ................................................................................................. 77
MIX DESIGN: ................................................................................................................................. 77
RENFERNCES: .................................................................................................................... 75
(Plane of the Site)
RESIDINTIALAREA
WASHBED
ROAD
CONSTRUCTIONSITE
EXISTINGSITE
(Plan of the Site)
Project Design Project
Created by Obaidullah (Ahmadzay) ID#995
(Bridge Analysis and Loading)

Type of loading:
1. Vertical Loading.
2. Horizontal Loading.
Vertical Loading:
Calculation of dead load:
(Specific gravity of some Material)
No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of
material
Steel
Concrete
Gravel and sand
Cast Iron
Aluminum
Specific gravity
(Ton/m3)
7.85
2.4-2.5
1.92
7.21
2.8
Type of
material
Macadam
Stone
Asphalt
Wood
Silt
Bridge Elevation
Specific gravity
(Ton/m3)
2.24
2.72
2.2
0.8
1.6
1. Calculation dead load of Deck at the 1m of length:
40cm
Wslab = 0.22 9.6 2.5 = 5.04Ton/m

WAsphalt = 0.1 8 2.2 = 1.76Ton/m
WSide Walk = 0.275 0.8 2.4 = 0.528Ton/m
WR.C.C Railing = 0.275 0.875 2.4 = 0.5775Ton/m
WSteel Railing = Negligible
WBeam = 5 1.1 0.4 2.5 = 5.5Ton/m
WTotal = 7.91Ton/m
2. Calculation dead load of Piers:
800cm
70
80
40
35
310
150
160
450
450
10
1
WPier Cap = 8 0.42 + 3.1 0.68 2 + 1.8 0.68 + 0.4 0.35 2 1.5 2.5
2
= 26.2Ton
WPier =
(1.6) 2 2.5 4.5 = 9.05Ton
4
WTotal = 9.05 + 26.2 = 35.25Ton
Calculation of Live Load:

Three kinds of live load are taken in bridge loading.
1. Truck Load:
It is in two kinds:
H
Hs
System of H loading is one double axis truck and Hs System is one
double axis tractor with one carrying load behind its.
I used Hs system for loading of bridge in my project.
3.625Ton
14.5Ton
4.25m
14.5Ton
(4.25-9.15)m
Truck Load Hs20-44
2. Equivalent Linear Load:
8.2Ton For Moment

11.8Ton For Shear
3. Tank Load:
In this loading 70Ton load above two chains with 3.51
dimension is take in to computation. In each lane of bridge just
consider one tank and along the bridge length distance between
two tanks at least should be consider 30m.
Note: By putting this loading on influence line diagram we can find the
maximum moment and shear, and then use the most critical situation in
the calculation from all three kinds of loading just the most critical
situation is used in designing of members.
20Ton/m
3.5m
Tank Load
Some of loading rules:

1. Transverse of loading line should be 3m.
2. In continuous and sample beams for finding shear and moment we
should consider one truck.
3. Each Ton in American standard is equal to 908Kg.
4. In process of slab designing we should consider that the control
axes of wheels are in a distance of 0.3m from the face of site walk.
5. If the bridge was dual way we should take one truck in each way
for computation, for example if the bridge was both way we will
take two truck for computation.
Impact value of vehicle:
Its amount is determined by AASHTO classification which is:
15
I=
0.3
L + 38
I = Impact Value
L = Varible lenght of its span

L is equal to the length of span to determine the maximum moment
of shear force for loading. For the following aim is impact should
be used.
1. Carriage way of bridge with its pier up to foundation.
2. That part of pile foundation which is on the ground level.
For the other part of bridge we dont take to account the influence
of impact.
Loading of corridor or walk way:
In two cases we can do its loading:
1. If it is impossible that the vehicle tire pass from the walk
way its live load influence on the part of analyze like slab,
column and the haven which walk way be directly influence
of that is equal to 415Kg/m2.
2. If it is possible that the vehicle tire pass from the walk way
its live load is equal to 5Ton concentrated load which is in a
critical condition.
Influence of walk way load on the main longitudinal beam and pier
is as fallow:
a. Span from 0-7.5m
415 Kg/m2
b. Span from 7.5-30m
300 Kg/m2
c. Span greater than 30m P=5(30+900/L)(16.5-W)/15< 300 Kg/m2
W = Width of walk way by m.
L = length of walk way which will be under loading.
Force for pick up the deck of bridge:
This loading can be use for the bridge that has continuous span.
This can be loading in two cases.
a. 100% of picking up force is composed of live load with
double impact.
b. 150% of picking up force is computed as structure nuts
which are in tension.
Force for floating:
This force is take in to account for big bridge that its amount is for
design of foundation equal to 40% of allowable force for design.
3. Lateral Loading:
Influence of Break load:
The horizontal force of break is equal to 5% of distributed load
which is along the length of bridge with movable flexure load
without influence of impact.
Influence of Wind load:
Force of wind act vertically and horizontally on air trap of bridge.
In three cases we can do its loading:
1. Force of wind act on the deck of bridge:

Pressure of wind act on air trap is as follow:
a. For truss bridge
350 Kg/m2
b. For bridge which has beam and main beam 250 Kg/m2
Additional to above force a uniform distributed load 150 Kg/m2 is taken
for vehicle which influence on 1.8m height above the deck of bridge.
9
Exerted load on bridge Piers:

a. Transmitted load over bridge passage:
According to the wind flow angle the amount of load is given in
the table of text book, and this load is exerted from a height of
1.8m over the surface of rout. Approximated amounts are
considered for the bridges in which the span is less than 38m long.
Transmitted load on piers via wind load over passage:
Transversal load is 250 Kg/m2 a long the Bridge
Longitudinal load is 60 Kg/m2 a long the Bridge
Transmitted load over piers via vehicle:
Transversal load is 150 Kg/m2 a long the Bridge
Longitudinal load is 60 Kg/m2 a long the Bridge
b. Forces which directly exerted on the bridge piers:
Longitudinal and transversal forces which are exerted directly over
the bridge piers, and is computed according an equivalent pressure
equal to 200 Kg/m2 the pressure should be considered in all support
views and it is exerted to the center of air rapt bridge.
Forces of wind pressure under passage:
In addition the two previous loads the up force is exerted on of
width of bridge on air rapt. The amount of this load is 100Kg/m2.
Directionof Wind
b/4
F
Loads according the water flow and ice pressure:

Ice pressure is equal to 30Kg/m2 and pressure according water flow
on pier is:
P = 55KV 2
P = Kg/m 2
V = Velocity (m/sec)
K = Coefficient due to shape of pier (for circular = 0.67)
10
Lateral Soil Pressure:

This pressure exists at the supports of bridge and retaining wall
which design can endure the liquid pressure equal to 480Kg/m2.
Earthquake force:
The amount of earthquake force is determined from bellow
formula:
E Q = C.F.W
W = Dead Load quota of selected pier

P = Concentred load which applied at the top of pier
3EI
P= 3
= 1cm
h
F = Coeficient of frame
F =1
Hydrodynamic Pressure in Earthquake Time:
If the edge and middle columns of bridge was inside water the
hydrodynamic pressure of water should be consider in earthquake
time.
Hydrodynamic force in edge pier:
Its amount is equal to:
7
K h W bh 2
12
1
hg = h
2
P = Hydrodynam ic force in edge columns.
P=
K h = Coefficien tof horizontal earthquake .

W = Specific gravity (Ton/m 3 )
h = Depth of water.
b = Diameter of edge pier.
hg = Heigth of force whic influence is above the deck of bridge.
1. Hydrodynamic force in middle pier:
Its amount is equal to:
3
b
b
P = K h W bh 2 1
for 2
4
4h
h
3
b
P = K h W bh 2
2 < 3.1
8
h
11
7
b
P = K h W bh 2
3.1 <
6
h
1
hg = h
2
P = Hydrodynamic force in edge columns.
K h = Coefficientof horizontal earthquake.
W = Specific gravity (Ton/m 3 )
h = Depth of water.
b = Diameter of edge pier.
hg = Heigth of force whic influence is above the deck of bridge.
12
(Hydraulic Analysis)
1
AR 2/3S1/2
n
916.08 915.12
S=
= 0.00064
1500
1/6
d 50
n=
21.1
d 50 = 2.5mm
Q=
1/6
2.5
1000
n=
= 0.0175
21.1
1
A = (408 + 406.2) 0.9 = 366.4m 2
2
P = 406.2 + 2 0.9 2 + 0.9 2 = 408.4m 2
A 366.4
R= =
= 0.896m
P 408.75
Q = 1.5 492.27 738m 3 /sec
B = 3.26 Q
B = 3.26 738 = 89m
Q 738
=
= 8.3m 3 /m.sec
B 89
V
F=
gy
q=
Q
738
=
= 2.014m/sec
A 366.4
2.014
= 0.678 > 0.5
F=
9.81 0.9
V=
Use AASHTO Classifications we determine the yave with below formula:

y ave = 0.38 q 0.67 d 50
0.17
0.17
2.5
y ave = 0.38 8.3
= 4.34m
1000
y max = 1.5 y ave = 1.5 4.34 = 6.52m
0.67
13
W.L at Time of Flood

160cm
Normall Depth
Ymax
Normaal River Bed
River Bed at Time of Flood
ds
D? (Y+ds)/3
450cm
General Scouring depth ymax = 6.52m.

Use AASHTO Classifications we determine the dS with below formula:
d S1 = 1.59 V 0.67 b 0.67

d S2 = 1.11 y 0.5 b 0.5
d S = Greatest value of (d S1 , d S2 )
d S1 = 1.59 (2.014)
0.67
(1.6 )
0.67
= 3.48m
d S2 = 1.11 (6.52 ) (1.6 ) = 3.585m

0.5
0.5
So d S = 3.585m
Local Scouring depth = 3.585m.
y + ds 6.52 + 3.585
Depth of Foundation
= 3.368m
=
3
3
14
(Deck design)
Number of main beams = 5
Width of deck without side walk = 8.6m
Clear distance between two piers = 16m
fc = 21MPa fy = 360MPa
Thickness of slab = 22cm
27.5
110
130
22
20
425
20
180
40
180
5.625
Calculation Dead load of slab:

Weight of concrete = 0.222.5 = 0.55 Ton/m2
Weight of 10cm asphalt = 0.12.2 = 0.22 Ton/m2
Total dead load = 0.77 Ton/m2
WL2
1.82
M
=
= 0.77
= 0.25Ton.m/m
(DL)
10
10
1.64S + 1
1.64 1.8 + 1
M
= 0.8
P = 0.8
7.25 = 1.433Ton.m/m
(LL)
16
16
M
= 0.3M
= 0.3 1.433 = 0.4299 Ton.m/m
(IL)
(LL)
Total Moment = 0.25 + 1.433 + 0.4299 = 2.113Ton.m/m
Designs of main reinforcement use limit state design method:

fs = 0.5fy = 0.5 3600 = 1800Kg/cm2
fc = 0.4f c = 0.4 210 = 84Kg/cm2
Es
= 10 we assume
Ec
fs 1800
r= =
= 21.43
fc
84
n=
15
n
10
=
= 0.318
n + r 10 + 21.43
J = 1 k/3 = 1 0.318/3 = 0.894
k=
2M
2 2.113 105
d=
=
= 13.3cm
fcKJb
84 0.318 0.894 100
Clearcover = 3cm
Radius of reinforcement = 1cm
Total thickness slab = 13.3 + 1 + 3 = 17.3cm 22cm so it' s O.K
As =
M
fsJd
J = 0.894
d = h - 4cm = 22 - 4 = 18cm
2.113 105
As =
= 7.295cm 2 /m 7.3cm 2 /m
1800 0.894 18
use 16mm bars
As(cm 2 )
2.01
7.3
S=
S(cm)
100
X
2.04 100
= 27.5cm 25cm c c
7.3
As(cm 2 )
2.01
X
100 2.01
= 8.04cm 2 7.3cm 2 So it' s O.K
25
So use 16mm@25cm c - c
As =
16
S(cm)
100
25
Design of distributed reinforcement:

120
67%
S
120
=
= 89% 67% so we use 67%
1.8
As = 0.67 7.3 = 4.891cm2 /m
% of D.R =
use 14mm bars As = 1.54cm 2 /m

As(cm2 )
1.54
4.891
S=
S(cm)
100
X
1.54 100
= 31.5cm 30cm c c
4.891
As(cm2 )
1.54
X
S(cm)
100
30
100 1.54
= 5.13cm 2 4.891cm 2 So it' s O.K
30
As =
Design of Cantilever side walk:

Moment due to R.C.C railing = 0.58 1.1375 = 0.66Ton.m/m
Moment due to Side walk = 0.528 0.875 = 0.462Ton.m/m
Moment due to Slab weight = (0.22 1.275 2.5 11.275)/2 + (1/2 0.2 1.275
1 2.5 1.275)/3 = 0.583Ton.m/m
P
Moment due to Load of Truck M = X
E
E = 0.8X + 1.143for main bar virtecal on traffic
E = 0.8 1.275 + 1.143 = 2.163
1.275
M=
7.25 = 4.3Ton.m/m
2.163
Moment due to Impact = 0.3M
= 0.3 4.3 = 1.29Ton.m/m
(LL)
Total Moment = 0.66 + 0.462 + 0.583 + 4.3 + 1.29 = 7.295Ton.m/m
17
2M
2 7.295 105
d
=
=
= 24.72cm
min
fcKJb
84 0.318 0.894 100
h
= d + 3 + 1 = 24.72 + 3 + 1 = 28.72cm 42cm So it' s O.K
min
M
7.295 105
As =
=
= 11.93cm2 /m
fsJd 1800 0.894 38
use 16mm bars As = 2.01cm2 /m
As(cm2 )
S=
S(cm)
2.01
100
11.93
2.01 100
= 16.85cm 15cm c c
11.93
As(cm2 )
2.01
X
S(cm)
100
15
100 2.01
= 13.4cm 2 11.93cm 2 So it' s O.K
15
350
As =
800
? 12@ 200+? 12@200

(ALTERNATELY PLACED
8 ? 12 @ 200
?16
275
S=1%
S=1.5%
SECTION A(W/STEEL RAILING)
(Section for Design of Side Walk)

18
10? 12 LONGITUDNAL BARS
(Slab Detail Reinforcement)
19
(Beam Design)
Interior Beam Design:
h
min
= 1.1
(L + 3)
(16 + 3)
= 1.1
= 1.161m 1.3m
18
18
Effective of dead load due to concrete slab, beam and asphalt:
w = 2.5(1.08 0.4 + 1.8 0.22) + 2.2(1.8 0.1) = 2.466Ton/m 2.5Ton/m
1. Determination of Reactions at supports:

2.5Ton/m
16m
RA
RA = RB =
Mo = 0
RB
wLn 2.5 16
=
= 20Ton
2
2
2. Determination of Reactions at 1/4Ln:

2 .5 T o n /m
4m
R A =20Ton
Fy + = 0
20 V 2.5 4 = 0
V = 10Ton
M o )+ = 0
20 4 + 2.5 4 4/2 + M o = 0
M o = 60Ton.m
20
3. Determination of Reactions at mid span:

2.5Ton/m
Mo
8m
R A =20Ton
Fy + = 0
20 2.5 8 V = 0
V=0
M o )+ = 0
20 8 + 2.5 8 2 /2 + M = 0
o
M = 80Ton.m
o
Effective of Live Load and Impact Load:

15
15
0.3
= 0.28
L + 38
16 + 38
Total Live Load = L.L + I.L = (1 + 0.28)w = 1.28w
I.L =
Distribution of Live loads use Corban method:

1. Truck Load:
The maximum moment due to truck load obtain, when the center of
beam place between the R1 and R2.
M o )+ = 0
9.5 7.25 1.813 4.25 + 16.313 X = 0
X = 3.75m
e = X/2 = 1.875m
W
R =
1+
1
5
=
I
e
2I x
x
4W
I
1+
3.6 1.875 = 0.97W
2
2
5
I(2 1.8 + 2 3.6 )
21
R =
2
=
R =
3
W
1+
5

I
e
2I x
x
4W
I
1+
1.8 1.875 = 0.88W
2
2
5
I(2 1.8 + 2 3.6 )
W
1+
5
I
e
2I x
x
4W
I
1+
0 1.875 = 0.8W
2
2
5
I(2 1.8 + 2 3.6 )
beam from front wheel = 1.28 3.625/2 0.88 = 2.04Ton
2
beam from back wheel = 1.28 14.5/2 0.88 = 8.2Ton
2
beam from front wheel = 1.28 3.625 0.8 = 1.856Ton
3
beam from back wheel = 1.28 14.5/2 0.8 = 7.424Ton
3
=
Portion of
Portion of
Portion of
Portion of

Maximum flexure moment due to the equivalent linear load obtain,
when the concentrate load is place at the center of beam.
Distribution of Live loads uses AASHTO Standards:
S
1.8
Portion of beam from the equivalent linear load = 12
W = 12
W = 0.49W
2
1.83
1.83
= 1.28 0.49 0.95 = 0.6Ton/m
Portion of beam from the Concentrate load for Flexure = 1.28 0.49 8.2 = 5.14Ton.m
2
Portion of beam from the Concentrate load for Shear = 1.28 0.49 11.8 = 7.4Ton
2
22
Sketching of Shear and Moment Influence Line for 2m of Span:

1. Sketching of Shear Influence Line for 2m of Span:
Sketching of Shear Influence Line for 2m of Span
16
14
12
10
Influence Line ForRL

1
0.875
Influence Line For 2m
0.125
0.75
0.25
0.625
0.375
0.5
0.5
0.375
0.625
0.25
0.75
0.125
0.875
1
Influence Line For RR
(Sketching of Influence Line)
23
2. Sketching of Moment Influence Line for 2m of Span:

Sketching of Moment Influence Line for 2m of Span
3
3.75

4

3.75
3
1.75
(Sketching of Influence Line)
24
16
14
12
10
1.75
Procedure for Calculation of Shear and Moment Influence Line:

I show the calculation of the first 2m span, and the other shear and
moment influence line is the same.
1
16
14
12
10
0
x
RB
RA
MB)+ = 0
R
R
L + 1 (L X ) = 0
LX
L
For 0 X 16
Fy + = 0
R
R
B
B
1+
LX
=0
L
= 1
LX
L
For 0 X 16
1. Shear Influence Line for X=2m:

1
V
0
x
R A = (L -X )/L
Fy + = 0
LX
1 V = 0
L
LX
1
L
Ivalveting :
V =
L
For
0 X 2m
(0 ) = 0
V
V
(2 )
16 2
1 = 0.125
16
25
Fy + = 0
LX
V =0
R
L
LX
L
Ivalveting :
V =
R
(2)
(16)
For 2m X 16m
16 2
= 0.875
16
16 16
=0
16
Sketching of Diagram:
0.875
Shear Influence Line For 2m
0.125
2. Moment Influence Line for X=2m:

1
V
0
x
R A = (L -X )/L
M )+ = 0
O
LX
M
2 + 1(2 X ) = 0
(x )
L
LX
2 + 1 (X - 2 )
(x )L
L
Ivalveting :
M
(0) = 0
(0)
16 2
2 + 1 (2 - 2 ) = 1.75
16
26
For 0 X 2m
M )+ = 0
O
LX
M
2 = 0
(x )
L
M
(x )R
LX
2
L
For 2m X 16m
Ivalveting :
M
(2) = 1.75
(16)
16 16
2 = 0
16
Sketching of Diagram:
1.75
Moment Influence Line For 2m
Maximum flexure moment and shear force:

Effect of shear force and Maximum Moment at the support:
1
7.4Ton
0.6Ton/m
9.28Ton
8.2Ton
Critical Situation due to Linear

Load for Shear at the Support
2.04Ton
Critical Situation due to Truck
Load For Shear at the Support
4.25m
4.25m
Truck Load Hs 20-44
Shear force due to truck load:

Due to AASHTO standard, first load must be equal to = 1.28 7.25 = 9.28Ton
111.75
1 7.5
V
= 9.28 1 + 8.2
+ 2.04
= 16.3Ton
truck
16
16
M max = 0
27
Shear force due to Equivalent linear load:

1
V
= 16 1 0.6 + 7.4 1 = 12.2Ton
Linear 2
M max = 0
Effect of shear force and Maximum Moment at the1/4Ln:
Shear force and Maximum Flexure Moment due to truck load:

0.75
0.25
9.28Ton
8.2Ton
4.25m
2.04Ton
4.25m
T ruck L oad Hs 20-44

9.28Ton
4m

3
9.28Ton
8.2Ton
4.25m
2.04Ton
4.25m
0.75 11.75
0.75 3.5
Positive V
= 9.28 0.75 + 8.2
+ 2.04
= 11.4Ton
truck
12
12
Negative V
= 0.25 9.28 = 2.32Ton
truck
M max = 9.28 3 + 8.2 1.94 + 2.04 0.875 = 45.51Ton.m
28
Shear force and Maximum Moment due to Equivalent linear load:

0.75
0.25
7.4Ton
0.6Ton/m

Load For Positive Shear at 14Ln
7.4Ton
0.6Ton/m

Load For Negative Shear at 14Ln
5.14Ton
0.6Ton/m
Critical Situation due to

Linear Load For Moment
1
Positive V
= 0.75 12 0.6 + 7.4 0.75 = 8.25Ton
Linear 2
1
Negative V
= 0.25 4 0.6 7.4 0.25 = 2.15Ton
Linear
2
1
1
M
= 4 3 0.6 + 12 3 0.6 + 5.14 3 = 29.82Ton.m
max 2
2
Effect of shear force and Maximum Moment at the1/2Ln:
Shear force and Maximum Flexure Moment due to truck load:
3.75 0.5
Positive V
= 9.28 0.5 + 8.2
= 6.56Ton
truck
8
3.75 0.5
Negative V
= 0.5 9.28 - 8.2
= -6.56Ton
truck
8
3.75 4
3.75 4
M max = 9.28
+ 8.2 4 + 2.04
= 54.1Ton.m
8
8
29

0 .5
0 .5
9 .2 8 T o n
8 .2 T o n
4 .2 5 m
T ru ck L o a d H s 2 0 -44
8 .2 T o n
9 .2 8 T o n
4 .2 5m
T ru ck L o a d H s 2 0-4 4
4
9 .2 8 T o n
8 .2 T o n
4 .2 5 m
2 .0 4 T o n
4 .2 5m
T ru ck L o a d H s 2 0 -44
Shear force and Maximum Moment due to Equivalent linear load:

1
Positive V
= 0.5 8 0.6 + 7.4 0.5 = 4.71Ton
Linear 2
1
Negative V
= 0.5 8 0.6 7.4 0.5 = 4.71Ton
Linear
2
1
1
M
= 8 4 0.6 + 8 4 0.6 + 5.14 4 = 39.76Ton.m
max 2
2
0.5
0.5
7.4Ton
0.6Ton/m

Load For Positive Shear at 14 Ln
7.4Ton
0.6Ton/m

Load For Negative Shear at 14 Ln
30

4
5.14Ton
Critical Situation due to
Linear Load For Moment
0.6Ton/m
Position
Support
1/4Ln
1/2Ln
Loads
Truck
Equivalent
Linear
Truck
Equivalent
Linear
Truck
Equivalent
Linear
Positive
Shear(Ton)
Negative
Shear(Ton)
Max.Flexure
Moment (Ton.m)
16.3
------
12.2
------
11.4
-2.32
45.51
8.25
-2.15
29.82
6.56
-6.56
54.1
4.71
-4.71
39.76
Maximum flexure moment and shear force obtain from truck load, so we
design edge beam from truck load.
31
Distribution of Loads on beams:

Distribution of truck load on beams due to Corban method:
W
R =
1+
1
5
=
4W
I
1+
3.6 2.5 = 0.31W
2
2
5
I(1.8 + 3.6 )
W
R =
1+
2
5
=
I
e
2I x
x
4W
I
1+
1.8 2.5 = 0.26W
2
2
5
I(1.8 + 3.6 )
W
R =
1+
3
5
=
I
e
2I x
x
I
e
2I x
x
4W
I
1+
0 2.5 = 0.2W
5
I(1.82 + 3.62 )
Use table of AASHTO we determine maximum shear and Flexure

moment due to truck load:
M max = 249.38Ton.m
Vmax = 62.34Ton
M max for Beam1 = 0.31 249.38 = 77.31Ton.m
Vmax for Beam1 = 0.31 62.3 = 19.31Ton
Vmax for Beam2 = 0.26 62.3 = 16.2Ton
Vmax for Beam3 = 0.2 62.3 = 12.46Ton
32
Internal force of edge beam:

Dead Load:
W
= (0.9 + 1.5) 0.22 2.5 = 1.32Ton/m
Slab
1
W
= 0.2 1.275 2.5 = 0.32Ton/m
Low Slab 2
W
= 0.58Ton/m
Concrete Rialing
WBeam = 1.08 0.4 2.5 = 1.08Ton/m
WAsphalt = 1.76Ton/m
Load of side walk = 300Kg/m 2 1 = 0.3Ton/m
Total dead load = 5.36Ton/m

Dead Load of edge beam
5.36
=
= 2.14
Derad Load of interior beam 2.5
If we multiply the shear force and flexure moment of interior beam with
2.14 the shear force and flexure moment of edge beam will obtain.
Live load:
Live Load of edge beam

0.97
=
= 1.22
Live Load of interior beam 0.8
If we multiply the shear force and flexure moment of interior beam with
1.22 the shear force and flexure moment of edge beam will obtain.
Internal Force of Interior Beam
Position
Dead
Load
Support
1/4Ln
1/2Ln
20
10
0
Shear Force (Ton)

Impact and Live Load
Positive
Negative
16.3
----11.4
-2.32
6.56
-6.56
Flexure Moment (Ton.m)

Dead
Impact and Live Load
Load Positive
Negative
0
0
----60
45.51
----80
64.84
-----
I will design the edge beam because the load of edge beam is greater than
the internal beams. In practical work we assign dimension of great beam
instead of other beams.
33
(Design of External Beam)

Design for Flexure:
L1 + L2
= 180cm
2
Ln 1600
b = min b =
=
= 400cm
4
4
b = 16hf + bw = 16 22 + 40 = 392cm
b=
So b = 180cm
22
180
bw
Assume that we use 3 layers steel 30mm clear spacing 5cm and clear
cover 7.5cm.
d = 1.3 - (0.075 + 0.05 + 0.03 + 0.015) = 1.13m
fc = 0.4 210 = 84Kg/cm 2
fs = 1800Kg/cm 2
Ec = 5000 f' c = 5000 21 = 2.29 10 4 Kg/cm 2
Es = 2 105 Kg/cm 2
n=
2 105
2.29 10 4
= 8.7 10
Combination Loading use Limit State Method

Position
Support
1/4Ln
1/2Ln
V (Ton)
(D+L+I)
2.14 20 + 1.22 16.3 = 62.69
2.14 10 + 1.22 11.4 = 35.31
6.56 1.22 = 8
34
M (Ton.m)
(D+L+I)
0
2.14 60 + 1.22 45.51 = 183.92
2.14 80 + 1.22 64.84 = 250.31
Design reinforcement of mid span:

M
250.31105
=
= 136.33cm 2
fs(d hf/2) 1800(113 22/2)
As
136.33
=
=
= 0.0067
b d 180 113
n = 0.0067 10 = 0.067
1
1
q=
=
= 7.5
2 n 2 0.067
hf 22
=
=
= 0.195
d 113
n + 0.5 2 0.067 + 0.5 0.195 2
K=
=
= 0.3 0.195 So T Beam
n +
0.067 + 0.195
or K d = 0.3 113 = 33.9 22 = h So T Beam
f
6 - 6 + 2 2 + q 3 6 - 6 0.195 + 2 0.195 2 + 7.5 0.1953
=
= 0.92
J=
63
6 3 0.195
M
250.31 105
=
As =
= 133.76cm 2
fsJd 1800 0.92 113
fsK
1800 0.3
=
fc =
= 77.14 84 So O.K
n(1 K) 10(1 0.3)
use 17 32mm in 3 layers
As = 17 /4 3.2 2 = 136.72cm 2 133.76cm 2 So O.K
As =
To 0.75d 85cm at two cutting point sides must Place addition

stirrups, its magnitude is equal to:
Av 4.2bw
4.2bw
=
= 0.0012bw
S
fy
3600
bw = 40cm
Av
= 0.0012 40 = 0.047
S
d
Cuted Reinforcement
Smax =
b=
8
Total Reinforcement
5
for 5 above bars b = = 0.294
17
11
for 5 midle bars b = = 0.647
17
35
113
= 48cm for point a
8 0.294
113
Smax =
= 21.83cm for point b
8 0.647
0.06A fy 0.06 /4 3.2 2 3600
b =
= 119.88cm
distance to continue d = max
210
f' c
0.006db fy = 0.006 3.2 3600 = 69.12cm
So distance to contiue d = 120cm
Smax =
For 6 remainder 32mm bars with 121cm effective depth, capacity of flexure moment
is equal to :
M
Development Lenght = + La
V
Capacity of 32mm = Asfs(d - t/2) = 6 /4 3.2 2 1800(121 22/2) = 95.54Ton.m
Width of Support = 70cm
a = 70/2 - 5 = 30cm
M
95.54 10 2
+ La =
+ 30 = 182.4cm d = 120cm So O.K
V
62.69
Design for Shear:

62.69
P
=
6.57
8
P = 51.48Ton
vc = 0.25 f' c = 0.25 210 = 3.63Kg/cm 2

Vc = vc bw d = 3.63 40 113 10 3 = 16.4Ton
V = 51.48Ton
Vs = V Vc = 51.48 16.4 = 35.08Ton
Av Vs
Av 35.08 1000
=
=
= 0.173
S fs d
S
1800 113
6 2 .6 9 T o n
Vs
5 1 .4 8 T o n
Vc
3 5 .3 1 T o n
0 .3
1 .1 3
2
8
36
To this value we add Av/S = 0.047 from additional stirrup.

Av
= 0.173 + 0.047 = 0.22
S
Use 12mm As = 1.13cm 2
Av = 4 1.13 = 4.52cm 2
4.52
= 0.22 S = 20.55cm
S
Use double stirrup 12mm@20cm
Av
bw
40
Min
= 3.5
= 3.5
= 0.039
S
fy
3600
4.52
= 0.039
S
S = 116.23cm
Max S use AASHTO standard = d/2=113/2=56.5cm

Use 12mm@35cm c-c
Av/S=4.52/35=0.129
Av
fs d = 0.129 1800 113 10 3 = 26.24Ton
S
V = Vs + Vc = 26.24 + 16.4 = 42.64Ton
Vs =
After 5cm from the face of column we use 12mm@20cm c-c and to
other length use 12mm@35cm c-c.
Camber of the form:

= 2.5T/m
Dead Load
M Dead Load at mid span = 2.14 80 = 171.2Ton.m
3
3
Mcr
Mcr
Ie =
Ig + 1
I ct Ig
M max
M max
Area
Dimension
M=A.y
Ay2
Ii=bh3/12
18022
3960
119
471240
56077560
180.223/12=159720
400108
4320
54
233280
12597120
40.1083/12=4199040
Total
8280
704520
37
I1=4358760
M 704520
=
= 85.1cm
A
8280
704520 2
M2
= 4358760
= 55586702.6 1cm 4
Ig = Iy = I
1
A
8280
Fr = 2 f' c = 2 210 = 28.983Kg/c m 2
yt =
FrIg 28.983 55586702.6 1

=
= 189.32Ton. m
yt
85.1
Mcr
189.32
=
= 1.11
M max
171.2
Mcr =
a=
c (2d + hf f ) + (1 + f )2 (1 + f) /c
bw
40
=
0.0293
n As 10 136.72
f = hf(b bw)/n As = 22(180 40)/10 136.72 = 2.253
c=
a=
0.0293(2113 + 22 2.253) + (1 + 2.253)2 (1 + 2.253) /0.0293
a = 36.4cm hf = 22cm
Ict = (b bw)hf 3 /12 + bwa 3 /3 + (b bw)hf(a hf/2) 2 + nAs(d a) 2
Ict = (180 40)223 /12 + 40 36.43 /3 + (180 40)22(36.4 22/2) 2 +
+ 10 136.72(113 36.4) 2 = 10776494.75cm 4
Mcr
Ie =
M max
Mcr
Ig + 1
M max
3
I ct Ig
Ie = (1.11)3 55586702.61 + 1 1.113 10776494.75 = 72060324.14cm 4

Ie Ig we use Ie = Ig = 55586702.61cm 4
E = 15000 f' c = 15000 210 = 217370.65Kg/cm 2
5 qL4
5
25 1600 4
=
=
= 0.177cm
384 EIe 384 217370.65 55586702.61
38
Determination of permanent deflection:
1 + 50 0
' = 0 For the beam, which don' t have compresion reinforcement.
= 2 For the 5years times of loading.
2
=
=2
1+ 0
perment = 0.177 2 = 0.354cm
Total = 0.354 + 0.177 = 0.531cm 6cm
So we use minimum camber of forms from AASHTO standard = 6cm
4? 20mm
17 ? 32mm
40
(Section for Design of Edge Beam)
39
130
113
22
6? 20mm
(Design of Internal Beam)

Design for Flexure:
L1 + L2
= 180cm
2
Ln 1600
b = min b =
=
= 400cm
4
4
b = 16hf + bw = 16 22 + 40 = 392cm
b=
So b = 180cm
22
180
bw
Assume that we use 3 layers steel 28mm clear spacing 5cm and clear
cover 7.5cm.
d = 1.3 - (0.075 + 0.05 + 0.03 + 0.015) = 1.13m
fc = 0.4 210 = 84Kg/cm 2
fs = 1800Kg/cm 2
Ec = 5000 f' c = 5000 21 = 2.29 10 4 Kg/cm 2
Es = 2 105 Kg/cm 2
n=
2 105
2.29 10 4
= 8.7 10
Combination Loading use Limit State Method

Position
Support
1/4Ln
1/2Ln
V (Ton)
(D+L+I)
20 + 16.3 = 36.3
10 + 11.4 = 21.4
6.56
M (Ton.m)
(D+L+I)
0
60 + 45.51 = 105.51
80 + 64.84 = 144.84
40
Design reinforcement of mid span:

M
144.84 105
As =
=
= 78.89cm2
fs(d hf/2) 1800(113 22/2)
As
78.89
=
= 0.00388
b d 180 113
n = 0.00388 10 = 0.0388
=
q=
1
1
=
= 12.89
2 n 2 0.0388
hf 22
=
= 0.195
d 113
n + 0.5 2 0.0388 + 0.5 0.195 2
= 0.247 0.195 So T Beam
K=
=
n +
0.0388 + 0.195
or K d = 0.247 113 = 27.91 22 = h So T Beam
f
6 - 6 + 2 2 + q 3 6 - 6 0.195 + 2 0.195 2 + 12.88 0.1953
=
= 0.924
J=
63
6 3 0.195
M
144.84 105
=
= 77.06cm 2
As =
fsJd 1800 0.924 113
fsK
1800 0.247
=
= 59.044 84 So O.K
fc =
n(1 K) 10(1 0.247)
use 17 25mm in 3 layers
As = 17 /4 2.5 2 = 83.45cm 2 77.06cm 2 So O.K
=
To 0.75d 85cm at two cutting point sides must Place addition stirrups,
its magnitude is equal to:
Av 4.2bw
4.2bw
=
= 0.0012bw
S
fy
3600
bw = 40cm
Av
= 0.0012 40 = 0.047
S
d
Cuted Reinforcement
Smax =
=
b Total Reinforcement
8
b
41
5
= 0.294
b 17
11
for 5 midle bars
= = 0.647
b 17
for 5 above bars
113
= 48cm for point a
8 0.294
113
Smax =
= 21.83cm for point b
8 0.647
Smax =
0.06A fy 0.06 /4 3.2 2 3600

b =
= 119.88cm
distance to continue d = max
210
f' c
0.006db fy = 0.006 3.2 3600 = 69.12cm
So distance to contiue d = 120cm
For 6 remainder 25mm bars with 121cm effective depth, capacity of flexure moment
is equal to :
M
Development Lenght = + La
V
Capacity of 32mm = Asfs(d - t/2) = 6 /4 2.52 1800(121 22/2) = 58.32Ton.m
Width of Support = 70cm

a = 70/2 - 5 = 30cm
M
58.32 10 2
+ La =
+ 30 = 190.66cm d = 120cm So O.K
V
36.3
Design for Shear:

3 6 .3 T o n
Vs
2 9 .8 1 T o n
Vc
9 .0 7 5 T o n
0 .3
1 .1 3
2
8
42

36.3
P
=
8
6.57

P = 29.81Ton
vc = 0.25 f' c = 0.25 210 = 3.63Kg/cm 2

Vc = vc bw d = 3.63 40 113 10 3 = 16.4Ton
V = 29.81Ton
Vs = V Vc = 29.8 16.4 = 13.41Ton
Av Vs
Av 13.41 1000
=
=
= 0.0659
S fs d
S
1800 113
To this value we add Av/S = 0.047 from additional stirrup.
Av
= 0.0659 + 0.047 = 0.1129
S
Av = 4 1.13 = 4.52cm 2
4.52
= 0.22 S = 40.04cm
S
Use double stirrup 12mm@40cm
Av
bw
40
= 3.5
= 3.5
= 0.039
3600
S
fy
Min
4.52
= 0.039 S = 116.23cm
S
Max S use AASHTO standard = d/2=113/2=56.5cm
Use 12mm@35cm c-c
Av/S=4.52/35=0.129
Av
Vs =
fs d = 0.129 1800 113 10 3 = 26.24Ton
S
V = Vs + Vc = 26.24 + 16.4 = 42.64Ton
After 5cm from the face of column we use 12mm@40cm c-c and to
other length use 12mm@35cm c-c.
43
Camber of the form:

= 2.5T/m
Dead Load
M Dead Load at mid span = 80Ton.m
3
3
Mcr
Mcr
Ie =
Ig + 1
I ct Ig
M max
M max
Area
Dimension
M=A.y
Ay2
Ii=bh3/12
18022
3960
119
471240
56077560
180.223/12=159720
400108
4320
54
233280
12597120
40.1083/12=4199040
Total
8280
704520
I1=4358760
M 704520
=
= 85.1cm
A
8280
M2
7045202
= 4358760
= 55586702.61cm 4
Ig = Iy = I
1 A
8280
Fr = 2 f' c = 2 210 = 28.983Kg/cm 2
yt =
FrIg 28.983 55586702.61

=
= 189.32Ton.m
yt
85.1
Mcr
189.32
=
= 1.11
M max 171.2
Mcr =
a=
2
c(2d + hf f ) + (1 + f ) (1 + f) /c
bw
40
=
0.0293
n As 10 136.72
f = hf(b bw)/n As = 22(180 40)/10 136.72 = 2.253
Ict = (b bw)hf 3/12 + bwa 3/3 + (b bw)hf(a hf/2)2 + nAs(d a)2
c=
Ict = (180 40)223 /12 + 40 36.43 /3 + (180 40)22(36.4 22/2)2 +

+ 10 136.72(113 36.4)2 = 10776494.75cm 4
3
3
Mcr
Mcr
Ie =
Ig + 1
Ict Ig
M max
M max
Ie = (1.11)3 55586702.61 + 1 1.113 10776494.75 = 72060324.14cm 4
44
0.0293(2113 + 22 2.253) + (1 + 2.253)2 (1 + 2.253) /0.0293
a=
a = 36.4cm hf = 22cm
Ie Ig we use Ie = Ig = 55586702.61cm 4
E = 15000 f' c = 15000 210 = 217370.65Kg/cm 2
5 qL4
5
25 1600 4
=
=
= 0.177cm
384 EIe 384 217370.65 55586702.61
Determination of permanent deflection:
1 + 50 0
' = 0 For the beam, which don' t have compresion reinforcement.
= 2 For the 5years times of loading.
2
=
=2
1+ 0
perment = 0.177 2 = 0.354cm
Total = 0.354 + 0.177 = 0.531cm 6cm
So we use minimum camber of forms from AASHTO standard = 6cm
4? 16mm
17? 25mm
40
(Section for Design of Interior Beam)
45
130
113
22
6? 16mm
(Design of Abutment)
Calculating of loads on abutment:
b
SECTION For Retaining W all
Reaction due to Dead load of deck:

q = 11.5Ton/m
R = 1/2 11.5 16 = 92Ton
Dead load due to dick per 1m of width = 92/9.6 = 9.58Ton/m
Reaction due to live load:
Truck load:
14.5Ton
14.5Ton
4.25m
3.625Ton
4.25m
Truck Load Hs 20-44

RA
RB
M )+ = 0
B
R 16 + 14.5 16 + 14.5 11.75 + 3.625 7.5 = 0
A
R = 26.85Ton
A
2 26.85
Live loads per 1m of width =
= 5.6Ton/m Two line of traffic
9.6
46
Equivalent linear load:

11.8Ton
0.95Ton/m
RA
RB
M )+ = 0
B
R
16 + 0.95 16 2 /2 + 11.8 16 = 0
A
R = 19.4Ton
A
2 19.4
= 4.042Ton/m Two line of traffic
9.6
Tank load:
M )+ = 0
B
R 16 + 20 3.5 14.25 = 0
A
R = 62.35Ton
A
62.35
= 6.5Ton/m One line of traffic
9.6
So RA=6.5Ton/m is critical and this load use for design of abutment.
Reaction due to Impact value:
In design of pier abutment effective of impact is not use and
negligible.
Lateral pressure of soil:
Ka = 0.33
s = 1.9
= 1.9 0.33 = 0.627 0.48 or 0.58
L
Pa =
h 2 /2 = 0.627 7.32 /2 = 16.71Ton/m
L
47
Break load:
BL = 16 + About 2m more than 8m we add 1Ton load.
16 8
BL = 16 +
= 20Ton
2
10
Load per 1m width =
= 2.1Ton/m
9.6
Effective of variable temperature:
Shear modules = 15Kg/cm 2

Area of Elastomeric bearing pad = 900cm 2
Effective thickness of Elastomeric bearing pad = 3.5cm
L=L
= 1600 12 10-6 60 = 1.152cm
Shear Modules Area of Elastomeric bearing pad T
Effective thickness of Elastomeric bearing pad
15 900 1.152
F=
= 4.44Ton
3.5
Nomber of Elastomeric bearing pad = 5
5 4.44
Load per 1m of width =
= 2.31Ton/m
9.6
F=
Force due to wind load:
= 45 from the AASHTO table we determine the wind load

WL = 75Kg/m 2 for longitudinal force
Wind load for second group of combination:
Transversal force = It dosen' t have effect to the retaining wall.
Lonitudinal force = 16 2.175 75/1000 = 2.61Ton
Lonitudinal force per 1m width = 2.61/9.6 = 0.272Ton/m
Wind load for third group of combination:
Transversal force = It dosen' t have effect to the retaining wall.
Lonitudinal force = 0.3wind load + wind load of vehicle
= 0.3 2.61 + 16 0.075 = 1.983Ton
Lonitudinal force per 1m width = 1.983/9.6 = 0.21Ton/m
48
Earthquake Load:
V = CFW
F = 1 from Japan standard.

I = 1.2
A = 0.25
R =3
T=2
P=
M
W
= 0.2
K
P
3EI
h3
E = 2.1 10 5 Kg/cm 2
= 1cm
h = 570cm
W = 92 10 3 Kg
3 2.1 10 5 /4 160 4 1
P=
= 17.51 10 2 Ton
3
570
92 10 3
T = 0.2
= 0.05sec
17.51 10 5
2/3
2/3
T
1
B = 2.5
= 2.5
= 19.5 2.5sec So we use B = 2.5sec
T
0.05
ABI 0.25 2.5 1.2
C=
=
= 0.25
R
3
V Due to Dick = 0.25 9.58 = 2.395Ton

V Due to Stem = 0.25 (4.5 1.2 1 2.5) = 3.375Ton
V Due to Soil = 0.25 (1.2 0.45 2.5 1) = 0.3375Ton
V Due to Foating = 0.25 (1.5 5.5 1 2.5) = 5.16Ton
Bouncy of soil at time of earthquake use Wetman and Seedo method.
K
K
AE
AE
=K
+ 0.75K
A
h
= 0.33 + 0.75 0.25 = 0.52
Percentage of increase at the staticle mood =
49
0.52
1 100 = 56.8%
0.33
Calculating of Moments on abutment:

1. Righting Moments:
Righting Moment due to concrete wall about the toe:
Place
W1
W2
W5
Total
Weight
(Ton)
1.210.452.5=1.35
13.5
20.64
35.49
X
2.425
1.6
2.75
Moment
(Ton.m/m)
1.352.425=3.274
21.6
53.76
81.63
Righting Moment due to Soil Pressure about the toe:

Place
W3
W2
Total
Weight
(Ton)
5.72.8511.9=30.87
0.453.91.91=3.34
34.21
X
4.075
2.425
Moment
(Ton.m/m)
30.874.075=125.8
8.1
133.9
Righting Moment due to Dead load of deck about the toe:

R = 9.58Ton
A
X = 1.6m
M = 9.58 1.6 = 15.33Ton.m/m
Righting Moment due to Live load of deck about the toe:
R = 6.5Ton
A
Y = 1.6m
M = 6.5 1.6 = 10.4Ton.m/m
2. Overturning Moments:
Overturning Moment due to wind force about the toe:
For group2 :
R = 0.272Ton
A
Y = 6m
M = 6 0.272 = 1.632Ton.m/m
50
For group3 :
R = 0.21Ton
A
Y = 6m
M = 6 0.21 = 1.26Ton.m/m
Overturning Moment due to Soil Pressure force about the toe:
= 0.33 1.9 = 0.63Ton/m 3
Liquid
0.63 7.32
Pa =
= 16.8Ton/m
2
Y = 7.3/3m
Overturning moment = 16.8 7.3/3 = 40.88Ton.m/m
Overturning Moment due Break force about the toe:
Break force = 2.1Ton/m
Y = 6m
Overturning moment = 6 2.1 = 12.6Ton.m/m
Overturning Moment due to Temperature force about the toe:
Temperature force = 2.31Ton/m
Y = 6m
Overturning moment = 6 2.31 = 13.86Ton.m/m
Overturning Moment due to Earthquake force about the toe:
Moment due to soil :
K
= 0.52
AE
Liquid = 0.52 1.9 = 0.988Ton/m 3
Pae = 1/2 7.32 0.988 = 26.33Ton/m

Y = 7.3/3m
Overturning Moment of soil = 26.33 7.3/3 = 64.1Ton.m/m
Moment due to Dead load:
O.M = 2.395 6 + 3.375 3.75 + 0.3375 6.3 + 5.16 0.75 = 33.023Ton.m/m
Total horizontal load = 2.395 + 3.375 + 0.3375 + 5.16 + 26.33 = 37.6Ton/m
Total overturning moment = 64.1 + 33.023 = 97.123Ton.m/m
51
(Result for Moments and Forces)

Description
Wall weight
Soil weight
Reaction of Deck due to D.L
Reaction of Deck due to L.L
Static Pressure of soil
Break
Temperature effect
Earthquake
Wind force for group2
Wind force for group3
V .Force
(Ton)
35.49
34.21
9.58
6.5
H .Force
(Ton)
16.8
2.1
2.31
37.6
0.272
0.21
Righting .M
(Ton.m)
81.63
133.9
15.33
10.4
Overturning .M
(Ton.m)
40.88
12.6
13.86
97.123
1.623
1.26
Combination of loads:
Group First: DL+LL+IL+CF+Ha+B+SF
Horizontal force or Ha = 16.8Ton/m
Vertical force = 35.49 + 34.21 + 9.58 + 6.5 = 85.78Ton/m
Riting Moment = 81.63 + 133.9 + 15.33 + 10.4 = 241.26Ton.m/m
Overturning Moment = 40.88Ton.m/m
M
241.26
Overturning Safety factor = V =
= 5.9 > 1.5 So O.K
M
40.88
H
F
F
0.5 85.78
= 2.6 > 1.5 So O.K
Sliding Safety factor = F = N =
F
F
16.8
H
H
M -M
O = 241.26 40.88 = 2.34 > 5.5/3 Inside Middle Thired So O.K
X= V
R
85.78
V
P
6e 85.78
6 (5.5/2 2.34)
= (1 + ) =
1+
= 22.57Ton/m 2
Toe A
L
5.5 1
5.5
P
6e 85.78
6 (5.5/2 2.34)
= (1 ) =
1
= 8.62Ton/m 2
Heel A
L
5.5 1
5.5
Group Second: DL+Ha+B+SF+W
Horizontal force or Ha = 16.8 + 0.272 = 17.072Ton/m

Vertical force = 35.49 + 34.21 + 9.58 = 79.28Ton/m
Riting Moment = 81.63 + 133.9 + 15.33 = 230.86Ton.m/m
Overturning Moment = 40.88 + 1.632 = 42.512Ton.m/m
52

M
V = 230.866 = 5.43 > 1.5 So O.K

M
42.512
H
F
F
0.5 79.28
= 2.32 > 1.5 So O.K
F
F
17.072
H
H
M -M
X= V
R
79.28
V
P
6e 79.28
6 (5.5/2 2.4)
= (1 + ) =
1+
= 19.927Ton/m 2
Toe A
L
5.5 1
5.5
P
6e 79.28
6 (5.5/2 2.4)
= (1 ) =
1
= 8.91Ton/m 2
Heel A
L
5.5 1
5.5
Overturning Safety factor =
Group3th: First group+ (0.3Wind load+Wind load of Vehicle) +LF
Horizontal force or Ha = 16.8 + 0.21 + 2.1 = 19.1Ton/m

Overturning Moment = 40.88 + 12.6 + 0.21 = 53.69Ton.m/m
M
241.26
Overturning Safety factor = V =
= 4.49 > 1.5 So O.K
M
53.69
H
F
F
0.5 85.78
= 2.24 > 1.5 So O.K
F
F
19.11
H
H
-M
V
R
85.78
V
P
6e 85.78
6 (5.5/2 2.2)
= (1 + ) =
1+
= 24.95Ton/m 2
Toe A
L
5.5 1
5.5
P
6e 85.78
6 (5.5/2 2.2)
= (1 ) =
1
= 6.24Ton/m 2
Heel A
L
5.5 1
5.5
X=
Group 4th: First group+Temperature

53

M
V = 241.26 = 4.4 > 1.5 So O.K

M
54.74
H
F
F
0.5 85.78
= 2.24 > 1.5 So O.K
19.11
F
F
H
H
M -M
X= V
85.78
R
V
Overturning Safety factor =
P
6e 85.78
6 (5.5/2 2.17)
(1 + ) =
1+
= 25.47Ton/m 2
Toe A
L
5.5 1
5.5
P
6e 85.78
6 (5.5/2 2.17)
= (1 ) =
1
= 5.73Ton/m 2
Heel A
L
5.5 1
5.5
=
Group 5th: Second group+Temperature

Checking of safety factors is similar to second group.
Group 6th: 3rd group+Temperature
Checking of safety factors is similar to 3rd group.
Group 6th: DL+Hae+B+SF+E
Horizontal force or Ha = 37.6Ton/m
Checking of safety factors is similar to first group.
54
(Results for Moments and Forces)

Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
V .Force
(Ton)
16.8
17.072
19.11
19.11
19.38
21.42
37.6
H .Force
(Ton)
85.78
79.28
85.78
85.78
79.28
85.78
79.28
Righting .M
(Ton.m)
241.26
230.86
241.26
241.26
230.86
241.26
230.86
Overturning .M
(Ton.m)
40.88
42.512
53.69
54.74
56.37
67.55
97.123
From group 1-7, group 6 and 7 is critical. I design reinforcement for

6th group, the other groups reinforcement design are the same like 6th
group.
Reinforcement calculation:
Design of Stem:
To design of this retaining wall we dont have any surcharge load.
Ha = 21.42Ton
Overturning Moment = 67.55Ton.m
M
fsJd
J = 1 K/3
As =
n
n+r
135
135
n=
=
= 9.32
f' c
210
fs 1800
r= =
= 21.43
fc
84
n
9.32
K=
=
= 0.3031
n + r 21.43 + 9.32
J = J = 1 K/3 = 1 0.3031/3 = 0.898
K=
M
67.55 105
As =
=
= 37.99cm 2 /m
fsJd 1800 0.898 110
55
As
37.79
=
= 0.00346
bd 100110
Min vertical (ACI Section 14.3) = 0.0015 < 0.00346
As = 37.99cm 2 /m
=
Try 8 28@13cm c/c

As = 8 /4 (2.8) 2 = 39.3cm 2 /m > 37.99cm 2 /m So O.K
Minimum horizontal
(ACI Section 14.4) = 0.0025
As' = 0.0025 100 110 = 27.5cm 2 /m

Try 9 20@13cm c/c
As = 9 /4 (2) 2 = 28.27cm 2 /m > 27.5cm 2 /m So O.K
Design of Toe:
M
V
H = 241.26 67.55 = 2.025 > 1.83 So O.K
R
85.78
V
P
6e
85.78
6 (5.5/2 2.025)
= (1 + ) =
= 27.93Ton/m 2
1+
Toe A
L
5.5 1
5.5
X=
P
6e
85.78
6 (5.5/2 2.025)
= 3.26Ton/m 2
(1 ) =
1
Heel A
L
5.5 1
5.5
27.93 3.26
v 3.26
=
v = 23.45Ton/m 2
5.5
4.5
Vu = 1/2(27.93 + 23.45)1 = 25.69Ton
(1/2 4.48 1)1/3 + 23.45 11/2 = 0.486m
X=
1/2 4.48 1 + 23.45 1
Mu at the face of Stem = 0.486 25.69 = 12.485Ton.m
fc = 84Kg/cm 2
=
fs = 1800Kg/cm 2
vc = 0.25 f' c = 0.25 210 = 3.63Kg/cm 2
J = 0.898
12.485 105
M
As =
=
= 5.52cm 2 /m
fsJd 1800 0.898 140
As
37.79
1.4 1.4
=
=
= 0.00346 <
=
= 0.00389
bd 100 110
fy 360
56

So we use
min

= 0.00389
As = 0.00389 100 140 = 54.44cm 2 /m

Try 28mm@15cm c/c
100/11 9 28mm
As = 9 /4 (2.8) 2 = 55.42cm 2 /m > 54.44cm 2 /m So O.K
Minimum horizontal As = 0.0025 b d
As = 0.0025 100 120 = 30cm 2
Try 25mm@15cm c/c
V 25.69 10 3
v=
=
= 1.835Kg/cm 2 < vc = 3.63Kg/cm 2 So O.K
bd
100 140
Design of Heel:
The upward soil pressure is conservatively negligible.
Vu = 5.8 3.3 1.9 1 + 3.3 1.5 2.4 1 = 48.25Ton
vc = 0.25 f' c = 0.25 210 = 3.63Kg/cm 2
V
48.25 10 3
=
= 3.45Kg/cm 2 < 3.63Kg/cm 2 So O.K
bd
100 140
M at the face of Stem = 48.25 (3.3/2 ) = 79.613Ton
J = 0.898
M
79.613 10 5
= 35.18cm 2 /m
As =
=
fsJd 1800 0.898 140
As
35.18
1.4
1.4
=
=
= 0.00252 <
=
=
= 0.00389
min
fy
360
bd 100 140
So we use
= 0.00389
min
As = 0.00389 100 140 = 54.46cm 2 /m
v=
Try 9 28mm@11cm
c/c
Design of fore wall reinforcement:

M = Pe
14.5 2
= 3.021Ton/m
9.6
e = 1.2/2 + 0.45/2 = 0.825m
P=
M = Pe = 3.021 0.825 = 2.49Ton.m/m

M
2.49 105
As =
=
= 1.467cm2 /m < 27.5cm2 /m
fsJd 1800 0.898 105
57
As < As of Horizontal longitudin al reinforcem ent.

So we use 20mm@10cm c/c
3 - ? 16
3- ? 20
3 - ? 16
7 - ? 16
? 16 @ 150
DETAIL X
? 16 @ 150
7-?16 (EQUALLY SPACED)
DETAIL X
? 20 @ 100
?28@110
?28@110
?25@ 150
?28@110
150
? 25 @ 250
5-?16@300
5-?16@300
550
?25@ 250
?28@110
SECTION B
(Section for Design of Retaining Wall)
58
(Design of Piers)
Design of Pier Cap:
27.5
27.5
110
110
130
70
130
22
22
20
425
20
425
310
150
160
450
10
450
Elevation of Pier
Analysis of Pier Cap:

Reaction due to dead load on pier cap:
1. Dead load due to deck slab and 10cm Asphalt:
Dead Load = 11.5Ton/m
R
= 11.5/5 16/2 2 = 36.8Ton/m
(DL)
2. Dead Load due to Pier Cap:
Dead Load = (8 0.42 + 1/2 3.1 0.68 2 + 1.8 0.68 + 0.4 0.35 2)1.5 2.5
= 26.2Ton
R(DL) = 26.2/8 = 3.26Ton/m
59
Reaction due to live load on pier cap:

1. Truck Load:
Impact Value =
15
15
=
= 0.28
38 + L 38 + 16
M )+ = 0
B
14.5 16 + 14.5 11.75 + 3.625 7.5 R 16 = 0
R = 26.85Ton
R
(LL + IL)
= (1 + 0.28) 26.85 = 34.365Ton
M A )+ = 0
11.8 16 + 0.95 16 16 / 2 2 R 16 = 0
R = 27Ton
R
(LL + IL)
= (1 + 0.28) 27 = 34.56Ton
3. Tank Load:
M A )+ = 0
20 3.5(16 3.5 / 2 ) R 16 = 0
R = 62.34Ton
Determination of Shear and Flexure Moment at the Face of Column:

Due to dead load:
Fy + = 0
- 3.26 3.2 36.8 2 Va = 0

Va = 84Ton
M )+ = 0
a
36.8 1 + 36.8 2.8 + 3.25 3.2 2 /2 + M = 0
a
M = 156.48Ton.m
a
60
Due to live load:

1. Truck Load:
Fy + = 0
- 17.2 2 Va = 0
Va = 34.4Ton
M )+ = 0
a
17.2 0.875 + 17.2 2.675 + M = 0
a
M = 61.06Ton.m
a
Use AASHTO Standard

w = 34.56/3 = 11.52Ton/m
Fy + = 0
- 11.52 3 Va = 0
Va = 34.56Ton
M )+ = 0
a
11.52 3(0.025 + 3 / 2 ) + M = 0
a
M = 52.7Ton.m
a
3. Tank Load:
Fy + = 0
- 62.34/2 Va = 0
Va = 31.17Ton
M )+ = 0
a
62.34 / 2 2.025 + M = 0
a
M = 63.12Ton.m
a
For the design of pier cap we use Ma = 63.12Ton.m and Va = 34.56Ton.
Total Va = VDL + VLL = 34.56 + 84 = 118.56Ton
Total Ma = M DL + M LL = 156.48 + 63.12 = 219.6Ton.m
61
Design of Shear and Flexure Moment Reinforcement:

fs = 1800Kg/cm 2
f' c = 210Kg/cm 2
fc = 0.4f' c = 0.4 210 = 84Kg/cm 2
vc = 0.25 f' c = 0.25 210 = 3.623Kg/cm 2
V = 118.56Ton
M = 219.6Ton.m
1.
Shear Reinforcement:
d = 100cm
b = 150cm
V 118.56 103
v=
=
= 7.904Kg/cm 2
b.d
150 100
3T
vt =
X2Y
T = 17.2 2 0.45 = 15.48Ton.m
3T
3 15.48 10 5
vt =
=
= 0.796 < 0.22 210 = 3.2
X2Y
180 3
So we dont design this cross section for Torsion.
use 14mm stirrup with double leg As = 4 1.54 = 6.16cm 2
Av fs
6.16 1800
=
= 14.38cm
(v vc)b (7.904 3.623)180
use 14mm@14cm c/c
S=
2.
Flexure Reinforcement:
M = 219.6Ton.m
J = 1 K/3
n
n+r
135
135
n=
=
= 9.32
f' c
210
fs 1800
= 21.43
r= =
fc
84
K=
62
n
9.32
=
= 0.3031
n + r 21.43 + 9.32
J = J = 1 K/3 = 1 0.3031/3 = 0.898
K=
fc
84
KJbd 2 = 0.32 0.898 180 100 2 10 5 = 217.24Ton.m
2
2
Mc = 217.24 < 219.6
Mc =
M
219.6 105
As =
=
= 135.86cm 2 /m
fsJd 1800 0.898 100
use 14 36mm As = 14 10.18 = 142.52cm 2 /m > 135.86cm 2 /m So O.K
8500
1200
7-?
2-?
500
750
1186
2?12@200
2-?
2?20
1500
2-16@200
2?12@200
2-?
4-?
4-?
2-?
750
7-?
7-?
2-?
500
7-?36
500
500
7-?
VARIES
7-?36
1200
6X2-EQUALSPACE
400
1500
2-16@200
PIER
500
2200
PIER
4?
25?
2
SECTIONA-A
SECTIONB-B
750
750
PIER
CAISSON
FOUNDATION
1200
25-32EQUALYSPACED
400
500
7-?
VARIES
2-?
?1600
2?12@200
4-?
51
5189
89
TRANSVERSEELEVATIONOFVPIER &PIERCAP
SECTIONC-C
(Section for Design of Pier Cap)
63
SECTIOND-D
150
160
450
Design of Pier:
450
Elevation of Pier
Dead Load:
Lateral load above the pier:
R V = 36.8 4 + 3.25 8 = 173.2Ton
ML = 0
Mt = 0
Lateral load below the pier:
2
R V = 173.2 + /4(1.6 ) 2.5 4.5 = 195.82Ton
ML = 0
Mt = 0
Live Load+Impact Load:
1. Truck Load:
Force Below and above the pier:
R V = 17.2 4 = 68.8Ton
ML = 68.8 0.45 = 30.96Ton.m

