Experiment Date; Submission Date;

Experiment No. 2

DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS

Aim: To fjnd out the kinematic viscosity of a fluid, Apparatus: Redwood Viscometer Theory: Viscosity is defined a:* that property of a fluid by which one layer of the liquid offers resistance to other layer's movement. It is primarily due to the force of cohesion between liquid molecules and molecular momentum exchange between them. Coefficient of dynamic viscosity: By Newton's law of viscosity the stress on a layer of a fluid is directly proportional to the rat~ i.e.a where, r is the shearing stress Therefore Here. is the coefficient of dynamic viscosity, SI unit is N-s/m2

Coefficient of Kinematic Viscosity: It is defined as ratio between the dynamic viscosity and the mass, density of the fluid. It is denoted by . Where 29 /p = (dynamic viscosity/mass density). The SI unit of kinematic viscosity is m2/s. 1 Stoke = 1 cm2/s - 10Hm2/s Factors affecting coefficient of viscosity: 1. The cohesion between the molecules of the fluid. 2. Momentum transfer of the molecules. 3. The temperature of the fluid. Methods to determine viscosity: 1. Newton's law of viscosity. 2. Hagen-Poiseuille equation. 3. Stake's law. Common Viscometers used: 1. Capillary tube viscometer: A capillary tube viscometer consists of a horizontal capillary tube through which, the given fluid is made to flow. Pressure in the capillary is estimated and discharge is measured. Hagen-Poiseuille's equation is applied. = -(dpgh)/128Q1)

2. Coaxial Rotating cylinder viscometer: This consists of two concentric cylinders of radius R1 and R2 with a narrow space left in between. Liquid of which viscosity is to be measured is filled between the gap and outer cylinder is rotated with known speed. The inner cylinder, which is attached to the torsion spring, also rotates when outer cylinder is rotated. Thus knowing torque on the inner cyfinder shear stress can be computed arid hence the viscosity. = -(aT)/(2R12 R2 wH) a =-radial space R2R1 H = submerged height of inner cylinder T = Torque generated. 3.Redwood viscontetcr. Hagen

Poiseuille's equation is used to find kinematic viscometer viscosity. does not This actually

measure viscosity but it facilitates comparison between viscosities of different fluids. The working is based on calculating the time of flow in seconds for a definite quantity of oil {50 ml) under definite conditions of temperature and pressure. Components: a) Oil cup: The oil cup is cylindrical brass vessel open from top and concave at bottom. It has a tapered control hole in which a jet can be fitted in with a hole, at the centre. b) Heating Bath :. It is a cylindrical water bath made out of copper and surrounds the oil cup. c) d) slirrer it is metallic ball attached to the end of a stiff wire. Oil valve it in the form of a metallic ball attached to the end of a stiff wire.

e) Oil collecting flask: A special type jet to collect thekolharush flask is place below the jet to collect the outgoing oil of volume 0.05liter Procedure: 1. Adjust the instrument with the screws. 2. 3. 4. Fill the oil in the oil cup up to the mark shown by the tip of wire. Place the 50 ml flask below the jet. Close the jet by keeping the valve rod in position. .

5. Fill the water in a water bath and heat slowly.

6. Stir the water for uniform transmission of heat. Heat oil up to 80c and then cool it. Take the readings of temperature and time taken for filling 50ml oil into flask at regular intervals. Precautions: 1. The viscometer should be thoroughly cleaned with alcohol before starting the experiment. 2. Viscometer should be properly adjusted and levelled. 3. The ball valve should be lifted gently. Liquid should be free from particles and suspended impurities. Observation Table: Sr. No. Temperature Time for 50ml V Kinematic Viscosity v W/s' 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 80 75 70 65 60 91.40 110.50 148 170.57 203.47 181.10-4 0.0226x10-4 0.0313x10-4 0.364x10-4 0.438x10-4 Dynamic viscosity p. 'N-s/mJ 0.1704 0.2128 0.2947 0.3428 0.4124

Sample Calculations: