Lecture # 01 Telecommunication Protocol Network

Tele means remote and communicate means conveying a message. The telecommunication means communication at distance. Enable communication of all type digital, voice, and audio etc. message on a network multimedia applications like Tele medicine, Tele vision etc Telecommunication is not limited to only the conversation. Distance learning for example online teaching and conversations. Telecommunication made the whole world as a global village. Protocols are the Set of rules to enable communication.

Network: A group of computers or devices that are connected by

communications facilities. A network can involve permanent connections, such as cables, or temporary connections made through telephone or other communication links. A network can be as small as a LAN (local area network) consisting of a few computers, printers, and other devices, or it can consist of many small and large computers distributed over a vast geographic area (WAN, or wide area network). Fig; Transmitte r Network Receiver

1. Switching Network: A communications method that uses temporary rather than permanent connections to establish a link or to route information between two parties. In the dial-up telephone network, for example, a callers line goes to a switching center, where the actual connection is made to the called party. Network of exchange interconnection of switching network/systems. One of the fundamental networks of telecom: 2. Transmission Network: Responsible the data transfer from one switch network to another for example satellite, coaxial cable, microwave, optical fiber etc. For example Fig;
D.H.A Gulberg
JoharTown

LHR

Transmission Network Motor Way M-2

ISB

Sector I/8 Sector F/10 Sector E/7

Access

Network

Switching Exchange: Many roads to many cities Access Network

3. Access Network: Provide service to reach the telecommunication nodes/switching exchanges to avail its facilities. 4. Signaling Network: Signals are transferred not user data transfer like transferred network. It conveys controlled messages among nodes. 5. Management Network: Management Network is the network used to manage the networks like OMC (Operation and management Center). NMC (Network and management Center). NMS (Network and management System). NOC (Network Operation Center).

Lecture # 02
Networks, which are involved in telecommunication network.

Switching Network:
Switching network is composed of combination of multiple switches (Switch is an exchange) Switch is responsible for establishing temporary connection between the subscribers. The connection will be pulled out once the call is expired Fig;

Disadvantages: 1. Numbers of links increased. 2. Complexity increases. 3. Cost rising up. 4. Distance constraints etc. If the number of Subscribers = n Then the number of links = n (n-1) / 2 Serving radius of a switch is 5Km. Switch is placed in center. Fig; Fig; Transit gateway is an endpoint of a city. Transit gateway exchange also provides connectivity to the other network like from PTCL toUfone, Mobilink etc. Whenever we dial Zero it means we are directly connected with the TGE (Transit Gateway Exchange) of our city and when we dial double zero to connect with IGE (International Gateway Exchange), which is, connected with others countries.

A call is established from Gulberg (Lahore) to Nazimabad (Karachi) list down the switches involved? Local exchange (Gulberg). Transit exchange (Lahore). Transit exchange (Karachi). Local exchange (Nazimabad).

Hierarchy of Switching Systems:

1. Local Switch: Hosts subscribers only. 2. Tandem Switch: Hosts subscribers as well as local Switch. 3. Transit Switch: Hosts local and/or tandem switch only No subscribers are terminated on transit switch. 4. Gateway Switch: Hosts transit switches only.

Lecture # 03
Layout of Switch:
Fig;
+ 48 V DC Commercial supply (WAPDA) Power Plant Switch A MDF

GND

Rectifiers Batteries

Switch B E1 E1 E1 Switch C

DG Set (Diesel Generator) Transmission Room OR PCM

1..20

Internal Architecture of Switching System:

Fig;

LINE UNITS

DIGITAL INTERFACE UNITS

Switching Matrix
SIGNALING & CONTROL UNITS

MASTER CLOCK

DATABASE

CPU

Line Units: Houses cards or boards whereupon subscriber port exist. Signaling: Signaling means control information, which is exchanged among switching units to setup the call.

Digital Interface Unit: It provides E1 (it is European standard for multiplexing. it works on 2.048 Mbps and provide 32 channel 30 for voice and 2 for signaling) ports for connectivity with other switching network. Master Clock: Basic clock source which is used for the clock pluses needed by any component because the all the switch components are digital. Database: Two type of database used. Dynamic database: which is changing frequently Static database: holds the information about the subscriber line e.g. Phone Number, and utilities like CLI, Call Waiting, ISD, VMS etc.

