STUDY GUIDE FOR THIRD AND FINAL QUIZ POLITICAL SCIENCE 240 FALL 2012

For this quiz, you are responsible for the lectures (through Thursdays lecture November 29 ), and discussion sections since the last quiz and reading material listed below, with specific suggestions on what to emphasize in your studying from which the quiz questions will be drawn. The quiz will be held in discussion sections on November 30. As before, you can post questions on the discussion board. Please bring a pencil with eraser for the scantron sheet . YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THESE READINGS

Minxin Pei, Is CCP [Chinese Communist Party] Rule Fragile or Resilient? Journal of Democracy (January 2012), 27-41. Jane Kramer, Taking the Veil: How Frances Public Schools Became the Battleground in a culture War, New Yorker 22 November 2004 *Benjamin Reilly, Electoral Systems for Divided Societies, (Compass) Larry Diamond, Why Are There No Arab Democracies? Journal of Democracy, 21:1 (January 2010) 93-112 (Compass) Zagorski Chapter 6 Revolutionary Movements in the Contemporary World 243-263 Lisa Anderson, Demystifying the Arab Spring, Foreign Affairs 90:2 (2011): 2-7 F. Gregory Gause, Why Middle East Studies Missed the Arab Spring: The Myth of Authoritarian Stability Foreign Affairs (July/August 2011)

THERE IS NO TAKE-HOME PORTION OF THIS QUIZ ; ALL MULTIPLE CHOICE (25 questions, 50 points) KNOW ESPECIALLY (Note: There may be very slight modifications/clarifications announced at the end of break but nothing will be omitted from this list) Economic performance and political repression as important factors in the survival of the Chinese Communist regime, and why those factors may be declining in importance (Pei) If Economic and performance and political repression arent controlled than survival of the Chinese Communist party could mean another big hit to communism. The wealthier the country, the more likely to be democratic? Chinese Communist response to maintaining control o A. Repressioncrackdown on mass protests o B. Accommodation o C. Greater Responsiveness to citizens o D. Political Reform of Institutions It may be declining in important because the country is shifting away from communist political ideology and more to a socialist form of governing ideology. ( Socialism and Communism are two complete different things)

Definition of nationalism (lecture) A sense of common belonging o Based on objective factors such as common language and shared history o Based also on a self-perception as part of a national grouping 2. Political component: nationalist ideology affirms that a nation should have a corresponding political identity (as a state, or at the very least an autonomous region within a state) o Hence the idea of a right to national self-determination

Nationalism as a modern (19th century) phenomenon (lecture) th Unclear national identities of Europe in the early 19th Century19 Century the Rise of nationalist sentiment Most peoples ruled by foreigners Alternate religious and regional identities also compete with an overarching national identity There is no Germany-just a collection of principalities until 1870 There is no Italylikewise a collection of principalities until 1870we have made Italynow we must make Italians Apartheid policies per lecture/Zagorski African National Congress Is a multiracial grouping of South Africans of all races, but it was the black Africans that predominated. Linked with the ANC was the communist Party of South Africa. Under the rules of the ANC, Communist were allowed to have dual membership as members of the ANC proper and also through the official position of the party in the ANC governing structure. Theres no stable control. o Communists were allowed to have dual membership as members of the ANC proper and al through the official position of the party in the ANCs governing structure. o Also affiliated with the ANC was the Confederations of South African Trade Unions (COSATU), which had a strong position among black laborers in essential industries such as mining and metalworking. Even more horrifying to Afrikaners were the black consciousness and black supremacy movements, such as the Pan-African congress (PAC), that believed the NC were too moderate in its positions. Eventually the ANC and the PAC were outlawed in 1960 after protest and a massacre of the black population in Sharpeville, a black township near Johannesburg. o Thereafter, the organizations operated in exile, sponsoring a largely ineffective guerrilla war. Suspected ANC militants and members of other radical organizations were regularly arrested by the authorities. In conducting guerrilla warfare, the ANC, in turn, found it easier to hit soft civilian targets rather than strictly military ones. Attacks on theaters and shopping centers, however, only confirmed Afrikaners beliefs that the ANC was barbaric organization that could not be negotiated with. The new constitutional system after apartheid and what compromises ANC made Nelson Mandelas importance, who he is

The ANC rose under his leadership Imprisoned between 1960-1990 Ties to communist The lost generation Black trade Union Movement

Sources of migration into Europe after World War II 1. DECOLONIZATION France: Saharan and sub-Saharan Africa (Algerians were automatically French citizens) Britain: Caribbean and South Asia (Pakistan and India) 2. GUEST WORKER PROGRAMS (from the 1950s onward) Labor shortage and need for postwar construction Germany: workers from Turkey 3. REFUGEES From third world conflicts and poverty Bottom line: a diversification of the European population base racially, religiously, ethnically The French approach to its multicultural society (lecture and taking the veil) A citizenry with Rights as the basis for the state and French Nation Nationalism th French Government had created a broad national identity in the 19 century by drawing the rural people into the sense of being French Role of railroads, schools (literacy in a common language), universal military conscription During the Age of Decolonization Algerians were automatically became French Citizens -Recall from discussion the major conflicts (such as national identity vs. multicultural acceptance) present in Frances efforts to deal with Muslim immigrants (section) However, as of recently, in regards to women wearing veils. They have taken a secular approach (secular vs. religion) An issue arises between the Freedom of Religion o Question of Religion vs Choice o Women should not wear the veils in school - Some men forcibly make women wear the veil as a part of religious tradition o However, some of these men have ties with terrorist group Al-Andalus and Christian Spains reaction to multiculturalism after the Reconquista ( section) After the reconquest of Spain, Queen Isabella and Fernando force all the Muslim and Jews to leave Al-Andalus because their rights were taken from them. However, they were very fortunate if they were able to escape with their lives from their own land. Muslims were order to convert or be killed. Many stayed behind and secretly remained Muslims. (Others were burned at the stake.) Muslims were forbidden and mosques in their original splendor were destroyed and converted into churches. Muslims were converted to Christianity, some never truly fully converted. (moriscos) Feminist attitudes toward the anti-veil law/the headscarf controversy in France They believed that it would contribute to exclusion or ambivalence towards Muslims from what there already is

Other feminists point to the alternatives. There are accredited correspondence courses. There is monitored homeschooling. There is the possibility of Muslim parochial schools-Lille now has one--which by meeting state education standards would be eligible for state support. Most feminists acknowledge that, whatever the law, there will always be some attrition in an education system.

There has been a good deal of discussion about the veil law among women who consider themselves to be strong French feminists. Sogolone Royal is a popular Socialist deputy and the new governor of Poitou-Charentes, and a refreshingly outspoken presence in the sniffy male sanctum of French politics. She has reservations about the new law, although she voted for it. She says she is more concerned about the effect of pornography on children than she is about scarves (which, to her mind, can be "very pretty ... like the bonnets in Africa"). She told me, "Yes, I would say that the veil is a symbol of the oppression and segregation of women, but how do you resolve the problems of Muslim women in a society like this, where all the bus kiosks have advertising posters with naked women on them?" She worries about what will happen to those Muslim women if there is a blanket enforcement of sexual integration. But many feminists would argue that the Islamist obsession with covering up women's bodies is a deeper form of pornography than an obsession with uncovering them. Anne Hidalgo, the deputy mayor of Paris, whose portfolio includes women's rights (the French say "equality between men and women"), has no reservations about the law. She told me about some of the storefront prayer rooms she has helped open in immigrant neighborhoods--neighborhoods where Muslims had nowhere to pray but the sidewalks-and said that she worries about new preachers coming in and trying to undermine the law, and even preventing girls and women from taking part in mosque activities. She and the mayor, Bertrand Delano, are Socialists, though they have been much more inventive than most politicians in their party in making French Muslims feel welcome. They sponsor Friday lunches at high schools in Muslim neighborhoods, so the girls and their teachers can get together and talk things over. They throw a big party at city hall to celebrate the end of Ramadan each year. But they believe that head scarves in schools are only the beginning of Islamist demands for exceptional status within French law. (Hidalgo's friend Martine Aubry, the Socialist mayor of Lille, has stretched the law to meet Islamist sensibilities by closing municipal pools to men for several hours a week so that Muslim women can bathe alone.) Hidalgo, who is the daughter of Spanish Republican immigrants, said, "We've been very perturbed about the veil. To see those very young girls veiled ... The 'evolution' of the veil here isn't about choice, or religion. Perhaps the veil once said something religious, but now it's a sign of oppression. It isn't God, it's men who want it." Last year, Hidalgo had to suspend a Muslim woman who worked at city hall and was not only demanding to wear her Islamist robes and head scarves but refusing to shake hands with or even look at any of the men she was supposed to greet and help. "There are rules about public space," Hidalgo told me. "It was unthinkable that a person representing the collectivity go veiled." On the other hand, Franoise Gaspard, a former Socialist deputy who is now France's representative for women's rights at the United Nations, came out publicly against the veil law, claiming that it would keep the daughters of Islamist families from getting to go to school at all, and they would end up "martyrs" to the Islamist cause. Her companion, the feminist writer Claude Servan-Schreiber, talks about visiting schools and being told by one Muslim girl after another: If you forbid the veil, my parents send me away to North Africa to be married off. (Those girls are much in demand among older men looking for access to French visas and work permits.) "It changed my mind completely," she said. "I decided we had to fight so that those girls were not excluded." Other feminists point to the

alternatives. There are accredited correspondence courses. There is monitored homeschooling. There is the possibility of Muslim parochial schools--Lille now has one-which by meeting state education standards would be eligible for state support. Most feminists acknowledge that, whatever the law, there will always be some attrition in an education system.

Gaspard shocked those feminists by militating against the veil law, especially because she had been the driving force behind a political parity law that went into effect in France in 2000. "I was very alone," Gaspard said, when I asked about the reaction, adding that France's own record on women's rights was hardly splendid, and that even the Jacobins of the French Revolution had outlawed pants on women. Other feminists reminded me that Frenchwomen couldn't open bank accounts or apply for passports until the late thirties, and couldn't even vote until 1945. For a long time in France, le citoyen meant mainly the rights of men. "Today, clearly, the criteria of the rights of man are the rights of women," she told me. "The law was made to protect the bodies of girls, of minors. It's easy to be against it in retrospect, and to say that now those girls will be 'twice victims'--victims of Islam, victims of French exclusion. But the veil here isn't Islam, it's politics." One extremely exercised Muslim feminist had told the Stasi Commission that the parents of veiled schoolgirls deserved to be put in jail for child abuse, and Agacinski thinks that, however egregious arguments like that are, especially when no serious attempt has been made to integrate those parents, there is an argument to be made that the veil is as much a challenge to France's laws on human rights as it is to France's laws on secularism Abrahms criticism of rational choice approach to explaining terrorism Terrorists are motivated by relatively stable and consistent political preferences; (2) terrorists evaluate the expected political payoffs of their available options, or at least the most obvious ones; and (3) terrorism is adopted when the expected political return is superior to those of alternative options. But all of these are not all true. (1) Terrorist organizations do not achieve their stated political goals by attacking civilians; (2) terrorist organizations never use terrorism as a last resort and seldom seize opportunities to become productive nonviolent political parties;(3) terrorist organizations reflexively reject compromise proposals offering significant policy concessions by the target government; (4) terrorist organizations have protean political platforms; (5) terrorist organizations generally carry out anonymous attacks, precluding target countries from making policy concessions; (6) terrorist organizations with identical political platforms routinely attack each other more than their mutually professed enemy; and (7) terrorist organizations resist disbanding when they consistently fail to achieve their political platforms or when their stated political grievances have been resolved and hence are moot. Instead, There is comparatively strong theoretical and empirical evidence that people become terrorists not to achieve their organizations declared political agenda, but to develop strong affective ties with other terrorist members. In other words, the preponderance of evidence is that people participate in terrorist organizations for the social solidarity, not for their political return. The natural systems model stresses that there is often a disconnect between the official goals of an organization and the latent social goals governing its behavior. If people participate in terrorist organizations primarily to achieve social solidarity, one would therefore expect to find (1) evidence at the individual level that people are mainly attracted to terrorist organizations not to achieve their official political platforms, but to develop strong affective ties with other terrorist members; and (2) evidence at the organizational level that terrorist groups consistently engage in actions to

preserve the social unit, even when these impede their official political agendas

Emergence of Terrorism in Northern Ireland (goals, conditions that generated IRA) th th Ireland under British colonial rule since the 16 cand 17 centuries Catholic minority systematically discriminated against- poorer an less educate in the context of a longer history British colonialism over the island as a whole Partial Solution Independence for most of Ireland in 1922 after prolonged conflict ( the original IRA) Cant achieve separation by legal means because the majority of the population in Northern Ireland is Protestant and fears isolation in a largely Catholic united Ireland Protestant Unionist (Union with Great Britain) dominance of politics in a Winner Take All System Gerrymandered to marginalize Catholic minority (1921-1972, Unionists generally held 40 of 52 seats in Stormont/parliament Police force was Protestant (Re-)Emergence of Terrorist Strategy Sparked by failure of the civil rights movement of the late 1960s and imposition of direct rule from London in 1972 The Troubles Terrorist organization: IRA Goal: a united Irelandbreak away from Britain (Irish Republican ArmyRepublican because they wished to join the Republic of Ireland) Long war strategy for IRA o (1) A war of attrition based on causing as many deaths as possible so as to create a demand from their [the British] people at home for their withdrawal. o (2) A bombing campaign aimed at making the enemy's financial interests in our country unprofitable while at the same time curbing long term investment in our country. o (3) To make the Six Counties ... ungovernable except by colonial military rule. o (4) To sustain the war and gain support for its ends by National and International propaganda and publicity campaigns. o (5) Defending the war of liberation by punishing criminals, collaborators and informers. " (from Wikipedia) Reorganization of IRA into cells Public face is Sinn Fein, a political party Targets British soldiers in Northern Ireland Civilian populations in London Rival Unionist paramilitaries Catholics who cooperate with the Brits

Different Models of church state relations -How the French and American approaches differ (section) Why Reilly thinks STV might help moderate identity conflict (religious, ethnic) in divided societies Reilly believes it will bring cooperation between parties with opposing views to go against more extreme parties that promise fallacies Encourages coalitions Encourages candidates to reach out to second-choice votes thus providing parties

and candidates with an incentive to pool votes across ethnic lines. Across cross ethnic lines, not just reaching to their true supporters in order to win the majority of the votes o To attract second level support, candidates may need to make cross ethnic appeals and demonstrate their capacity to represent groups other than their own. Alternately, where a moderate or nonethnic middle part of the electorate exists, candidates may need to move to the center on policy issues to attract these voters. o Either war, negotiations between rival candidates and their supporters for reciprocal vote transfers can greatly increase the chances that votes will shift from ethnic parties to nonethnic ones thus encouraging, even in deeply divided societies, the formation and strengthening of a core of moderate middle sentiment within the electorate a whole. Such negotiations can also stimulate the development of alliances between parties and aid the development of multiethnic parties or coalitions of parties. Scholars have increasingly found that aggregative party systems can help new or transitional democracies achieve stability. This broad approach to conflict management has been dubbed centripetalism because the explicit aim is to engineer a centripetal spin to the political systemto pull the parties toward moderate, compromising policies and to discover and reinforce the center of a deeply divided political spectrum.7 A centripetal political system or strategy is designed to focus competition at the moderate center rather than the extremes by making politicians do more than just shop for votes in their own community. Accordingly, I use the term centripetalism as shorthand for three related but distinct phenomena: 1) the provision of electoral incentives for campaigning politicians to reach out to and attract votes from ethnic groups other than their own, thus encouraging candidates to moderate their political rhetoric on potentially divisive issues and forcing them to broaden their policy positions; 2) the presence of an arena of bargaining, in which political actors from different groups have an incentive to come together and cut deals on reciprocal electoral support, and hence perhaps on other more substantial issues as well; and 3) the development of centrist, aggregative, and multiethnic political parties or coalitions of parties that are capable of making crossethnic appeals and presenting a complex and diverse range of policy options to the electorate.