Mt = 17.2(3.4 + 1.6 + 0.3 1.5) = 65.36Ton.m
64

R V = 11.52 3 2 = 69.12Ton
ML = 0
Mt = 11.52 3 2.325 + 11.52 0.225 2 /2 11.52 2.775 2 /2
= 36.29Ton.m
3. Tank Load:
R V = 37.17Ton
ML = 37.88 0.45 = 17.046Ton.m

Mt = 18.585(2.825 + 0.225) = 56.68Ton.m
We use P = 68.8Ton and ML = 30.96Ton.m and Mt = 65.36Ton.m the
truck load.
Wind Load:
Magnitude of this load is small so negligible.
Break load:
Force Above the pier:
R H = 16 + (about 2m more than 8m we add 1Ton Load)
= 16 +
16 8
= 20Ton
2
RV = 0
ML = 20 1.1 = 22Ton.m
Mt = 0
Force Below the pier:
R H = 16 + (about 2m more than 8m we add 1Ton Load)
= 16 +
16 8
= 20Ton
2
RV = 0
ML = 20 (1.1 + 4.5) = 112Ton.m
Mt = 0
65
Earthquake Load:
P1 = Earthquake Force due to weight of Deck

P2 = Earthquake Force due to weight of Pier Cap
P3 = Earthquake Force due to weight of Pier
P1 = 11.5 16 0.25 = 46Ton
P2 = 0.25 26.2 = 6.55Ton
P3 = 0.25 / 4(1.6 ) 4.5 2.5 = 5.65Ton
2
Force above the pier:
RV = 0
ML = 46 (1.1 + 0.65) + 6.55 0.55 = 84.1Ton.m
Mt = 84.1Ton.m
Lontidunal Shear Force = Transversal Shear Force = 46 + 6.55 = 52.55Ton
Force below the pier:
RV = 0
ML = 46 (0.65 + 1.1 + 4.5) + 6.55 (0.55 + 4.5) + 4.5/2 5.65
= 333.29Ton.m
Mt = 333.29Ton.m
Lontidunal Shear Force = Transversal Shear Force = 52.55 + 5.65 = 58.2Ton
Temperature Load:
Magnitude of this load is small so negligible.

(Result for Moments and Forces)
No
Description
1
2
3
4
5
6
Dead Load
LL+IL
Wind Load
Break Load
Earthquake Load
Temperature Load
V .Force
(Ton)
195.8
68.8
----0
0
-----
H .Force
(Ton)
------------20
58.2
-----
66
Righting .M
(Ton.m)
0
30.96
----112
333.29
-----
Overturning .M
(Ton.m)
0
65.36
----0
333.29
-----
(Combination Table)
No
1
100%
2
100%
5
133%
Loading
Dead Load
Total
First Group
LL+IL
Break Load
Total
First Group
T. Earthquake
Total
Total divided to 1.33
L. Earthquake
Total
Total divided to 1.33
V .Force
(Ton)
175.8
175.8
175.8
68.8
0
244.6
175.8
0
175.8
132.2
0
175.8
132.2
67
S .Force
(Ton)
0
0
0
0
20
20
0
58.2
58.2
43.76
58.2
58.2
43.76
T .M
(Ton.m)
0
0
0
30.96
112
142.96
0
333.29
333.29
250.6
0
0
0
L .M
(Ton.m)
0
0
0
65.36
0
65.36
0
0
0
0
333.29
333.29
250.6
(Pier Design Procedure)

Design of a pier for the Second group of loading:
P = 244.6Ton
M X = 142.96Ton.m
M Y = 65.36Ton.m
For circular cross section we can write :
M = M X + M Y = 142.96 2 + 65.36 2 = 157.19Ton.m
2
K =1
Lu = 450cm
r = 0.25D = 0.25 160 = 40
KLu 1 4.5
=
= 11.25 < 22 So Short Column
r
40
= 0.35 Use AASHTO Standard
Mu 157.19
Mn =
=
= 449.11Ton.m
0.35
Pu 244.6
Pn =
=
= 698.86Ton
0.35
e b = (0.24 + 0.39 t m)D
t
A st 25 /4 3.2 2
=
=
= 0.01
/4 160 2
Ag
fy
3600
=
= 20.17
0.85f' c 0.85 210
e b = (0.24 + 0.39 0.01 20.17)1.6 = 0.51
m=
Mn 449.11
=
= 0.643 > e b = 0.51
Pn 698.86
e > e b So Tension Failure
e=
Pn (max) = 0.85[0.85f' c(Ag Ast ) + fy Ast ]
Pn (max) = 0.85[0.85210( 802 25 1.62 ) + 3600 25 1.62 ]

Pn (max) = 3635.356Ton
Pn = 0.85f' cD
0.85e
0.38
D
68
mDs
0.85e
0.38
2.5D
D
t
Try 25 32mm and D = 1.6m

Pn = 0.85 210 160
0.85 0.643
2
0.38
0.01 20.17 153.2
160
2.5 160
0.85 0.643
Pn = 3559.62Ton < 3635.4Ton So O.K

Spiral Design:
S
Ag f' c
= 0.45
= 0.45
Ac 1 fy
80 2
210
= 0.0286
2
76.6 1 3600
use 16mm
a s (Dc Ds)
0.8 2 (153.2 1.6 )
S=
=
= 1.82cm < 2.5cm
Ac S
76.6 2 0.0286
So use 16mm@2.5cm c/c
Design of a pier for the 5th group of loading:
P = 132.2Ton
M = 250.6Ton.m
KLu
1 4.5
=
= 11.25 < 22 So Short Column
r
0.25 1.6
= 0.35 Use AASHTO Standard
Mu 250.6
=
= 716Ton.m
Mn =
0.35
Pu 132.2
=
= 377.71Ton
Pn =
0.35
e b = (0.24 + 0.39 t m)D
t
A st 25 /4 3.2 2
=
=
= 0.01
Ag
/4 160 2
fy
3600
=
= 20.17
0.85f' c 0.85 210
e b = (0.24 + 0.39 0.01 20.17)1.6 = 0.51
m=
e=
Mn
716
=
= 1.896 > e b = 0.51
Pn 377.71
69
160
0.38
e > e b So Tension Failure
Pn (max) = 0.85[0.85f' c(Ag Ast ) + fy Ast ]
Pn (max) = 0.85[0.85210( 80 2 25 1.6 2 ) + 3600 25 1.6 2 ]

Pn (max) = 3635.356Ton
Pn = 0.85f' cD
0.85e
0.38
D
mDs
0.85e
0.38
2.5D
D
t
Try 25 32mm and D = 1.6m

Pn = 0.85 210 160
0.85 1.896
2
0.38
160
0.01 20.17 153.2

2.5 160
0.85 1.896
Pn = 3404.81Ton < 3635.4Ton So O.K
Spiral Design:
S
Ag f' c
= 0.45
= 0.45
Ac 1 fy
80 2
210
= 0.0286
2
76.6 1 3600
use 16mm
a s (Dc Ds)
0.8 2 (153.2 1.6 )
S=
=
= 1.82cm < 2.5cm
Ac S
76.6 2 0.0286
So use 16mm@2.5cm c/c
70
160
0.38
75
300
400
200
? 16mm@25
25? 32mm
50
300
250
200
75
(Section for Design of Pier)

71
(Design of Elastomeric Bearing Pad)

Given data from previous design:
Nomber of Beams = 5
R ( DL ) = 20Ton
R ( LL ) = 11.74Ton
M ( DL ) = 80Ton.m
M ( LL ) = 46.69Ton.m
Break Force = 16 +
16 - 8
1 = 20Ton
2
= 10.8 10 6 / C For normal density concrete

= 9 10 6 / C For low density concrete
E = 2.29 10 5 Kg/cm 2
T = 60C
Elastomer shall be 60 durometer hardness
Calculation Thickness of Elastomer Bearing Pad:
Effective Lenght = Clear Span + 0.5 = 16 + 0.5 = 16.5m
L = ( T )L = 10.8 10 6 60 1650
L = 1.07cm
= 2 = 2 1.07 = 2.14cm
Use 4(2mm ) Steel Layers and 3(8mm ) Elastomer Layers and 2(4mm ) Cover Layers
4 2 = 8mm
3 8 = 24mm
2 4 = 8mm
Total thickness = 40mm
ERT = 4cm
Calculation Area of Elastomer Bearing Pad:
Compression Stress for DL = 35Kg/cm 2 AASHTO Standard
Compression Stress for (DL + LL) = 55Kg/cm 2 AASHTO Standard
R ( DL ) 20 103
Minimum Area for (DL ) =
=
= 571.43cm 2
35
35
72
Minimum Area for (DL + LL ) =
R ( DL+ LL )
55
(20 + 11.74) 10
55
= 577.1cm 2
20 10
= 1428.57cm 2
14
14
So use L = 35cm and W = 25cm.
Maximum Area =
R ( DL )
A = 25 35 = 875cm 2
Calculation of Shape Factor:
L W
25 35
S.F =
=
= 9.11
2t (L + W ) 2 0.8(25 + 35)
Calculation of Compression Transformation:
(R + R LL ) = (20 + 11.74) = 36.27Kg/cm 2
Existing Compression Stress = DL
A
875
use 60 durometer hardness
3.5% < 7% So O.K

Checking of Relation between DL and Temperature Deformation:
2
2
R ( DL ) 338( L ) = 338 (1.07 ) = 386.98Kg
20 10 3 > 365.6Kg
So O.K
Checking of Sliding:
Lateral Force of Beam =
Break Force
20
=
= 4Ton
Nomber of Beam 5
1
1
R ( DL ) = 20 = 4Ton = 4Ton of Lateral Force
5
5
So Sliding Will happen.
Calculation of Force on Pier due to Temperature:
E A
F = Shear
ERT
E Shear for (- 29C ) = 1.9 11.2 = 21.28Kg/cm 2
21.28 875 1.07