Lecture # 04
Functions of Switches:
Manual Switches: Functions/ Responsibilities of Operator 1. He / She should be able to detect request for service from any or many subscribers. 2. After detection of service, he should interact with the particular subscriber to know the service request. 3. He should check availability of resources for service provisioning. 4. If recourses are available he should allocate them and prompt the subscriber to proceed further. 5. Within the particular time span, he should collect the information from consist of proper identification of called subscriber. 6. He should confirm validity of identification of called subscriber. 7. If invalid, calling subscriber will be informed accordingly. 8. IF valid, state of called subscriber will be determined. 9. If the state of called subscriber is such that it is possible to connect calling subscriber with called one, both will be connected. 10. Operator should monitor and record time of call, duration of call etc for charging purpose. 11. When either party terminates the call he should release the connection and note down CDR for billing purpose. Major Drawbacks of Manual Switching: 1. Time consuming (Delayed Processing). 2. Requirements of manpower. 3. Complexity. 4. Biased Service. 5. Revenue loss. 6. Security threats and Attacks.

Lecture # 05
Transmission Networks:
Transmission network consist of transmission media facilities, which carry traffic from one switch to another. Fig;
Subscriber DIU Transmission Network Subscriber DIU DIU

Subscriber

DIU = Digital interface Unit are used for switch-to-switch communications.

Multiplexing:
Multiplexing means combining data (or traffic) from various sources and transmitting the composite signal, thus obtained over a signal wire (or channel). The major objective behind multiplexing is efficient utilization of transmission bandwidths. This is because the user requirement for bandwidth is relatively small where as abundant bandwidth is available in the media so data or traffic of several users is combined to form a composite signal, which is then handed over to the transmission network. The network delivers the composite signal at the output where a process reverse to multiplexing is carried out. This process called de-multiplexing in which the composite signal is decomposed constituent signal are separated. Fig;
Users Multiplexing Composite Signal Users De-Multiplexing

FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing):

In the operation of FDM, the entire available bandwidth is divided into smaller bands and different frequency bands are allocated to different subscribers. The signal from each subscriber is modulated with appropriate carrier signal so that it occupies its allocated frequency band. Some gap is provided between adjacent frequency bands. This is called guard band. Fig;

TDM (Time Division Multiplexing):

In the operation of TDM, the entire available bandwidths are placed at the disposal of a signal user but for very short time interval. After the expiry of the interval, the bandwidth is allocated to next user entirely. This process is carried out cyclically till last subscriber after which first user is again served. Usually a small time interval is provided as a gap between adjacent time slots. This is called guard time. Fig;

Lecture # 06
Transmission Network:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Optical Fiber. DRS (Digital Radio Systems). DMS (Digital Microwave Systems). Satellite Communication Coaxial Cable etc.

Optical Fiber:
Optical means Made of Glass and Fiber means a thread thin like a human hair. Fig;
Electrical Signal Optical Signal Optical Signal

E O

O E
Electrical Signal

Optical Fiber Cable

1. E.T.O (Electro magnetic to Optical) converter. 2. O.T.E (Optical to Electro magnetic) converter. These converters are called Transducers. Cross-sectional view: Fig;
Sheath (Protective Shield) Jacket Core Cladding

Wave propagation in optical fiber: Reflection. Refraction. Diffraction. Scattering.

Cladding

Fig;

Core

1. Optical fiber offers huge bandwidths. 2. Signal undergoes relatively small amount of loss in term of attenuation and distortion etc. 3. Optical fiber is comparable in cost to electrical cables. 4. Relatively less chance of signal theft. FLAG: (fiber loop around globe) SEA ME WE: (South East Asia Middle East Western Europe). These two networks are used to connect the whole world through optical fiber cable.

Microwave Systems:
Microwave systems are also called DRS (Digital Radio Systems) Fig;

Transmitter End

Line Of Sight (LOS)

Receiver End

It is a wireless communication. In DRS electro magnetic waves propagate from transmitting antenna to receiving antenna in accordance with the Faradays Law. Advantages of DRS: 1. It offers data rate better then electrical cable. 2. Chief advantage of DRS is quick installation for the whole system. 3. Suitable for installation in dense urban areas where it is not possible or difficult to lay underground cable. 4. Suitable for installation in hill areas. 5. Suitable for military application. 6. Re-usability of equipments etc. Disadvantages: 1. Highly sensitive to weather conditions even the moisture level can disturb the LOS Line of Sight and the communication. 2. DRS undergo severe attenuation. 3. Relatively costly as compare to other networks. 4. Interference with other transmission channels. 5. Security threats and attacks over the transmitting date etc.

Lecture # 07
For Loss calculations in Microwave communication Ldb = 32.44 + 20logDKm + 20log FMhz Ldb = Signal loss in decibels. DKm = Distance in Kilometers. FMhz = Frequency in megahertz. Problem # 1: Calculate signal loss from transmitter to receiver when both antennas are separated by 40KM and operating frequency is 1Ghz. DKm = 40 Km FMhz = 1 Ghz = 1000 Mhz. Problem # 2: Calculate signal loss at a point one-wave length away from the transmitting antenna. Distance = 1 We know the velocity of light C=f

Ldb = 32.44 + 20log(DKm .FMhz) = 32.44 + 20log(D/1000 . F/ 106) = 32.44 + 20log(C / 109) =32.44 + 20log (3 x 108/ 109)

Problem # 3: Calculate the effect on received power when: 1. Distance b/w transmitting and receiving antennas is halved. Case I: Distance = D1 = d Frequency = f1 = F Loss = Ldb = L1 L1 = 32.44 + 20logD1 + 20log F1 L1 = 32.44 + 20log d + 20log F __________eq (1) Case II: Distance = D2 = d/2 Frequency = F2 = F Loss = Ldb = L2 L2 = 32.44 + 20logD2 + 20log F2 L2 = 32.44 + 20log d/2 + 20log F L2 = 32.44 + 20log d 20log2 + 20log F L2 = 32.44 + 20log d + 20log F 20log2 _____________eq (2) Comparing eq (1) and eq (2) L2 = L1 20log2 L2 = L1 6db Conclusion: By halving the distance received power is increased by 6 db.

2. Distance between transmitting and receiving antennas is doubled. Case I: Distance = D1 = d Frequency = F1 = F Loss = Ldb = L1 L1 = 32.44 + 20logD1 + 20log F1 L1 = 32.44 + 20log d + 20log F __________eq (1) Case II: Distance = D2 = 2D Frequency = F2 = F Loss = Ldb = L2 L2 = 32.44 + 20logD2 + 20log F2 L2 = 32.44 + 20log 2D + 20log F L2 = 32.44 + 20log D + 20log2 + 20log F L2 = 32.44 + 20log D + 20log F + 20log2 _____________eq (2) Comparing eq (1) and eq (2) L2 = L1 + 20log2 L2 = L1 + 6db Conclusion: By halving the distance received power is decreased by 6 db. 3. Operating frequency is double 2F 6db loss increased 4. Operating frequency is halved. 6db loss decreased.

Lecture # 08
Satellite Communication:
Satellite Communication is a type of special microwave link in which one end is based on satellite and other is based at ground. Figure shows satellite communication. Fig;

Satellite is revolving around earth and the establishment of microwave link required by both satellite and earth station both must in lint of sight LOS. The ground-based transceiver is called ground station or satellite terminal. The transmission from satellite to ground station is called down link transmission and transmission from ground station is called uplink transmission. Uplink frequency range = fu Downlink frequency range = fd Both are different to avoid collision. fu fd fu > fd From design point of view, uplink frequency is always kept higher then downlink. Loss is directly proportional to frequency range. Higher frequency higher loss. Why fu > fd ? When loss increases due to increase in frequency it required more power to compensate. Satellite use solar energy as a source so limited energy is available. Ldb = 32.44 + 20logDKm + 20log FMhz __________(1) From (1) it is clear, free space loss is depended on distance and frequency. The distance is same in uplink transmission and downlink transmission; so variable factor contributing is frequency. Free space loss is compensated with more power at the transmitting end. At earth station we have more power as compared to power at satellite, so more power is used at earth station.

Classification of satellite:
Geo-stationary Earth Orbit Satellite (GEO Satellite). Low Earth Orbit Satellite (LEO Satellite). Medium Earth Orbit Satellite (MEO Satellite). In GEO satellite earth station is at rest with respect to satellite, so earth is revolving around the axis, in GEO, the orbit speed of satellite is same as the axis speed of earth.

Line of Sight LOS is maintained automatically. LEO satellite orbit height is very low, so it is easy to launch, however a mechanism for tracking and pointing the antenna is required to maintain the LOS. In MEO satellite orbit height is medium so easy to launch as compared to GEO, relative difficult to launched LEO satellite. It tracking and pointing mechanism is simple that LEO satellite. Telemetry. Remote Sensing. SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition). GIS (Geographical Information System). LEO has less initial cost but running cost is higher than other.

Lecture # 09
Application of Satellite:
1) Satellite communication is used in transoceanic telecommunication connectivity. 2) It is used for establishing connectivity with remotely location switching even in the domain of same operator. 3) Satellite is extensively used for broadcast applications on a radio and television networks. 4) Satellites are particularly used for multicast networks in applications like telemetry SCADA. 5) Fleet management localization and tacking through GPS systems is another emerging application of satellite. 6) Satellites are used for air traffic control. 7) Used for military operations in desert, mountains and sea. 8) Used in corporate networks by the application of VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal).

Satellite link Budgeting:

Satellite link budgeting provides mathematical calculations upon the bases of which different design parameters are found out. Important Design Parameter includes: 1) Required value of antenna gain at earth station. 2) Required value of antenna gain at satellite station. 3) Cooling requirement of amplifier. 4) Noise figure of receiver. 5) Dimensioning of antenna and other parts etc.

Antenna given gain is defined as the station of the power related by given antenna in a certain direction to the power radiated isotropic antenna. Antenna gain in the given direction. Power related given antenna is the given direction, power radiated by an isotropic antenna. An isotropic antenna is defined as an antenna that radiates equally in all direction. It is also called omni directional antenna. An antenna is defined as a metallic structure used for efficient transmission as well as reception of electromagnetic wave. It behave like a transducer and converts electrical energy into electromagnetic energy, while transmitting, whereas vise versa while receiving. Wave Motion: Fig;

Source

Sink

Magnetic field and electrical field is perpendicular to each other.

ISL Inter Satellite Link:

In case of LEO and MEO satellite, we require more than one satellite to have constant communication with it associated with earth station. This is because there is relative motion between earth station and satellite, due to which the earth station remains in the footprint of satellite only for few hours. To satellite communication for all the time, we require a constellation of satellite in LEO and MEO orbit. This constellation is called satellite network. Figure shows satellite Network. Fig;

Naturally the satellite in a network has to communication among them selves for the purpose of handover. The link over which this communication among satellite is carried out are called ISL. There is high capacity transmission facilities normal based upon LEASER Beam.

Lecture # 10
Access Network:
An access network is defined as the network through subscribers reach the services provided by ISP (Service Provided).

Wired Network:
1. One independent pair of cable is used for single subscriber between subscriber and exchange. 2. There is well structured hierarchical scheme in which independent pair are extended to all subscriber homed at the given exchange. Fig;
DC
40 600 pairs 0 pa irs

DC

Access Network DP

DC

DC

DC

MDF = Main Distribution Frame. DC = Divisional Cabinet. DP = Distribution point.

Lecture # 11
Fig;
Access Network

Wireless Network

Wired Network

MDF Switch Room

Tags Blocks

A horizontal side of MDF room is also called switch side. Their tags blocks are mounted on horizontal rows. Subscribers cable from the switch room is terminated over these blocks. Vertical side of MDF is also called network side or cable side. Their tags blocks are mounted in vertical column. Network cables from OSP are terminated over these tags blocks. OSP (Out Side Plant) means in the field. Horizontal side:
R1 o o o o o o o . . . 10 R2 o o o o o o o . . . o . .............o . .............o . .............o Rn o o o o o o o . . . o Static side but changeable Switch Room 5710000 5710001

Vertical side:

C1 C2 C10 1ooooooo... o 2ooooooo... o . ............ o . ............ o . ............ o 10 o o o o o o . . . o

Nos are arrange in Vertical column

Static side but cant be change the order

Jumper wire is used to connect a desirable number to outside connection on vertical side. MDF provides protection against out side spick of lightening power short circuit etc.

OSP Structure:
Outside plant is constructed following is the layout of structure cabling Fig;

MDF
GROUND LEVEL CABLE CHANNEL

DC (Primary)

DC (Secondry)

DC (Secondry)

DP DP
DC (Divisional Cabnet)

GROUND LEVEL

Under Ground Cable

MDF:
MDF is main distribution frame. It is just like a patch panel. Each DC is also like a patch panel. This is the structure way of outside.

Fault Localization:
If subscriber connection is disconnected. First check pair against this connection in MDF then if problem still exist the check DC, if DC shows problem then check DP, if not then subscriber node is faulty .

Wireless Access Network:

It is also called wireless local loop (WLL). There is no wired plant involved. The subscribers are given access to the home switch through wireless link.

Advantage:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Fig; Very cheaper to wired network as for as initial investment is concerned. Maintenance cost is also low. Installation time is much reduced. Highly suitable in dense urban hilly and scattered areas. In WLL, scalability is there, so we can maximize return on investment.

Architecture of WLL Network:

BTS

Another Architecture: Fig;

BTS

Wired

Hybrid (Better utilization of frequency due to less interference) To some extend mobility (roaming) is available.

Disadvantages:
1. 2. 3. 4. Highly sensitive to weather conditions. Less secure. QoS less. High interference.