Historical debates about which religion is most democratic (lecture), Catholicism also Zagorski 368 Protestantism Protestantism (Protestants) was once thought to be only democratic religion 1941 book The Religion of Democracy, includes only Catholicism, Protestantism, and Judaism. However, it is still argued today that Protestantism was involved in the rise of democracy in Northern Europe o Emphasis on the individual relationship to god unmediated by hierarchal authority; the Protestant Churchs embattled position encouraging popular organization and mobilization, the direct relationship to the bible in the vernacular language rather than Latin encouraging literacy in the era of the printing press.

The Northern European Protestant democracies have been less conflictual and enduring: Scandinavia, Britain,-but is that religion or something else Catholicism Seen as a latecomer to democratic ideas Organized in hierarchical fashion Suspicious of the modern state system sovereignty usurps some of the authority of the church and its vision of unity in Christendom Westphalia: the Pope at the time, Innocent X calls Westphalia: Null, void, invalid, iniquitous, unjust, damnable, reprobate, inane, empty of meaning and effect for all time. Hostile to the ideas of the French revolution o Basically for most of the nineteenth and twentieth century, the Catholic Church had been the bulwark of rightwing authoritarianism. o It condemned ideas such as liberalism, equal rights, and religious toleration Since the Second Vatican Council in 1965, John XXIII onwards, popes begin to emphasize democracy and human rights, and this has a major effect on the democratization of Latin America (Liberation theology of social justice for the poor)

Theories about why there are so few Arab democracies; examples of Muslim, non-Arab democracies (Diamond, lecture, and section) Culture Economic Structure Authoritarian Statecraft Geopolitical Factors

Arab Springwhy scholars missed it; specifically, the three main things that were overlooked according to the author; how technology may have contributed (Gause article, lecture, section) There is no personal military to secure regime o In the wake of the Arab military coups of the 1950s and 1960s, Arab leaders created institutions to exercise political control over their armies and, in some cases, established rival military forces to balance the army's weight. Arab armies helped ruling regimes win their civil wars and put down uprisings. As a result, most Middle East experts came to assume that Arab armies and security services would never break with their rulers. o The countries in which the military, as an institution, sided with the protesters, Egypt and Tunisia, are two of the most homogeneous societies in the Arab world. Both are overwhelmingly Sunni. (The Coptic Christian minority in Egypt plays an important social role there but has little political clout.) Both the Egyptian and the Tunisian armies are relatively professional, with neither serving as the personal instrument of the ruler. Army leaders in both nations realized that their institutions could play an important role under new regimes and thus were willing to risk ushering out the old guard. o In Arab countries featuring less institutionalized forces, where the security services are led by and serve as the personal instruments of the ruler and his family, those forces have split or dissolved in the face of popular protests. In both Libya and Yemen, units led by the rulers' families have supported the regimes, while other units have defected to the opposition,

stayed on the sidelines, or just gone home. In divided societies, where the regime represents an ethnic, sectarian, or regional minority and has built an officer corps dominated by that overrepresented minority, the armies have thus far backed their regimes. The Sunni-led security forces in Bahrain, a Shiite-majority country, stood their ground against demonstrators to preserve the Sunni monarchy. The Jordanian army remains loyal to the monarchy despite unrest among the country's Palestinian majority. Saudi Arabia's National Guard, heavily recruited from central and western Arabian tribes, is standing by the central Arabian al-Saud dynasty. In each country, the logic is simple: if the regime falls and the majority takes over, the army leadership will likely be replaced as well.

Economic Liberalization Arab states with oil reserves and revenues deployed this wealth to control the economy, building patronage networks, providing social services, and directing the development of dependent private sectors. However, changes in the world economy and the liberalizing requirement of foreign aid donors have over the past two decades forced non-oil producing states to modernize their economies. Arab regimes such as Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Tunisia, have privatized state enterprises, encouraged foreign investment, created incentives to kick-start the private sector, and cut subsidies and state expenditures that previously consumed government budgets. o Neoliberal policies o Only few who gained wealth the super wealthy entrepreneurs, including families of presidents in other countrires - Attempt at more reforming and democratizing reforms with the economy resulted in inequalities and made life more difficult for the poor, but they also opened up new opportunities for local entrepreneurs and allowed the upper classes to enjoy greater consumer choice through liberalized trade regimes Thought it would bring greater support for the Arab authoritarians that are dealing with growing populations that require economic growth o Lack of an Pan-Arabism (A national Arab identity) What contributed to the spread and/or success of the Arab Spring? o Regime Support / Not Keeping supporters Happy and Wealthy o Social Media / Spread the word around the world even faster Coordination problem Tunesia / Powder Keg moment Wiki-Leaks Exposed corruption Inequality

Gladwells argument against the central importance of social media in producing political change Social media creates disconnection between the issue and activism. They may be supporting the issue, but their presence to actually show manpower is faltering People who are true activist, have a sense of duty and commitment He argues that social media is weak at achieving goals of social change and weak at creating social ties (but not network ties) o Social network helps spark motivation and participation by lessening the

level of motivation that participation requires Social networks dont allow us to gauge someones value to the advocacy movement based off solely on what they give through a social media network. o Social Media creates a way for people to get involved at low risk o They also dont have a centralized leadership that have clear lines of authority Creates difficulty in reaching consensus and setting goals. They cant think strategically They are chronically prone to conflict and error They dont do something that requires a real sacrifice The drawbacks of networks scarcely matter if the network isnt interested in systemic change if it just wants to frighten or humiliate or make a splash or if it doesnt need to think strategically. But if youre taking on a powerful and organized establishment you have to be a hierarchy Real activism creates strong ties and actually demonstrates man power and how many people actually care o Establishes central leadership Hierarchy o Professional Management and Clear Divisions of Labor o Regular Face to face meetings o

Social digital media usage by authoritarian political regimes (lecture, Mackinnon) The government monitors its people and to censor and manipulate online conversation to such a degree that no one has been able to organize a viable opposition movement. Government ends creating a information gap which makes it much less likely that a critical mass of them will see the need for rapid political chance. The system does not control all the people all of the time. Authoritarian Regimes try to successfully seems like they democratic governments They deliberate through the use of central propaganda; government regulated commercial spaces, emergent civic spaces, and international deliberate spaces Chinese networked authoritarianism cannot work without the active cooperation of private companies regardless of the origin of their financing or where they are headquatereed. Every year a group of Chinese internet executives is chosen to receive the governments China Internet Self-Discipline Award for fostering harmonious and healthy internet development buying out companies Censoring search results in Google in China to ensure that social media of any kind (blogging, news media articles, facebook, twitter, blogging) dont get through Companies are legally held responsible for everything their users discuss or organize through chat clients and messaging services. In this way, the government hand many censorship and surveillance tasks to private companies that face license revocations and forced shutdowns should they fail to comply. Everyone of Chinas large internet companies has a special department of employees whole sole job is to police users and censor content. Censors go through a list of key words to ensure that information that is being organized in one way or another Is being deleted, blocked, or banned. They cyber attacks Websites run by Chinese exiles, dissidents, and human rights defenders (most of whom lack the training or resources to protect themselves) have been the victoms of increasingly aggressive cyber attacks over the past few years- in some cases, compromising activists computer networks and e -mail counts. Domestic and Foreign Journalist who report on politically sensitive issues and academics

whose research includes human-rights problems have also found themselves under aggressive attack China, with efforts to expose their sources, making it much more risky to work in politically sensitive topics. Device and Network Controls Specific pre-installed software placed in China computers that is used to protect children from inappropriate content, however, researchers outside and within China quickly discovered that it not only censored political and religious content but also logged user activity and sent this information back to a central computer server belonging to the software developers company. ( Green Dam, Blue Shield and Huadun) Domain Name Controls Manipulating the use of domain names by not allowing individuals to register internet domain names ending cn. Only companies or organizations would be able to use the cn. Domain. While authorities explained that this measure was aimed at cleaning pornography, fraud, and spam, groups Chinese webmasters protested that it also violated individual rights. Instead, all applicants would have to appear in person to confirm their registration, show a government ID, and submit a photo of themselves with their application. This eliminated the possibility of anonymous domain-name registration under .cn and had made it easier for authorities to warn or intimidate website operators when objectionable content appears.

Localized disconnection and restriction In times of crisis, when the government wants to ensure that people cannot use the internet or mobile phones to organize protests, connections are shut down entirely or heavily restricted in specific locations. The most extreme case is in the far-northwestern province of Xinjiang, a traditionally Muslim region that borders Pakistan, Kazakhstan, and Afghanistan. After ethnic riots took place in July 2009, the Internet was cut off in the entire province for six months, along with most mobile text messaging and international phone service. Surveillance Classic monitoring Used to Identify and harass or imprison peaceful critics of the regime. Users are monitored through identification registration to cafes or login, surveillance cameras, and monitoring software installed on computers. Law enforcement compliance Users using company users account information to monitor info of activist or conversations (skype example Track and monitor sensitive conversations) to comply with Chinese Regulation law Astrosurfing and public outreach Government use of combined measure of censorship and surveillance to steer online conversations by taking negative comments or publicity and steering it away with false positive information People are paid to write posts that show their employers in a favorable light in online chat rooms, social-networking services, blogs, and comments sections of news websites.

The socio-economic base of political Islam among the unemployed and devout middle class (Zagorski, 250-251) Both the unemployed and the devout middle class are troubled by changes taking place in the Muslim world and form the natural constituency and recruiting ground for the Islamist. Most Islamic countries, as others in the developing world, have a predominantly young population. Most of Islamic countries, as others in the developing world, have a predominantly young population. Many of their families have only recently migrated to urban areas because of the relatively greater opportunities there compared to the countryside. Much of the youth has been educated and prepared for in the modern sector. However, the economy has rarely grown rapidly enough to provide adequate jobs for all of them. Thus, youth are keenly aware of inadequacies and injustices of the old regime that has promised them opportunities and failed to provide them. The middle class faces psychological disorientation of there modernization process. Islamic countries are aware of the cultural changes that can occur or have happen when faced economic modernization Western forms of dress, entertainment, sexual mores, and alcohol, use strike the traditionally devout as intolerable. To defend such practices by an appeal to the rights of individual choice is even more shocking, given the strong communitarian aspects of Islam.

The welfare statedefinition and typical programs A liberal state that provides economic and social rights to education, income, health care, and state-supported retirement to all its citizens. The modern welfare state carries out the functions of the liberal state: it provides security to persons ad property; it provides the basis for a sound market economy; it guarantees civil liberties and due process of law. The plus involves additional legal guarantees and entitlements that advance economic and social rights to education, income, healthcare, and state-supported retirement. Advocates of the welfare state argue that formal equality before the law and market forces are insufficient to guarantee everyones economic and social rights. The workings are too haphazard to protect the less fortunate. The solution, for defenders of the welfare state, is positive government intervention. The Governments ability to tax and spend can be used to support economic and social rights. Income can be transferred from one class to another and from one generation to another. Monetary and fiscal policy is used to promote full employment and high wages, even at some risk on inflation. Welfare state may adopt socialist principles of ownership. Airlines, the rail system, steel, chemical, communications, the major banks are all candidates for nationalization. Government ownership allows the state itself to determine levels and types of investment, and to provide employment. In addition, the

government ownership assures that the public interest and national sovereignty are respected when business are made. The socialist state is different from communist-style state socialism, markets disappear entirely and the state owns all the means of production. What the United States lacks among the typical programs and what it doesnt lack (Lecture, Alber) It lacks a public health insurance program, a minimum income scheme effectively safeguarding against poverty, and public pensions What Alesina means by the racisim of the welfare state Concept of Lazyness, Minorities, Welfare, and Government Support, and The larger racial heterogeneity there is in a country (minorities) the more averse people will be to redistribution and less sympathy for the poor (U.S) Whereas the more homogenous a country the more people accept redistribution (welfare) for other races The Social Market, Anglo-American, and Japanese socio-economic models (Zagorski pp. 120126, lecture Anglo-American Shareholder Capitalism combines elements of the liberal state with the welfare state, but the model takes it basic inspiration from the norms of the liberal state Private Firms normally own even utilities, natural resources, including; steel, chemical, and automobile manufacturers, as well as railroads, airlines. Markets determine wages, prices, and the allocation of resources. Regulation in these areas is minimal Minimum wage laws exist, but they are held at rather low levels compared to the average wage. Unionization is discouraged. Managers are free to run companies largely as they see fit. Workers are normally granted voices on corporate boards Mergers and buyouts are generally permitted. Firms are free to close or open operation with little interference from the government. (owners basically do everything to maximize profits) However, the harsh edges of this economic model are softened by variety policies that are not strictly consonant with a liberal state. The state provides old age pensions, health insurance or healthcare for either all or part of the population; unemployment insurance, and some retraining. In addition, the state regulates pollution, as well the product and worker safety. Education at the state secondary and primary level is free; higher education is subsidized . The government controls the economy indirectly through fiscal and monetary policy. Fiscal is in the hand of the executive and the legislative. It aims at quick economic adjustment more than stability, and economic growth rather than equitable income distribution. When it is successful, it achieves low unemployment and job creation, usually at the cost of making older jobs and things obsolete. (the less educated usually end up loosing here) Production sometimes moves across frontiers. Moves to where it makes more sense, considering comparative advantage. Social Market - def a set of economic policies that provides for the workers sears on corporate boards of directors, an extensive welfare state, and political bargaining typical on interest

group corporatism. - the set of economic policies practiced by many of the European countries that limits the rights of corporations and their shareholders in order to protect others with economic and social stakes in or corporate decisions, such as workers, local communities, and the country at large. In this model, organize labor plays a role in the economy and individual firms The social market functions within a welfare state. Thus, the state plays major role in the economy beyond that of economic and policy, and providing universal rather means-tested welfare payments to all rather than just to those in need. The provision or guarantee of pensions, healthcare, education to the university level, maternity leave, job training, generous long-term unemployment compensation, holidays are seen as the proper role of the state. Entry to profession and occupations is often carefully regulated and requires special training beyond what would be the case in a more market-oriented. Industry policy a policy that channels state, subsidies, tax benefits, and research grants into economic growth areas, and cushions industries and their employees who are hard hit economic change. The social market encourages interest group corporatism. The social market lean in the direction of stability Goal of this market is to limit shocks, retain employment, and keep viable firms viable. In other words, individuals and firms are not at the mercy of an unregulated market, but each bargains with other through their organized representatives while the government buffers some of the markets harsher effects.

Japanese Socio-Economic models Japan follows a hybrid of the welfare state and state supported capitalism. The state has played a major role in the economy, which hah as remained largely capitalistic. Japan has maintained a modest welfare state, generally the state takes care of firms, and firms take care of their employees. The success of the Japanese model rests on the state, primarily through the Ministry of Finance. They have been good at choosing markets that help Japans economy grow. (Manufacturing, steel and shipbuilding, to electronics, and automobiles, to computers and services.) Japan growth has been export led. Its most efficient firms beat the competition worldwide. However, the less efficient markets are closed off the foreign competition to maitain. The most dynamic Japanese firms are grouped into keiretsu, loosely organized alliances composed of companies that are held together by cross-stockholding (each one holding shares in the others) and ongoing business dealings. Members firms buy from and sell to one another , and borrow from the bank associated with their keiretsu. Promotion is based on seniority rather than merit until one reaches the highest level. Economic downturns cause in a decline in new hiring. F To help, firms create subsidiaries, even in unrelated industries, rather than turn employers out on the street. Workers also receive substantial bonuses that varied as the companies profits rise or decline. As might be expected, the Japanese model inspires loyalty and dedication form

employees . Salaried employers of major companies are winners Farmers and small retailers harder prosper Women to make as much; just men.