= 4.981Ton
4
Total Lateral Force = 4.981 + 4 = 8.981Ton
Force for Stable Support = 4.981 + 4 = 8.981Ton
Force for Diastole Support = 4Ton
F=
73
If Elastomeric Bearing Pad can endure the force, we dont use halter
bolt, or if Elastomeric Bearing Pad cant endure the force we must use
halter bolt.
Checking the Sufficiency of Elastomeric Bearing Pad for turning of Support:
1 L
= M max
3 EI
1
1
Iy = 180 3 22 + 40 3 108 = 1.13 10 7 cm 4
12
12
M max = (M DL + M LL ) = (80 + 46.69 ) = 126.69Ton.m
1
1600
=
126.69 10 5 = 0.0026
5
7
3 2.29 10 1.13 10
= L = 0.0026 35 = 0.0914cm
0.0914
=
= 0.0228 = 2.28% < 6% allowed So O.K
t
4
BEARING 58mmTHIK
6mmthick. cover layers

4-2.5 mmthik .steel plates
12mmthik
elastomer
(3 layer)
PIER
BEARING BEARING
BEARING PLINTH
SECTIONB
BEARING
5-? 16@250
3?12
DIRECTION
OF TRAFFIC
BEARING
3?16
BEARING
PLINTH
PLAN OF ELASTOMERIC BEARING
SECTIONC
(Section for Design of Elastomeric Bearing)

74
(Design of Caisson Foundation)

Calculation Dimension of Caisson Foundation:
Pu = 24000KN
f' c = 21MPa
60MIN
GROUND LINE
R.C.C COLUMN
150
R.CC CAP
100mm THK
LEAN CONCRETE
Ds
125 MIN
50
300
200
CONSTRUCTION JOINT
Db
Calculation diameter of Caisson:
Pu
f' c
Ds = Diameter of Caisson
Ds = 2.257
24000
= 2.413m
21000
So we use Ds = 2.5m
Ds = 2.257
75
Calculation diameter bottom of Caisson:

Q P (net) = A p q' (N q 1)
Compressed Soil So N q = 60
q' = h1
s1
+ h2
s2
q' = 2 16.2 + 3 19.2 = 90KN/m 2

Ap =
Db
4
Q P (net) = S.F Pu = 2 24000 = 48000KN
Q P (net) = A p q' (N q 1)
48000 = A p 90 (60 1)
A p = 9.04m 2
D b = 3.39m
So we use D b = 3.5m
Calculation thickness bottom of Caisson:
t = 1.18R i
q
fc
2.5
= 1.25m
2
qH w t c
Ri =
H = Ymax + ds + depth of foundation

H = 6.52 + 3.585 + 5 = 15.11m
q = 15.11 9.81 - 24 t = 148.23 - 24t
148.23 - 24t
0.25 2.1 10 3
t 2 + 0.0995t 0.614 = 0
t = 1.18 1.25
t = 0.74m
So we use t = 1.25m
Checking for shear:
R i (H w t
V=
Pi t
2
V=
1.252 (15.11 9.81 1.25 24 )

= 59.11KN/m 2
2 1.25 1.25
76

Vu = 0.17
f' c = 0.17 0.85 21 = 0.662MN/m 2
59.11KN/m 2 << 662KN/m 2 So O.K

Checking for Floating:
(H )
1.75 (15.11 9.81) = 1426.11KN
Fu = R
Fu =
Fd = Wc + Ws + Qs
Fu = floating Force
Wc = Weight of caisson
Ws = Weight of concrete
Qs = Frection of agility
Wc =
(R
Ri
Ht
Wc = (1.75 2 1.25 2 )24 16.61 = 1878.55KN

Ws = R i t
2
Ws = 1.25 1.25 24 = 147.26KN

2
Assume Qs 0
Fd = 1878.55 + 147.26 = 2025.81KN > 1426.11KN
So O.K
Pile Cap Design:

Mu = 3269.6KN.m
Pu = 24000KN
f' c = 21MPa
Column Diameter = 1.6m
fy
3600
m=
=
= 20.17
0.85f' c 0.85 210
Mu
3269.6 10 6
Rn =
=
= 6.22
bd 2 0.9 1000 764.52
=
>
1
2Rn m
1
2 6.22 20.17
1 1
=
1 1
= 0.0285
m
fy
20.17
0.85 360
min
= 0.002
So use = 0.0285 we determine the area of steel

As = bd = 0.0285 100 76.45 = 217.96cm 2
use 16mm@175mm c/c
77
GROUND LINE
60MIN
5
14
350
R.C.C COLUMN
CONSTRUCTION
JOINT
R.CC CAP
45
150
See DETAIL 2
100mm THK
LEAN CONCRETE
350
250
PLAN
5
14
200
CONSTRUCTION JOINT
CAST IN PLACE CONCRETE

PORTION 500 THK
350
6
3.
10
FILLED WITH
GRAVEL&SAND
PRECAST CONCRETE
PORTION 500 THIK
50
125 MIN
300
45
350
2
FILLED WITH COMPACTED

GRAVEL & SAND(MIN UNIT
WEIGHT 20KN/M
1250mm THK CONCRETE TREMIE
SECTION A
See DETAIL 2
350
(Section for Design of Caisson Foundation)
78
SEAL(28-DAY CULINDER STRENGHT=20MPa
(Mix design of normal weight concrete)

Required strength = 3000psi (210kg/cm2)
Type of structure: Slab, Beam and Building column.
Fineness modulus = 2.8
Max size of aggregate = 3/4in (1.91cm)
Dry-rodded weight of coarse aggregate = 100lb/ft3 (1.29kg/m3)
Moisture absorption = 1% for coarse aggregate.
Moisture absorption = 1.5% for fine aggregate.
Requirement:
Required slump = 3in (7.6cm)
For a slump of 7.6cm and a maximum aggregate size of 3/4in
the,
Weight of water required per cubic meter
of concrete = 112.95 kg/m3
For the specified compression strength f'c = 210kg/cm2
W/C Ratio = 0.58
Amount of cement required per cubic meter of concrete:
Weight of cement = 112.95/0.58 = 194.74 kg/m3
Using a sand fineness value of 2.8:
Volume of coarse aggregate = 0.62 yd3
Using dry rodded weight of 100lb/ft3 for coarse aggregate,
Weight of coarse aggregate = (0.62) (27 ft3/ yd3) 100 = 1674
lb/yd3
Weight of coarse aggregate = 581.8 kg/m3
Estimated weight of fresh concrete for aggregate of 3/4in =
3960 lb/yd3
Weight of sand = [weight of fresh concrete weight of (water +
Cement + coarse aggregate)]
= 1376.2-112.95-194.74-581.8 = 486.71 kg/m3
Moisture absorption 1% for coarse aggregate = 5.82 kg/m3
Moisture absorption 1.5% for fine aggregate = 7.25 kg/m3
Net weight:
Net weight of gravel = 581.8 + 5.82 = 587.62 kg/m3
Net weight of sand = 486.71+ 7.25 = 493.96 kg/m3
Net weight of water = 112.95-0.01(518.8)-0.015(486.71) =

100.5 kg/m3
79
For 1m3 of concrete:
Cement = 200kg
Sand
= 500kg
Gravel
= 590kg
Water
= 100kg (100liter).
80
(References)
ASHTOO
.-
+,
* ' & ()
%!& $ # ! "
& (, / 1J. Bowles0
+)/
& 6 ,
* " *4/ 5
* 23
& 8 7 %' & & %!&
% # $
: +9
*
% # $ 1 0 5
English References:
1. Hec- Ras- Hydraulics references chapter 5.
2. Bridge design manual- section 8.2 revised 05/04/2000- Hydraulics
design manual.
3. Bridge deck analysis- (Engene J. Obrien and Damieul Keogh).
4. Bridge design manual- (Washington state department of
transportation).
5. Bridge analysis guide- 2005 Edition part- (Michigan department of
transportation).
81

Design of Bridge Structures For Final

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Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

Higher Education Ministry

Concrete Building Project

(HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS) ......................................................................................................... 13

(BEAM DESIGN) ............................................................................................................................ 20

(DESIGN OF ABUTMENT) ....................................................................................................... 46

Reaction due to Impact value:....................................................................................... 47

(DESIGN OF PIERS) .................................................................................................................... 59

(DESIGN OF ELASTOMERIC BEARING PAD) ............................................................... 72

(DESIGN OF CAISSON FOUNDATION) ............................................................................. 75

(Plane of the Site)

(Plan of the Site)

Project Design Project

Created by Obaidullah (Ahmadzay) ID#995

(Bridge Analysis and Loading)

Project Design Project

Created by Obaidullah (Ahmadzay) ID#995

1. Calculation dead load of Deck at the 1m of length:

Wslab = 0.22 9.6 2.5 = 5.04Ton/m

Project Design Project

Created by Obaidullah (Ahmadzay) ID#995

(1.6) 2 2.5 4.5 = 9.05Ton

Calculation of Live Load:

Truck Load Hs20-44

2. Equivalent Linear Load:

8.2Ton For Moment

Project Design Project

Created by Obaidullah (Ahmadzay) ID#995

Some of loading rules:

L = Varible lenght of its span

Project Design Project

Created by Obaidullah (Ahmadzay) ID#995

1. Force of wind act on the deck of bridge:

Project Design Project

Created by Obaidullah (Ahmadzay) ID#995

Exerted load on bridge Piers:

Loads according the water flow and ice pressure:

Project Design Project

Created by Obaidullah (Ahmadzay) ID#995

Lateral Soil Pressure:

W = Dead Load quota of selected pier

K h = Coefficien tof horizontal earthquake .

Project Design Project

Created by Obaidullah (Ahmadzay) ID#995

Project Design Project

Created by Obaidullah (Ahmadzay) ID#995

Use AASHTO Classifications we determine the yave with below formula:

Project Design Project

Created by Obaidullah (Ahmadzay) ID#995

W.L at Time of Flood

General Scouring depth ymax = 6.52m.

d S1 = 1.59 V 0.67 b 0.67

d S2 = 1.11 (6.52 ) (1.6 ) = 3.585m

Project Design Project

Created by Obaidullah (Ahmadzay) ID#995

Calculation Dead load of slab:

Designs of main reinforcement use limit state design method:

Project Design Project

Created by Obaidullah (Ahmadzay) ID#995

Project Design Project

Created by Obaidullah (Ahmadzay) ID#995

Design of distributed reinforcement: